Module :1

Complex Numbers
Dr. Rachana Desai
A-201, Second floor,
Department of Science & Humanities,
K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering,
Somaiya Vidyavihar University,
Mumbai-400077
Email: [email protected]

Profile: https://kjsce-old.somaiya.edu/kjsce-old/academic/faculty/0000160634/dr__rachana_v_desai/0#Personal_Profile
 MODULE INFORMATION
• Contribution in Course Outcome:
• CO1: Solve problems involving different forms and properties of complex
numbers, hyperbolic functions and logarithm of complex numbers.

Dr. Rachana Desai AM-I Module 3 2

 ACTIVITY: Recall And Share
Whatever you know about Complex Number?
• What is complex Number?
• A complex number z is an ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers x and y. It is written
as 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑦 𝑜𝑟𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗 𝑦.
• What is 𝑖?
• 𝑖 𝑜𝑟 𝑗 = −1 is known as imaginary unit.
• What is re(z)?
• x is called the Real part of z and is written as “Re (z)”
• What is Im(z)?
• y is called the Imaginary part of z and is written as “Im(z)”.

Dr. Rachana Desai MODULE-1 COMPLEX NUMBERS - REVIEW 3

 POWERS OF 𝑗 (or i)
• We know that j = −1 ,
• 𝑗 2 = 𝑗 × 𝑗 = − 1,
• 𝑗 3 = 𝑗 2 × 𝑗 = −𝑗
• 𝑗 4 = (𝑗 2 )2 = (− 1)2 = 1,
• 𝑗5 = 𝑗 × 𝑗4 = 𝑗 etc.
• This shows that even power of 𝑖 is either 1 or −1 and odd
power of 𝑗 is either 𝑗 or – 𝑗.
 EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

• If 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 then, 𝑥1 + 𝑗 𝑦1 = 𝑥2 + 𝑗 𝑦2 Comparing real and

imaginary parts 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 and 𝑦1 = 𝑦2
• This shows that two complex numbers are equal if and only if their
corresponding real and imaginary parts are equal.

INEQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

• Which of the following is correct?
a. 2+3i=3+2i b. 2+3i<3+2i c. 2+3i>3+2i
 CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBER
• If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗 𝑦 is a complex number then its conjugate or complex
conjugate is defined as 𝑧 = 𝑥 – 𝑗 𝑦.
• Also 𝑧 𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑗 𝑦) (𝑥 – 𝑗 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Note: To write the conjugate of a complex number, replace 𝑗 by – j
in the complex number.
 ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBER
Let 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑗 𝑦1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑗 𝑦2 be two complex numbers. Then
• (a) Addition: 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑗 𝑦1 ) + (𝑥2 + 𝑗 𝑦2 )
= (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + 𝑗 (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )
• (b) Subtraction: 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑗 𝑦1 ) − (𝑥2 + 𝑗 𝑦2 )
= (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) + 𝑗 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )
• (c) Multiplication: 𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑗 𝑦1 ) ∙ (𝑥2 + 𝑗 𝑦2 )
= (𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 ) + 𝑗 (𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 𝑥1 ) [ 𝑗 2 = − 1]
𝑧1 𝑥1 :𝑗𝑦1
• (d) Division: =
𝑧2 𝑥2 :𝑗𝑦2
𝑥1 +𝑗𝑦1 𝑥2 −𝑗𝑦2 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2
= ∙ = 2 2 +
𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 𝑥2 − 𝑗𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥22 + 𝑦22
 GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX
NUMBER
• Argand’s Diagram: We know that the real numbers can be represented by
point on a line in such a way that corresponding to every real number,
there is one and only one point on the line and corresponding to every
point on the line, there is one and only one real number.
• Similarly, we can represent a complex number as follows:
• Consider a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦,
• where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 and 𝑖 = −1.
• Then the point 𝑥, 𝑦 represents the complex
number 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, i.e., 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦
• Such a representation of complex numbers by
points in a plane is called Argand’s diagram.
 Geometrical Meaning of Modulus and Argument
• If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 is a complex number, then the modulus of 𝑧 is 𝑧 =
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and is denoted by 𝑧 or mod (z) .
• Line segment from origin to point makes an angle 𝜃 with the positive
direction of X-axis.
• 𝜃 is called the amplitude or argument of the complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦
and is denoted by arg (z) or amp (z).
 𝑦 𝑥
∴ sin 𝜃 = and cos 𝜃 = , 𝑧 ≠0
𝑧 𝑧
𝑦
∴ tan 𝜃 = , if 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥
Hence, 𝑧 = 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 &
;1 𝑦
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = tan
𝑥
(x,y)

