Project Report

“River Training Works & River Bank Protection”

REPORT SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE THREE YEAR DIPLOMA IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO
COLLEGE NAME

SUBMITTED BY:
STUDENT NAME

(College Enrolment Number & Roll Number)

2020-2023

Under the Guidance of

Er.
Junior Engineer

Flood Division, Gorakhpur

 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION
This is to certify that Ms. <Student Name> of Diploma <Branch Name> from
<College Name> was working on the project entitled “River Training Works & River
Bank Protection” in Irrigation Division, Gorakhpur. She was engaged with us for
training during <Time>.
She has done an excellent job during her engagemet with site work. She has
completed her project during the training tenure. Her performance has been good and
satisfactory.
I would like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation to Ms. <Student
Name> for her work and wish her all the very best for his/her future endeavours.
 DECLARATION
I, <Student Name> , hereby, declare that the Project Report submitted to <College
Name> for the award of three year Diploma in <Branch Name> was done under the
guidance of Er. <Engineer Name with Division Name>. I also declare that the
information in the report is correct as per my knowledge and I bear any responsibilities
for any error or omission, if any. The matter embodied in this Project work has not
been submitted earlier for award any degree or diploma to the best of my knowledge
and belief.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Er. <name of JE> and Mr. < name of
EE> Irrigation division Gorakhpur, who gave me his full support and for providing me
opportunities to undergo his able guidance and offering me very deep knowledge of
practical aspects of work culture. I would also extend my thanks to all employees and
officer of Irrigation Division, Gorakhpur.

Student Name
 INDIEX
Sr. No. Title
1 About Summer Training
2 Introduction of Irrigation Department
3 Importance of Irrigation
4 River Training Works
5 Classification of River Training Works
6 Method of River Training Works
7 River Bank Protection Works
8 River Bank Protection With Gabians
9 Conclusion
 SUMMER TRAINING
Summer training is an part of the engineering curriculum. The Diploma course summer
training helps a student in getting acquainted with the manner in which her knowledge
is being practically used outcome her institude and this is normally different from what
She has learnt from books. Hence, when the student switches from the process of
learning to that of implementing her knowledge, he/she finds an abrupt change. This
is why summer training during session becomes more important.
Summer training allows industry exposure and understanding the working
environment. It is essential and helps to attain in-depth knowledge of engineering
stream. It enhances professional skills in a real-time environment. It helps us
understanding the area of interest and selection of an area of specialization. It also
allows students to learn the basics of how to work as a team member to complete
given tasks. It improves awareness of the industrial environment and work culture of
the specific industry. It gives real-time work and workshop projects help to learn more
analytically. It allows interaction with experts help to solve queries with practical
exposure. The Certificate obtained from reputed organization give weightage to
resume or CV.
 INTRODUCTION
ABOUT DEPARTMENT
Description of water resources like wells, canals and dams could be seen at many
places in Vedas. In Rig-Veda description of wells, kavat could easily be seen at many
places. Water from well, used to be fetched from wheels made of stone, in which
container is tied to rope. Wells were not only used to fetch the water for daily use of
humans and animals, but were also used for irrigation too. In Rig-Veda word ‘Awta’ is
also mentioned which is the symbol of Well. In other hymn word ‘Kulya’ is being
mentioned, which means ‘Artificial Canal.’ In Yajurveda one can see the description of
‘digging of canals.’ Even Guru of Devas ‘Brahaspati’ had said that repairing and
modification of dams and canals is a holy practice and rich society of state should take
its responsibility. Whole this history clears that irrigation sources have always been an
important part of civilization and livelihood.

Around 3150 B.C. many epics described the irrigation farming since the time of
Mahabharat. When Rishiraj Narad visited King Yudhisthir’s state to meet him in this
context, then he questioned him about the condition of farmers in his state, that
whether they are healthy or not? Are reservoirs large and sufficient and do they have
sufficient of water and does water is supplied to various parts of state? All these
questions and concerns shows that even in Mahabharat Era irrigation was one of the
main agenda for development of the society.

