Jehan Khuzaimah T.

Disomimba IBN AL-HARITH

Assignment in EAPP

Source/s: https://englishgrammarsoft.com/27-figures-of-speech-with-examples/

FIGURES OF SPEECH

It is a mode of creating a great effect in words. It is stylistic devices that bring clarity in writing,

vividness in ideas and beauty in expression.

1 – Simile

It is a Latin word that means “like”. In simile two things or actions are interlinked.

Example: She is beautiful like a rose.

There are two types of similes.

1. Simple

2. Developed

2 – Metaphor

The metaphor is an implied comparison without the use of any comparative word. In metaphor,

words “like, so, as” are not used. For example,

He is like a Tarzan. (simile)

He is a Tarzan. (metaphor)
In the above example, we do not use the word “like” in metaphor.

Examples of Metaphor

1. He is a shining star.

2. She is facing black days of her life.

3 – Personification

It can make things easier to imagine when you read them.

Personification is the representation of personal qualities or human feelings or motives to

inanimate natural elements.

In short, it is called a visible representation of something abstract (as a quality)

It’s spring.

and the garden is changing its clothes,

putting away

its dark winter suits (Foster)

The fog comes

on little cat feet (Sandburg)

4 – Apostrophe
An apostrophe is the address of a usually absent person or a usually personified thing

rhetorically.

In this figure of speech, a mark used to indicate the omission of letters or figures, the possessive

case (as in “Maria’s book”), or the plural of letters or figures (as in “the 1970’s”).

Examples of Apostrophe

 We voted for higher teachers’ salaries.

 The court order required both parents’ consent.

5 – Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration of words is made on a statement in order

to create impressiveness. It is an effective mode of securing attention, expression of emotion, and

creating a poetic effect.

Hyperbole Examples

 You are beautiful than rainbow colors.

 That man is as tall as the camel.

 Your skin is softer than silk.

6 – Euphemism

By using a euphemism, we speak in a softened and milder form to give the expression of

unpleasant thing. It is an indirect representation of a direct one so to avoid abruptness.

Euphemism Examples
  He told us a cock and bull story. (a lie)

 Aslam is very plain. (ugly)

 He was gathered to his forefathers. (he died)

7 – Parable

It is a short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle.

Example

“In some ways, his life is a parable of the corrupting effect of great wealth, for he always

assumed that everyone was after his money and out to cheat him.”

8 – Fable

It is a legendary story that tells about the happenings of something supernatural. In the fable,

animals speak and act like human beings. The well-known fable of tortoise and hare teaches the

lesson, ‘Slow and steady wins the race’.

Example

The fable of the old man, his son, and the ass show the folly of attempting to please everyone.

The story he won the battle single-handedly is merely a fable.

9 – Antithesis
The rhetorical contrast of idea by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses, or sentences.

In antithesis, words or ideas are brought into contrast in order to create a balanced one against

the other.

Examples

 United we stand, divided we fall.

 Man proposes, God disposes.

 A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.

10 – Epigram

It is closely related to antithesis. It is used in apparently contradicting words and indicates some

important hidden meaning. The language of the epigram is remarkable for its brevity.

Example

Benjamin Franklin’s famous epigram,

“Remember that time is money”

“The child is the father of man”

11 – Irony

It is a figure of speech that is used to express something other than and especially the opposite of

the literal meaning.

In other words, a usually humorous literally style or form is characterized by irony.

 “No doubt you are the people, and wisdom should die with you.”

 While describing her vacation with heavy irony as “an educational experience”.

 It was a tragic irony that he made himself sick by worrying so much about his health.

12 – Oxymoron

Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two contradictory or incongruous words are combined

together in order to create an effect. Such as cruel, kindness. It is a rhetorical device that can be

used in order to reveal a paradox by using two self-contradictory terms.

 Suddenly the room filled with a defeating silence.

 Her singing was enough to raise the living dead.

 The sermon lasted for an endless hour.

 Stop being a big baby.

13 – Paradox

It is a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps

true. The paradox is a rhetorical device used to attract attention, to secure emphasis.

Examples

 He loves being in the public eye but also deeply values and protects his privacy.

 Failures are the pillars of success.

 Cowards die many times before their death.

Pun is, usually, use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more of its meanings or the

meaning of another word similar in sound.

Examples

 Firefighting sparks my interest.