r
y =rsinθ

θ
x =rcosθ

Dr. Rachana Desai MODULE-1 COMPLEX NUMBERS - REVIEW 10

• Note: The value of 𝜃 which satisfies both the equation x = r cos 𝜃 and
y = r sin 𝜃, gives the argument of z.
• Argument 𝜃 has infinite number of values. The value of 𝜃 lying between –𝜋
and 𝜋 is called the principal value of Argument.
 POLAR FORM & EXPONENTIAL FORM
OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
• 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 can be written as 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃
where 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and 𝜃 = tan;1 𝑦 𝑥
• We know 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃 .
• 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 : Exponential form /Euler’s form of a complex number 𝑧.
• 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 (Cartesian form)
= 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) (Polar form)
= 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 (Exponential form)

• Note: 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃, 𝑒 ;𝑗𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

1 𝑗𝜃 ;𝑗𝜃 1
• Hence, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑒 +𝑒 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 − 𝑒 ;𝑗𝜃
2 2𝑗
 𝑍 = 0 + 𝑖(1) = i 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 (𝑥, 𝑦)
(0,1)

Θ = π/2
𝑍 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠θ + 𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋
(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠θ, 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛θ)
𝑍 = −1 + 𝑖(0) = -1 r=1 𝑍 = 1 + 𝑖(0) = 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛0
(-1,0) (1,0)

Θ=π Θ =0, 2kπ

Θ = - π/2

(0,-1)
𝜋 𝜋
𝑍 = 0 + 𝑖(-1) = - i = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
 Remember
• 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛0
• −1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠π + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛π
𝜋 𝜋
•𝑖= cos + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
• −𝑖 = cos − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
 Quick Answer
(i) 𝑧 = 3, then amp 𝑧 =
0
(ii) 𝑧 = −300, then amp 𝑧 =
𝜋
(iii) 𝑧 = 525 𝑖, then amp 𝑧 =
𝜋 2
(iv) 𝑧 = −5000𝑖, then amp 𝑧 =
3𝜋
or - 𝜋 2
2
 Quick Answer
(v) 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 100𝑖
𝜋 𝜋
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 100(𝑖) = 100 cos + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
(vi) 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 − 4𝑖
𝜋 𝜋
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 4(−𝑖)= 4 cos − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
(vii) 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 − 900
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 900(-1) = 900 cos𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋
 Think
Polar form of 𝟏 + 𝒊 =
Consider, 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Where r= 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and 𝜃 = tan;1 𝑦 𝑥 .
;1 𝜋
For 𝟏 + 𝒊 ; r= 𝑧 = 2 𝜃 = tan 1 =
4
𝜋 𝜋
Polar form of 𝟏 + 𝒊 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
4 4

What is the Polar form of −𝟏 − 𝒊?

Is it Same as 1+i?
What about polar form of -1+i and 1-i?
 y First Quadrant: 𝒙 + 𝒗𝒆, 𝒚 + 𝒗𝒆
Second Quadrant: 𝒙 − 𝒗𝒆, 𝒚 + 𝒗𝒆
𝜽=𝝅−𝜶
𝜽 = 𝜶 = tan;1 𝑦 𝑥

Z=1+i
𝑍 = −1 + 𝑖

r= 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝛼= 𝜃= =𝛼
4 4 x

Third Quadrant: 𝒙 − 𝒗𝒆, 𝒚 − 𝒗𝒆 Forth Quadrant: 𝒙 + 𝒗𝒆, 𝒚 − 𝒗𝒆

𝜽=𝝅+𝜶 𝜽 = −𝜶

𝑍 = −1 − 𝑖 𝑍 =1−𝑖
 PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX NUMBER
• Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
1
• (a) 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑥 = (𝑧 + 𝑧)
2
1
• (b) 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 𝑦 = (𝑧 − 𝑧)
2𝑖
• (c) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = z1 + z2
• (d) 𝑧1 . 𝑧2 = z1 . z2
𝑧1 𝑧1
• (e) =
𝑧2 𝑧2
• (f) 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧 2 = 𝑧 2