Since the formation of Irrigation and Water Resource Department Uttar Pradesh, it is
focused toward the development and construction of dams, canals and wells.
Department executed it objective and facilitated the state’s citizens’ with the sufficient
facility of irrigation and in meanwhile department also executed flood prevention works
and always strives to avoid horrors of flooding.
 Importance of Irrigation
Role
Water is a priceless gift of nature. Without water one cannot imagine the existence of
life or civilization. That’s the only reason why our ancestors chose to live where the
water was available easily. Since ancient civilizations, development of the society is
based on water. Every human civilization always got established near any water
resource body. Since the very beginning of civilization, India emerged as an
Agricultural country. Even today around 75% of population of the country is dependent
over agriculture. For the best outcome of agriculture, irrigation is one of the most
important processes. The main source for irrigation is fall. In India rainfall varies from
areas and time. On one hand where average rainfall in West Rajasthan is 100 M.M.,
on other hand average rainfall of Cherapunji in West Meghalaya is 11000 M.M. At
certain time due to insufficient rain situation of drought occurred in the country. In
Northern India plain area of Ganga is very beneficial for agricultural purpose but due
to insufficient rain or no rainfall, a long history of drought had been noticed in this
region. In year 1770 a severe drought had been noticed in Lower Bengal and Bihar,
due to which a huge population of state faced unexpected crisis and get demolished.
In year 1837, the severe drought of 19th century was noticed in Northern India, due to
which society faced crisis and one third civilization get ruined. This incident grabbed
the attention of British Government and government decided to create perennial
canals across the state, which would help in overcoming the crisis of agriculture.
In ancient Hindu Scriptures also, glimpse of deep interest for irrigation and irrigation
management had also been noticed. Around 300 years ago in meeting of
Chandragupta Maurya, ambassador of Seleucus, Megasthenes expressed his views
over Irrigation System in India, that Irrigation system of that time was too rich in India.
“Kautilya” in his Economic texts had also suggested to King that to conquer his
enemies, he should inundate the land of his enemies under the boundaries of his state
by destructing dams, canals and embankment. Kautilya has defined canals and dams
in some other context also. In his economics you can find the description of utilization
of water from rivers, lakes, damns and well for agricultural production, whose fourth
part should be given to the King as revenue. If maintenance of private dam was
neglected till five years then state had the authority to take it under its custody and if
any dam construction took place with public assistance, then in that situation revenue
tax was relived for four years.
400 year B.C. Maharaja Nand constructed water over bridge which was neglected for
a long period of time. 100 year B.C. the Royal King Kharvela of Orissa rejuvenated
this bridge and made it worth of reusing. Around 1700 years ago from now a well-
planned weir been constructed by local engineers of Madras, which was the first work
of this kind, of that era.
Before British Period
Due to availability of Perennial River like Sindhu and Ganga in Northern India, it was
easy to make inundation canals through rivers water, which results into relatively
easier use of water for irrigation. The main inundation canals of India are generated
from Sindhu river and its 5 tributaries. It is said that these inundated canals were
created by the Afghan Kings. The total length of such kind of inundated canal in Punjab
Province was around 480 K.M. and around 4160 K.M. in Sindhu Province, which help
in cultivation of around 6.8 lac hectare crops. By the end of 19th century cultivation of
around 12.0 lac hectare area of Punjab and Sindhu provinces get dependent on such
inundation canals. The management and maintenance of these canals is done by the
government.
In Northern India, firstly the canal was created from both side banks of river Yamuna.
The canal that was created from Western bank of Yamuna was constructed by
Firozshah in the middle of 14th century for the cultivation of his hunting ground,
situated near Hisaar. Later on just because of ignorance of its maintenance, this canal
got unusable, but again in 16th century Akbar ordered the restoration of this canal.
Thereafter in the beginning of 17th century, Shahjahan with the help of his assistant
Alimardan Khan get this canal to the Shahjahanabad (Delhi) by constructing a river
over bridge and cutting into the rock. After 125 years of construction, this canal keeps
