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Art not meant to be seen

These images, whether statues or relief, were designed to benefit a divine or deceased
recipient.  Statuary provided a place for the recipient to manifest and receive the benefit
of ritual action.  Most statues show a formal frontality, meaning they are arranged straight
ahead, because they were designed to face the ritual being performed before them.  Many
statues were also originally placed in recessed niches or other architectural settings—
contexts that would make frontality their expected and natural mode.

Built during a time when Egypt was one of the richest and most powerful civilizations in
the world, the pyramids—especially the Great Pyramids of Giza—are some of the most
magnificent man-made structures in history. Their massive scale reflects the unique role
that the pharaoh, or king, played in ancient Egyptian society. Though pyramids were built
from the beginning of the Old Kingdom to the close of the Ptolemaic period in the fourth
century A.D., the peak of pyramid building began with the late third dynasty and
continued until roughly the sixth (c. 2325 B.C.). More than 4,000 years later, the
Egyptian pyramids still retain much of their majesty, providing a glimpse into the
country’s rich and glorious past

Did you know? The pyramid's smooth, angled sides symbolized the rays of the sun and
were designed to help the king's soul ascend to heaven and join the gods, particularly the
sun god Ra.

Ancient Egyptians believed that when the king died, part of his spirit (known as “ka”)
remained with his body. To properly care for his spirit, the corpse was mummified, and
everything the king would need in the afterlife was buried with him, including gold
vessels, food, furniture and other offerings. The pyramids became the focus of a cult of
the dead king that was supposed to continue well after his death. Their riches would
provide not only for him, but also for the relatives, officials and priests who were buried
near him.

Imhotep, Greek Imouthes, (born 27th century BCE, Memphis, Egypt), vizier, sage,


architect, astrologer, and chief minister to Djoser (reigned 2630–2611 BCE), the second
king of Egypt’s third dynasty, who was later worshipped as the god of medicine in Egypt
and in Greece, where he was identified with the Greek god of medicine, Asclepius. He is
considered to have been the architect of the step pyramid built at the necropolis
of Ṣaqqārah in the city of Memphis. The oldest extant monument of hewn stone known to
the world, the pyramid consists of six steps and attains a height of 200 feet (61 metres).

Imhotep (Greek name, Imouthes, c. 2667-2600 BCE) was an Egyptian polymath (a


person expert in many areas of learning) best known as the architect of King Djoser's
Step Pyramid at Saqqara. His name means "He Who Comes in Peace" and he is the only
Egyptian besides Amenhotep to be fully deified.
In time, he became the god of wisdom and medicine (or, according to some sources, god
of science, medicine, and architecture). Imhotep was a priest, vizier to King Djoser (and
possibly to the succeeding three kings of the Third Dynasty), a poet, physician,
mathematician, astronomer, and architect.

https:///humanities/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-ap/ancient-egypt-ap/a/old-
kingdom-the-great-pyramids-of-giza

The name Nefertiti means "the beautiful one" or "a beautiful woman has come," and the Bust
of Nefertiti undeniably lives up to her name. Her bust was sculpted with masterful skill and
precision and is thought to be very akin to how Queen Nefertiti realistically looked.

Nefertiti was the Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV, whose reign began around 1351 B.C.
Little is known about Nefertiti as there is a lack of historical records available from this time.
However, historians know that Nefertiti held significant political power and was co-regent with
her husband, Akhenaten. Nefertiti appeared in many artworks and depictions from this time,
often portrayed with her husband and the sun-disc god, Aten. Due to her status being depicted
as equal with the pharaoh and sun God, depictions of Nefertiti usually symbolized the
pharaoh's power and royal status.

To understand the famous bust (a sculptural portrait of the shoulders, neck, and head),
we must first understand its subject. Nefertiti was Queen of Egypt, wife of the pharaoh
Akhenaten. Akhenaten is remembered as the pharaoh to abandon Egypt's traditions
and establish their first monotheistic religion, dedicated to a single sun-disk deity known
as Aten. He also moved his palace from the traditional capitals of the Egyptian kings and
built himself a new royal city at Amarna.

After over a thousand years as separate cultures, Upper and Lower Egypt were unified
around 3150 B.C.E. after a series of land battles. The unification of Upper and Lower
Egypt is highly significant in the history of Egypt and Mesopotamia, as Egypt became the
first empire in this region. Additionally, Egypt's expansion into the territories of other
nations, and its participation in Mediterranean trade, allowed its art, culture, and
religion to spread throughout the ancient world.

Civilization in Ancient Egypt began over 6,000 years ago during a time known as the
Predynastic Period. The land was divided between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, with
significant geographic and cultural differences. Throughout Ancient Egypt, the people
relied on subsistence farming and created ceramics, such as pots and figurines. Most
people lived in villages, although a few small cities along commonly traveled routes
facilitated trade. Worship of the Ancient Egyptian gods such as Hathor, Ra, and Horus
began towards the end of the period.
By 3150 B.C.E., the frequent war between the two factions resulted in the capture of
Upper Egypt by Lower Egypt. The people of Upper Egypt had wanted to control the
more fertile region of Lower Egypt to improve their crop yield and accumulate wealth.
Despite their inferior crop production, Upper Egypt had superior military forces to
Lower Egypt, thanks to their leadership.
Historians debate over who unified Upper and Lower Egypt. According to Ancient
Egyptian mythology, King Menes of Upper Egypt created widespread change
throughout the region. However, artifacts dating from 3100 B.C.E., such as the Narmer
Palette, suggest that the first king, or pharaoh, to unite Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt
was named Narmer. These two figures were likely the same person. The pharaoh
believed he was the incarnation of the god Horus, king of the gods, and used these
myths to add legitimacy to his new government. Menes' son, Hor-Aha, constructed a
new capital city, Memphis, near the mouth of the Nile in Lower Egypt.Narmer (c. 3150
BCE) was the first king of Egypt who unified the country peacefully at the beginning of
the First Dynastic Period (c. 3150 - 2613 BCE). He has also, however, been cited as the
last king of the Predynastic Period (c. 6000 - 3150 BCE) before the rise of a king
named Menes who unified the country through conquest. In the early days of
Egyptology these kings were considered to be two different men. Narmer was thought
to have attempted unification at the end of one period and Menes to have succeeded
him, beginning the next era in Egyptian history.

This theory became increasingly problematic as time went by and little archaeological
evidence supported Menes' existence while Narmer was well attested to in the
archaeological record.The great Egyptologist Flinders Petrie (1853 - 1942 CE) claimed
Narmer and Menes as the first pharaoh of the First Dynasty in that the two names
designated one man: Narmer was his name and Menes an honorific.

Battle of Kadesh, (1275 BC), major battle between the Egyptians under Ramses II and
the Hittites under Muwatallis, in Syria, southwest of Ḥimṣ, on the Orontes River. In one
of the world’s largest chariot battles, fought beside the Orontes River, Pharaoh Ramses
II sought to wrest Syria from the Hittites and recapture the Hittite-held city of Kadesh.
There was a day of carnage as some 5,000 chariots charged into the fray, but no outright
victor. The battle led to the world’s first recorded peace treaty.

https:///news/cleopatra-suicide-snake-bite

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