• since 𝑧 = 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
 PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX NUMBER
• (g) 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 & arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2
• Let 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2
• 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 . 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1 :𝜃2 )
• Comparing with exponential form
• 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 And
• arg. 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2

𝑧1 𝑧1 𝑧1
• (h) = & arg = arg 𝑧1 − arg 𝑧2
𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑧2
• Let 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑟1
• = = 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1 ; 𝜃2 )
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 𝑟1
• Comparing with exponential form
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑧1 𝑧1
• = = And arg = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 =arg 𝑧1 − arg 𝑧2
𝑧2 𝑟1 𝑧2 𝑧2
 EXAMPLE-1
1:𝑖 3 ;2𝑖:2𝑖 2
• Express 𝛼 = in the form •=
2:𝑖 1:2𝑖 5 𝑖2
2
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏. Also find 𝛼 . ;2;2𝑖
•=
1:𝑖 3 ;5
• Solution: 𝛼= 2 2
2:𝑖 1:2𝑖 •= + 𝑖
5 5
1:3𝑖:3𝑖 2 :𝑖 3
•= 2
2
2:4𝑖:𝑖:2𝑖 2 • 𝛼2 = 1+𝑖
1:3𝑖;3;𝑖 5
•= 4
2:4𝑖:𝑖;2
;2:2𝑖
•= 1 + 2𝑖 + 𝑖 2
25
•= 8𝑖
5𝑖
;2:2𝑖 𝑖
•=
25
•= .
5𝑖 𝑖
 EXAMPLE-2
• Find the value of 𝑧 4 − 4𝑧 3 + 6𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 − 12 when 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖
• Solution: Since 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖 i.e 𝑧 – 1 = 2𝑖
• ∴ (𝑧 − 1)2 = 4𝑖 2
• ∴ 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1 = −4
• ∴ 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 5 = 0
We express the give expressions in terms of 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 5.
For this we divide the given expressions by 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 5
• Expressions = 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 5 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 3 + 3
• = 0 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 3 + 3
• =0+3=3
 EXAMPLE-3
• Find the modulus and the principal 2 1:𝑖 3
argument of •= ∙
1;𝑖 3 1:𝑖 3
3 −1
1:𝑖 3 1:𝑖 −2 3:𝑖 2 1:𝑖 3
• •=
2 4
3 −1
1:𝑖 3 1:𝑖 −2 3:𝑖 (1:𝑖 3) 1 3
• Solution: 𝑧 = • = = +𝑖
2 2 2 2
3 1 3
•=
1:𝑖 3 • ∴ 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = ,
2 2
2 1:𝑖 2 3:𝑖
1 3
• =
1:𝑖3 3;3 3 ;𝑖3 3 • 𝑟= 2
𝑥 +𝑦 =2 + =1
4 4
2 1:2𝑖;1 ( 3:𝑖)
1 3 𝜋
• ∴𝑧=−
8
=−
2 • cos 𝜃 = , sin 𝜃 = ∴
𝜃=
2 2 3
2 2𝑖 3:𝑖 𝑖 3:𝑖 𝜋
• ∴ Modulus 𝑧 = 1, Amplitude 𝑧 =
2 2 3
• =− =
𝑖 3;1 1;𝑖 3
 EXAMPLE-4
• Find the square root of 21 − 20𝑖 • ∴ 𝑥 4 − 100 = 21𝑥 2
• Solution: Let 21 − 20𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 • ∴ 𝑥 4 − 21𝑥 2 − 100 = 0
• ∴ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 2 = 21 − 20𝑖 • ∴ 𝑥 2 − 25 𝑥 2 + 4 = 0
• ∴ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 = 21 − 20𝑖 • ∴ 𝑥 2 = 25 or 𝑥 2 = −4
• Equating real and imaginary parts • Since 𝑥 is real 𝑥 2 = 25
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 21 and 𝑥𝑦 = −10 • ∴ 𝑥 = ±5
;10
• Putting 𝑦 = in 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 21 • When 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 =
;10
=
;10
= −2
𝑥 𝑥 5
;10 2 ;10 ;10
• We get, 𝑥2 − = 21 • When 𝑥 = −5, 𝑦 = = =2