on efficiently working. Because of irregularities in Empire, supply of water from Firoz
canal get stopped in 1707 and by the middle of 18th century existence of Mughal canal
also got extinct. This is how, after 400 years, somehow canal stopped working.
Credit of Eastern Yamuna Canal originating from left bank of Yamuna river, which is
also known as Doab canal goes to Alimardan Khan. The top origin of this canal is
situated on the Shivalik hills and passes through hunting ground ‘Badshah Mahal’ of
Shahjahan. On the top of canal hazardous nature hindrances/calamities this canal
unable to survive for more than of one season, because engineers of Mughal era were
unable to solve these problems. In year 1780 ‘Jabeelakhan Rohila’ restarted this canal
but again same thing happened and after reconstruction of canal, it survived for few
months only.
Canal Systems in British Era
During British Era in India, development of old irrigation works and expansion started
and it revived. In 1817 Lord Hastings, appointed Lieutenant ‘Blane’ of Engineering
Core for monitoring of Delhi canal originating from Western Bank of Yamuna and in
1822 appointed Lieutenant Debiued of same core for the monitoring of ‘Doab Canal’,
originating from Eastern bank of Yamuna River.
Establishment of top of Western Yamuna Canal was done by Lieutenant Blane in such
a way, so that flood could be controlled and helped in circulation of restricted water in
the canals. This canal was started in year 1821 and the length of canal and its
branches was 712 K.M. Survey of Eastern Yamuna Canal was firstly done by
Lieutenant Debiued in year 1822. Thereafter, Colonel Robert Smith of Engineer core
completed the various works of this canal system in 1830. The normal smoothening
canal depends on watershed. For the very first time this canal started working from
3rd January 1830 after completion of these works. After two weeks of operation, on
20th January 1830 it was noticed that all bridges constructed on North of Saharanpur
and on South of Suravali all get into the situation of destruction. Alongwith the
possibilities of destruction it was also noticed that because of huge amount of silt which
was brought from upper portion of canal, covered whole of the canal. To solve all these
problems, this task was handed over to Colonel P.Cautley, who was the assistant of
Colonel Smith. As per need fall was constructed at selected places in such a way that
bottomed slope of canal was 17 inch to 24 inch per mile. In 1836 after the revival of
this canal was restarted successfully. Construction of Beejpur and Rajpur canal in
Ramneek Doon Ghati was also done by Colonel Cautley
To provide irrigation facility to productive land of Ganga Yamuna Doab,
Colonel Cautley started the construction of a canal (known as Upper Ganga Canal) in
1842 by using Ganga water, whose envisaged capacity was 6750 cusec and it started
working from 8th April 1854. The study of crisis and problems during earlier Upper
Ganga construction it was done so thoroughly that was not done in any other project.
Bundelkhand is that part of the state where average annual rain is just 760 M.M.,which
in result, creates the loss in surface and ground level water, that’s why storage of water
for irrigation is maintained in ponds and reservoirs. In the middle of 8th and 12th
century, Chandel rulers constructed around 4000 lakes, out of which few of them still
exist. Thereafter dams were created in this region in British Era so that canal could
easily be created for irrigation. In year 1885, to provide irrigation facility in the region
of district Jalauna and Hamirpur, construction work of Betwa Canal completed and
water got started supplying in it. In 1903, Second Drought Commission worked to take
irrigation facility to that extent where the first commission has recommended it. To
facilitate these facilities in Southern portion, Ken Canal in Banda District, Dhasan canal
in Hamirpur district and Ghaghra lake in Mirzapur district and Garai lake in Mirzapur
district were constructed in 1907, 1910, 1913 and 1915 respectively.
According to Recommendations of Second Drought Commission to provide irrigation
facility in the center portion of State, Sharda Canal System was started in 1919 and
completed in 1928.
 Mildstones of Irrigation Department, Uttar Pradesh
1817 Lord Hasting handed over the task of maintenance of canal originating from
western bank of Yamuna River to Lieutenant Blane of Engineering Core.
1821 Operation of Western Yamuna Canal.
1822 Lord Hasting handed over the task of maintenance of Doab canal originating
from Eastern bank of Yamuna River to Lieutenant Dibuied.
1823 Establishment of first Irrigation Office in Saharanpur.
1830 Operation of Eastern Yamuna Canal.
1842 Construction started of Upper Ganga Canal By Colonel Proby Cautley.
1854 Supply of water in Upper Ganga Canal.
1855 Establishment of Central Public Works Department.
1878 Operation of Lower Ganga Canal started.