 She’s a skillful pilot whose career has really taken off.

 He kept his spirits up by pouring spirits down.

15 – Metonymy

A figure of speech consists of the use of the name of one thing for that of another of which it is

an attribute or with which it is associated (such as “crown” in “lands belonging to the crown”.)

Metonymy examples are;

 He is fond of red-tape. (red-tape stands for official routine)

 The bench of judges.

 He addressed the chair. (chairman)

 A smooth tongue (pleasant speech) wins favor.

16 – Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole or the whole is used for the

part.

Examples
A part is used for the whole,

 Fifty sail for fifty ships.

 She had been sixteen summers. (years)

 They left their father’s roof. (home)

Whole for a part example,

 Society for high society.

 The lavish moisture of the melting year. (summer)

 A foeman worthy of his steel. (sword)

 The canvas (oil painting) glows.

17 – Climax

A figure of speech in which a series of phrases or sentences is arranged in ascending order of

rhetorical forcefulness.

The climax is the highest point of interest in narrative fiction. In other words, it is the point of

highest dramatic tension or a major turning point in the action (as of a play).

 The movie’s climax is a fantastic chase scene.

 At the novel’s climax, the main character finds herself face to face with the thief.

 The protest in May was the climax of a series of demonstrations in the nation’s capital.

18 – Onomatopoeia
The naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it (such as buzz

and hiss).

Examples of onomatopoeia are;

 Shh! No talking in the library please.

 Ding Dong there was someone at the door.

 Ouch! You just stepped on my toe.

 Ahem! I can hear everything you are saying about me.

19 – Alliteration

It is the repetition of one or more similar consonants in successive words. In other

words, alliteration happens when words that starts with the same sound are used repeatedly in a

phrase or a sentence.

 Sheep should sleep in a shed.

 The boy buzzed around as busy as a bee.

 Go and gather the green leaves on the grass.

 I saw a saw that could cut any other saw I ever saw.

20 – Identical Statement

This figure of speech is an indirect mode of describing the fact that is not appearing on the

surface.

Examples
  Fact is fact.

 I am what I am.

 Do whatever you want to do.

 Sensation is sensation.

21 – Periphrases

It is a use of longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter form of expression. The definition of

periphrases is very similar to that of circumlocution, which also means talking around something

by adding more words.

It is a single word that can express a great multitude of complexity by itself.

 The viewless couriers of the air. (winds)

 His prominent feature (his nose) was like an eagle’s beak.

 He resembled the animals that browses on thistles. (an ass)

22 – Assonance

The resemblance of sound in words or syllables is called assonance. It is a relatively close

juxtaposition of similar sounds, especially of vowels.

 Rise high in the bright sky.

 The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.

 Men sell wedding bells.

23 – Anticlimax
This is a figure of speech that is opposite to climax. It is a descent from upward to downward,

from the sublime to ridiculous. It is usually a sudden transition in discourse from a significant

idea to a trivial or ludicrous idea.

Example

 We’ve also born with scars. From the moment we open our eyes and look at the world we

are sounded, and we all share the same mark.

24 – Innuendo or Insinuation

Instead of plainly stating the thing when it is implied, the effect is sometimes much different. It

is called innuendo. It is a veiled or equivocal reflection on character or reputation.

 Robert Frost’s entire poem “Putting in the seed” is one long innuendo that can also be

considered a conceit. Frost uses suggestive words and images like “smooth bean and

wrinkled pea”.

 Shakespeare’s Venus contains an example of innuendo. “Even as the sun with purple-

colored face had ta’en his last leave of the weeping morn.

25 – Play upon words

In this figure speech, we use the same word in different shades of meaning within the same

sentence. It is  pun or joke made using a word or phrase which has double meaning.

Example
  I’m glad I know sign language. It’s pretty handy. You use your hands to sign. And handy

means “helpful” or “useful”.

26 – Exclamation

Exclamation is a figure of speech in which a strong expression or feeling is used to draw greater

attention to a point than a mere bald statement of it could do.

Example

1. What a piece of work!

2. How beautiful Helen of Troy was!

27 – Interrogation

Interrogation is a rhetorical means to ask a question, not for the sake of getting an answer, but

put point for creating a profound effect.

Example

 Are you mad?

 Are you ashamed of your failure?

 Can you imagine that?