𝑥 𝑥 ;5
100
•∴ 𝑥2 − = 21 • ∴ 21 − 20𝑖 is 5 − 2𝑖 or −5 + 2𝑖
𝑥2
 EXAMPLE-5
3 𝑎 𝑏
• If 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, prove that + = 4 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
𝑥 𝑦
3
• Solution: 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
• ∴ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 3 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
• ∴ 𝑥 3 − 3𝑖𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑖𝑦 3 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
• 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑖 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
• Comparing real and imaginary parts
• 𝑎 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑏 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3
𝑎 𝑏
• = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 , = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑥 𝑦
𝑎 𝑏
• ∴ + = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑥 𝑦
• = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 4 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
 EXAMPLE-6
• Find the complex number z if 2𝜋 ;1
𝑦
𝜋 2𝜋 arg 𝑧 − 1 = ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛
arg 𝑧 + 1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 arg 𝑧 − 1 = 3 𝑥−1
6 3 2𝜋
• Solution: Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
3
∴ 𝑧 + 1 = 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑦
∴ = tan 120° = − 3
𝑥;1
𝑧 − 1 = 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑖𝑦
𝜋
∴ 𝑦 = − 3𝑥 + 3……(2)
We are given that, arg 𝑧 + 1 =
6
;1
𝑦 𝜋 Adding both equations, we get,
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
𝑥+1 6 0 = 4𝑥 − 2 ∴𝑥=1 2
𝑦 1
∴ = tan 30° =
𝑥:1 3
3
∴ 3 ∙ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1…..(1) Now 3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 gives 3. 𝑦 =
2
3 1 3
∴𝑦= ∴𝑧= + 𝑖
2 2 2
 EXAMPLE-7
• Find two complex numbers such that their difference is 10𝑖 and their product is
29.
Solution: Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be two complex numbers such that, 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 10𝑖 and
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 29
Now, 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 2 − 4𝑧1 𝑧2 = 10𝑖 2 + 4 29
= −100 + 116 = 16
∴ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 4
∴2𝑧1 and 𝑧2 are roots of quadratic equation
𝑥 − 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 0
i.e. 𝑥 2 − 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑥 + 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 0 i.e., 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 29 = 0
; ;4 ± ;4 2 ;4 1 29 4± ;100 4±10𝑖
Solving 𝑥 = = = = 2 ± 5𝑖
2 1 2 2
∴ 𝑧1 = 2 + 5𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 2 − 5𝑖
 EXAMPLE-8
If 𝑧1 = cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼 , 𝑧2 = cos 𝛽 + 𝑖 sin 𝛽
1 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 − = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 − 𝛽 .
2𝑖 𝑧2 𝑧1
𝑧1 cos 𝛼:𝑖 sin 𝛼 𝑒 𝑖𝛼
Solution: We have = =
𝑧2 cos 𝛽:𝑖 sin 𝛽 𝑒 𝑖𝛽
𝑖(𝛼;𝛽)
=𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝛽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 − 𝛽
𝑧2 cos 𝛽:𝑖 sin 𝛽 𝑒 𝑖𝛽
Similarly, = = = 𝑒 𝑖(𝛽;𝛼) = 𝑒 ;𝑖(𝛼;𝛽)
𝑧1 cos 𝛼:𝑖 sin 𝛼 𝑒 𝑖𝛼
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 𝑖 sin 𝛼 − 𝛽
𝑧1 𝑧2