1880 Recommendation of providing Irrigation facility in 40% land of total Culturable

land in Bundelkhand by Drought Commission.

1906 Construction started of Lehchura Dam on Dhasan River.

1910 Construction completed of Lehchura dam on Dhasan River.Construction of

Dhukva Dam.

Construction completed of Pahadi dam on Dhasan River.

1912 Construction of Ghagra Canal.

1915 Construction of Garai Canal.

Construction of Gangau Dam on Ken River.

1919 Construction started of Sharda Canal System.

1928 Construction completed of Sharda Canal System.

1954 Formation of PWD and Irrigation Department.

1955 First flood work started by Irrigation Department.

1956 Discharge of Yamuna canal is increased to 2500 cusec from 800 cusec.

1957 Construction completed of Narayani Canal System.

1961 Construction of Rihand dam.

 Establishment of Irrigation Research Institution in Rurkee.

Setting up of Control Design Directorate at Lucknow.

1964 Technical Examination Wing established in Secretariat for Irrigation

Department.

1972 Construction of Gandak Canal System.

1974 Construction of Western Prayagraj Branch.

1977 Commencement of Kanhar project.

1978 Construction started of Bheemgauda dam.

1984 Construction completed of Bheemgauda dam.

1994 Construction of Gandak Canal System completed.

1996 Beginning of Baan Sagar Project.

2017 Application of Remote Sensing Technique in Flood Information

System Application of Web Based Technique in Monitoring Management System.

2018 Completion of Baan Sagar Canal project.

2019 Completion of New Lahchura Dam downstream of Old Lahchura Dam

constructed in 1910.

2021 Completion of Saryu Canal National Project.

Completion of Arjun Sahayak Project.

Completion of Bhawni Dam Project.

Completion of Rasin Dam project.

First Canal Top Solar Plant of 2.5 mw on Jakhlaun Pump Canal made
operational.

Second Canal Top Solar Plant of 3.42 mw made operational.

First Sprinkler Irrigation Project – Majhgaon Chilli Sprinkler Project in district

Lalitpur made operational.

2022 Uttar Pradesh awarded first prize in Best State Category of National Water
Award.

Dhukwan weir located across river Betwa included in “World Heritage

Irrigation Structures” by International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID).
 River Training Works
The process of controlling the flow in river & river bed configuration is called river
training works. These are the structural measures adopted in rivers to avoid
outflanking & shifting its thalweg due to geomorphological changes in the river. So, the
river training works stabilize the river channel along a certain alignment.

Objectives of River Training Works:-

(i) To prevent the river from changing its course & to avoid outflanking of
hydraulic structures like a bridge, weir, aqueducts, etc.
(ii) To prevent flooding of surrounding countries by providing a safe passage of
floodwaters without overtopping the banks.
(iii) To protect the river banks by deflecting the river away from the attacked
banks.
(iv) To ensure effective disposal of sediment loads.
(v) To provide minimum river water depth required for navigation.
(vi) To prevent additional areas to be submerged due to afflux.

Classification of River Training Works

(A) High water training works ( training for discharge )

High water training works are constructed for the purpose of quick disposal of
maximum flood and to protect adjoining land against damage due to floods. It
aims to provide sufficient river cross-section for stage passage of maximum
flood.

(B) Low water training works ( training for depth )

It is undertaken with the primary purpose of providing sufficient water depth
for navigation during a low flow period. Generally, spurs are constructed to
contract the width of the channel and hence to increase the depth.

(C) Mean water training works ( training for sediments )

It is undertaken with the primary purpose of providing efficient disposal of
sediment load and bedload thus preserving the channel in good shape. It is
the most important training of the three types.
 Method Of River Training Works

Different methods employed for the purpose of river training are as follows:-

1. Marginal Bunds/Marginal Embankment/Levees

2. Guide Bund/Bell's Bund
3. Spurs/Groynes
4. Artificial Cutoffs
5. Pitched Islands
6. Pitching of Banks & Provision of Launching Aprons

Marginal Bunds/Marginal Embankment/Levees

These are the earthen embankments running parallel to the river & at some distance
from the river. These are the flood embankments in continuation of guide bunds
designed to contain the floodwater within the flood plains of the river.

Guide Bund/Bell's Bund

These are the bell mouth-shaped bunds constructed on either side of a river in order
to restrict the width of the waterway across the hydraulic structures. It was first
introduced by Mr Bell so-called Bell's Bund. These are also earthen embankments
with stone pitching on the slopes facing the river water.

Spurs/Groynes
These are embankment-type structures constructed transverse to the direction of flow.
It extends from the bank into the river. These are also called transverse dykes. These
are constructed to attract or deflect the river water from the river banks. Spurs or
Groynes are of the following types based on their alignments.
1. Ordinary Groyne
2. Repelling Groyne
3. Attracting Groyne
Artificial Cutoffs
Meandering rivers are induced to flow in a straight path by constructing the artificial
cutoffs. A pilot cut is excavated in case of a river in an erodible bed & the flood water
gradually enlarges the pilot cut while shifting its path.

Pitched Islands
These are the artificial islands constructed at the river bed. It consists of a sand core
protected by stone pitching. It obstructs the flow of the river & turbulence is created
around it. Due to the turbulence generated, the river bed gets deepened at the vicinity
of the island & holds the flow permanently thus attracting the flow away from the
attacked bank.
Pitching of Banks & Provision of Launching Aprons
The river banks are protected by stone pitching, brick laying, vegetative growth, etc at
the bank of the river. In order to protect the toe of the river bank, the launching apron
is extended from the toe of the bank into the river bed.
 River Bank Protection
River bank protection is an important part of river training works. The purpose of bank
protection can be
(i) Training of the river,
(ii) Protection of adjacent agricultural land,
(iii) Protection of urban lands and valuable properties threatened by river
erosion,
(iv) Protection of hydraulic structures as weirs, barrages and bridges against the
direction and nature of current,
(v) Protection of flood embankment, and
(vi) Affording facilities for water transportation.