∴ − = 2 𝑖 sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 . Hence, the result
𝑧2 𝑧1
 EXAMPLE-9
2 1:𝑧 𝜃
• If 𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 , prove that (i) = 1 − 𝑖 tan 𝜃 2 . (ii) = 𝑖 cot .
1:𝑧 1;𝑧 2
• Solution:
2 2 2
• (i) = =
1:𝑧 1:cos 𝜃:𝑖 sin 𝜃 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 2 :2 𝑖 sin 𝜃 2 cos 𝜃 2
1
• =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 :𝑖 sin 𝜃 2
1
•= 𝜃
𝑖 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 ∙𝑒
𝜃
−𝑖 2
𝑒
•=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 ;𝑖 sin 𝜃 2
•= = 1 − 𝑖 tan 𝜃 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2
 EXAMPLE-9
1:𝑧 (1:cos 𝜃):𝑖 sin 𝜃
• (ii) =
1;𝑧 (1;cos 𝜃);𝑖 sin 𝜃
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 2 :2 𝑖 sin 𝜃 2 cos 𝜃 2
• =
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 2 ;2 𝑖 sin 𝜃 2 cos 𝜃 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 :𝑖 sin 𝜃 2
• = .
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 ; 𝑖 cos 𝜃 2
𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 :𝑖 sin 𝜃 2
• = cot .
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 ; 𝑖 cos 𝜃 2
𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 :𝑖 sin 𝜃 2
• = cot .
2 ;𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 ; 𝑖 cos 𝜃 2
𝜃 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 :𝑖 sin 𝜃 2
• = cot .
2 ;𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 :𝑖 sin 𝜃 2
1 𝜃 1 𝑖 𝜃 𝜃
• = . cot = . 𝑐𝑜𝑡 =𝑖 cot
;𝑖 2 ;𝑖 𝑖 2 2
 EXAMPLE-10
𝜃 𝑣 3𝜃
• If 1 + cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 1 + cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, prove that (i) 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 16 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 (ii) 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2
• Solution: We have to find 𝑢 and 𝑣.
• Now from data 1 + cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 1 + cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣,
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
• ∴ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 2 𝑖 sin cos 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2 𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
2 2 2
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
• ∴ 2 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 sin . 2 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
2 2 2
𝜃
𝜃 𝑖
• ∴ 4 cos cos 𝜃 ∙𝑒 2 ∙ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
2
3𝜃
𝜃 𝑖
• ∴ 4 cos cos 𝜃𝑒 2 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
2
𝜃 3𝜃 3𝜃
• ∴ 4 cos cos 𝜃 cos + 𝑖 sin = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
2 2 2
𝜃 3𝜃
• Equating real and imaginary parts 𝑢 = 4 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 and
2 2
𝜃 3𝜃
• 𝑣 = 4 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
𝜃 𝑣 3𝜃
∴ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 16 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 𝑢 2
 EXAMPLE-11
• If 𝑧1 = cos 𝛼 +2
𝑖 sin 𝛼 , 𝑧2 = cos 𝛽 + 𝑖 sin 𝛽 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 < 𝛼, 𝛽 < 𝜋 2 find the polar
1:𝑧1
form of
1;𝑖 𝑧1 𝑧2
1:𝑧1 2 1 𝑧1 :𝑧1
• Solution: Expression = =
1;𝑖 𝑧1 𝑧2 1 𝑧1 ;𝑖𝑧2
1
• Putting 𝑧1 = cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑧1
cos 𝛼;𝑖 sin 𝛼 : cos 𝛼:𝑖 sin 𝛼
• Expression =
cos 𝛼;𝑖 sin 𝛼 ;𝑖 cos 𝛽;𝑖 sin 𝛽
2 cos 𝛼 2 cos 𝛼
• = = 𝜋 𝜋
cos 𝛼:sin 𝛽 ;𝑖 sin 𝛼:cos 𝛽 cos 𝛼:cos 2 ;𝛽 ;𝑖 sin 𝛼:sin 2 ;𝛽

2 cos 𝛼
= 𝜋 𝛼−𝛽 𝜋 𝛼+𝛽 𝜋 𝛼−𝛽 𝜋 𝛼+𝛽
2 cos : cos ; : ;𝑖2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 : cos ; :
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
 EXAMPLE-11
2 cos 𝛼
•= 𝜋 𝛼−𝛽 𝜋 𝛼+𝛽 𝜋 𝛼−𝛽 𝜋 𝛼+𝛽
2 cos 4 : 2 cos ; 4 : 2 ;𝑖2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 : 2 cos ; 4 : 2
𝜋 𝛼:𝛽 𝜋 𝛼:𝛽
• But cos − + = cos −
4 2 4 2
cos 𝛼
• ∴Expression = 𝜋 𝛼+𝛽 𝜋 𝛼−𝛽 𝜋 𝛼−𝛽
cos 4 ; 2 cos 4 : 2 ;𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 : 2
𝜋 𝛼:𝛽 𝜋 𝛼;𝛽 𝜋 𝛼;𝛽
• = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼. sec − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + + 𝑖 sin +
4 2 4 2 4 2
• = 𝑟[cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃]
𝜋 𝛼:𝛽 𝜋 𝛼;𝛽
• Where 𝑟 = cos 𝛼 𝑠𝑒𝑐 − and 𝜃 = +
4 2 4 2
 EXAMPLE-12
• If 𝑧1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 are any two complex numbers, prove that
• 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2 + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 2 = 2 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2
• Solution: Let 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2
• ∴ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 2
• = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 2
• Similarly, 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 2 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 2
• and 𝑧1 2 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 𝑧2 2 = 𝑥22 + 𝑦22
• l.h.s. = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2 + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 2
• = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 2 + 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 2
= 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 2𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦22 + 2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 − 2𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦22 − 2𝑦1 𝑦2
= 2 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦22
• Now, r.h.s= 2 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 = 2 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦22
• ∴ 𝑙. ℎ. 𝑠 = 𝑟. ℎ. 𝑠
 EXAMPLE-13
• If 𝑧 − 1 < 𝑧 + 1 , prove that Re 𝑧 > 0.
• Solution: We have 𝑧 − 1 < 𝑧 + 1
• ∴ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1 < 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 1
• ∴ 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑖𝑦 < | 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑖𝑦|
• ∴ 𝑥 − 1 2 + 𝑦2 < 𝑥 + 1 2 + 𝑦2
• ∴ 𝑥 − 1 2 + 𝑦2 < 𝑥 + 1 2 + 𝑦2
• ∴ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 < 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2
• ∴ −2𝑥 < 2𝑥
• ∴ −4𝑥 < 0 ∴ 4𝑥 > 0 ∴ 𝑥 > 0
∴ The real Part of 𝑧 > 0
 EXAMPLE-14
𝑎:𝑖𝑏 1:𝑖𝑧
• If 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐2 = 1 and 𝑏 + 𝑖𝑐 = 1 + 𝑎 𝑧 Prove that = .
1:𝑐 1;𝑖𝑧
(𝑏:𝑖𝑐) 𝑖𝑏;𝑐
• Solution: By data, 𝑧 = ∴ 𝑖𝑧 =
(1:𝑎) 1:𝑎
• ∴ By componendo and dividendo,
1:𝑖𝑧 1:𝑎:𝑖𝑏;𝑐 1:𝑎;𝑐 :𝑖𝑏 1:𝑎:𝑐 :𝑖𝑏
• = = .
1;𝑖𝑧 1:𝑎;𝑖𝑏:𝑐 1:𝑎:𝑐 ;𝑖𝑏 1:𝑎:𝑐 :𝑖𝑏
1:𝑎:𝑖𝑏 ;𝑐 . 1:𝑎:𝑖𝑏 :𝑐 1:𝑎2 ;𝑏2 :2𝑎:2𝑖𝑏:2𝑎𝑖𝑏;𝑐 2
• = =
[ 1:𝑎:𝑐 ;𝑖𝑏] 1:𝑎:𝑐 :𝑖𝑏 1:𝑎2 :𝑐 2 :2𝑎:2𝑐:2𝑎𝑐:𝑏2
• Since by data 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1, in the numerator, we put 1 − 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2
2 2 2

• and in the denominator, we put 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 1

1:𝑖𝑧 2𝑎2 :2𝑎:2𝑖𝑏:2𝑎𝑖𝑏
• =
1;𝑖𝑧 2:2𝑎:2𝑐:2𝑎𝑐
𝑎 𝑎:1 :𝑖𝑏(1:𝑎) 1:𝑎 (𝑎:𝑖𝑏) 𝑎:𝑖𝑏
• = = = = 𝑙. ℎ. 𝑠
1 𝑎:1 :𝑐(1:𝑎) 1:𝑎 (1:𝑐) 1:𝑐
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