River bank may be considered to consist of two sections, upper and lower. The upper
bank, i.e., the portion between high water level and low water level is subjected to
sever action of river in high stages due to (i) strong current impinging normal to the
bank, and (ii) strong current acting along the bank. Lower bank is the portion of the
bank below low water level. It is generally more susceptible to erosion. It acts as a
foundation supporting the upper bank. Recession of the bank is caused by erosion of
the lower bank, particularly at the toe. The recession is fast when there is a sandy
substratum below; sand is washed away by a strong current and the overhanging bank
collapses. When the river rises, the banks become partially or fully saturated with
water and sloughing is caused.

Method of River Bank Protection

4 methods of river bank protection are as follows:

1. Brick Pitching
2. Stone Riprap
3. Boulder Pitching
4. Concrete Slab Lining
Brick Pitching
In this method of river bank protection, first of all, around 3m length of bamboo or
timber piles are driven along a line about 1 m away from the toe of the river
embankment, and the center to center distance between one pile and the next pile is
kept 15 cm.

The layer of brick flat soling is provided on the space between the toe and the pile line. Then
usually, 15 cm thickness of cement concrete (1:3:6) is laid over the brick flat soling on the
room between the toe of the embankment and the pile line.

The sloping side of the bank is protected by double-layer brick pitching with cement
mortar of 1:6 ratio.

Stone Riprap
In this method of bank protection, Around 3 m length of timber piles are driven at 1 m
center to center along the line about 1 m away from the toe of the embankment. The
piles are projected about 45 cm above the ground surface.

Then the boulders enclosed in wire net is provided along the space between the toe
and the pile line. And for the protection of the sloping side of the embankment, stone
riprap finished with cement mortar is provided.
Boulder Pitching
In this method of river bank protection, around 4 m to 5 m length of timber piles are
driven at 1 m center to center, along the line about 1 m away from the toe of the
embankment. The piles are projected about 50 cm above the ground surface.

Then, within the space between the toe and the pile line, two layers of boulder apron
are provided. The sloping side is lined with boulder pitching which is finished with
cement mortar.

Concrete Slab Lining

In this method of bank protection, A wall is constructed along the bank of the river.
This type of wall is called the toe wall.

Then the concrete slabs are placed on the space between the toe of the embankment
and toe wall, and it is set by using cement mortar. The sloping side of the embankment
is lined with concrete slabs, and joints are finished with cement mortar.
 River Bank Protection With Gabians
Gabions are a proven method of halting river bank erosion, for both large rivers and
small streams that are prone to flooding. Gabions are a low cost method of flood
protection. Building a flood control wall with gabions keeps the erosion protection
systems cost down..

A gabion is a rectangular mattress or box-shaped container made of galvanized wire

with or without PVC coating, filled with stones and used as a retaining structure for
riverbanks or retaining walls. In around 1879, a firm called Maccaferri in Italy
introduced the gabion basket. Since then, gabion structures have been in high demand
and used because they are inexpensive, durable, stable and flexible.

Gabion baskets and mattresses are used as river bank protection. They are filled with
light to heavy stone without mortar. A gabion mat or basket is a structure made of zinc
coated soft temper steel in a shape of hexagonal double twisted wire mesh filled with
stones. A gabion basket usually has a height between 0.5m 6 to 1m whereas, a gabion
mattress has a height between 0.17m to 0.50m.
 Conclusion
1. River training methods mainly depends upon the type of the river, its regime
and the flow characteristics of the river. So the methods to control the river
erosion varies from place to place.
2. River change it’s direction at very slow rate.
3. River training work is done near those lands area where river is passing.
4. River training is done mainly for decreasing rate of soil erosion.
5. River training work is helpful for affected areas.
6. The training is an important course becomes it closes the gap between the
scientific study and practical study.
7. Learning you how to deal with other.
8. Finding that team work is the most important element in every successful
project.
9. The employees know their work very well and very helpful in guided us.
10. I tried to learn my best and make the most of it and I will carry this knowledge
for my future experience and studies.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.google.com

https://idup.gov.in