CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other
important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow
through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may include transformers
to change voltage levels between hi1gh transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages,
or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.

Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large
industrial or commercial customer. Generally, substations are unattended, relying on SCADA
for remote supervision and control.

1.1 POWER GENERATION

Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited (TSGENCO) is one of the pivotal
organizations of Telangana, engaged in the business of power generation. Apart from operation
& maintenance of the power station it has undertaken the execution of the ongoing & new
power projects scheduled under capacity addition program and is also taking up renovation &
modernization works of the old power stations. TSGENCO has been incorporated has per
companies Act-2013 on 19.05.2014 and commenced operations from 2.06.2014. This was a
sequel to Government’s reforms in power sector to unbundle the activities relating to
generation, transmission and distribution of power. All the generating stations owned by
erstwhile APSEB in Telangana area were transferred under the control of TSGENCO.

INSTALLED CAPACITY – TS GENCO

Sector TS Genco
Plant UOM Last Year Capacity Present Added Total
Type Date Capacity Capacity
Genco - MW 2021-03- 3772.50 2021-08- 0 3772.5
Thermal 31 31
Genco – MW 2021-03- 2430.06 2021-08- 0 2430.6
Hydel 31 31
Genco - MW 2021-03- 11.16 2021-08- 0 11.16
Mini 31 31
Hydel
Genco – MW 2021-03- 1.00 2021-08- 0 1
Solar 31 31
Pre- Added Total
Capital Total
Total:
6215.6 0 6215.26

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1.2 POWER TRANSMISSION
Transmission Corporation of Telangana Limited (TSTRANSCO) came into existence in June 2014
with the formation of a new state, Telangana, by bifurcating the pre-existing state of Andhra
Pradesh. Since then, the Transco has continuously strived to expand its transmission infrastructure
and improve transmission system availability in the state, which stood at almost 99.98 per cent in
2018-19. Since its inception, the transformation capacity of the state has more than doubled, and
transmission losses have declined significantly to 2.65 per cent in 2019-20 from 3.17 per cent in
2014-15. The strengthening of the transmission system has helped improve the voltage profile in
the state to a large extent besides enhancing the capacity to handle an increasing peak demand,
which has grown from 5,661 MW in 2014 to 12,976 MW in 2019.
As of April 2020, TSTRANSCO’s total transmission line length stood at 25,606 ckt. km. Its
transmission line length registered a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.35 per cent
between 2014-15 and 2019-20. Voltage-wise, as of September 2019, around 45 per cent (11,468.89
ckt. km) of its network was at the 132 kV level, 33 per cent (8,285.62 ckt. km) at 220 kV, and 22
per cent (5,532.54 ckt. km) at 400 kV.
TSTRANSCO owns 350 substations (of which nine are gas-insulated substations and the
remaining are air-insulated substations). The number of substations increased at a CAGR of 8.48
per cent during the five-year period from 2014-15 to 2019-20. Voltage-wise, around 68 per cent
of the substations are at the 132 kV level, 26 per cent at 220 kV and 6 per cent at the 400 kV level.
TSTRANSCO’s transformer capacity stood at 35,336 MVA as of April 2020, growing at a CAGR
of 18.7 per cent between 2014-15 and 2019-20.
TSTRANSCO’s transmission losses in 2018-19 and 2019-20 stood at 2.85 per cent and 2.65 per
cent, respectively, declining from 3.17 per cent in 2014-15. The Transco has undertaken a number
of loss reduction measures such as system improvement and reactive power compensation to
maintain the low levels of transmission losses. The company’s normative system availability was
maintained at 99.98 per cent from 2015-16 to 2018-19. TSTRANSCO has successfully catered to
the increasing contracted demand in the state. As of April 2020, the state’s contracted capacity
stood at 15,864 MW, more than doubling since June 2014.

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The Transco has consistently delivered good financial performance in recent years. Since 2014-
15, the company’s total income has increased at a CAGR of 31.9 per cent while net profit has
grown at 35 per cent. In 2018-19, the company registered a growth of 40.1 per cent over the
previous year. The total income went up from Rs 14.58 billion in 2017-18 to Rs 20.43 billion in
2018-19. Its total expenditure stood at Rs 18.07 billion in 2018-19, an increase of 62.8 per cent
over the previous year. The net profit in 2018-19 stood at Rs 2.36 billion, a decline of 32.2 per
cent from the Rs 3.48 billion recorded in 2017-18. The operations and maintenance (O&M) cost
increased from Rs 5.03 billion in 2017-18 to Rs 7.13 billion in 2018-19, registering a growth rate
of 41.9 per cent.

Transmission Substation
A Transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is where
all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains high-voltage
switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A
transmission station may have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, voltage
control devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR compensators and equipment such as
phase shifting transformers to control power flow between two adjacent power systems.
Types of Substations
Depending on the type of the design and location, there are 3 types of substations.

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 Indoor Substation Underground Substation Outdoor Substation

1.3 POWER DISTRIBUTION

Southern Power Distribution Company of Telangana Limited (TSSPDCL), one of the two discoms
in the state which were set up in 2014, has been playing a crucial role in meeting the state’s energy
requirements. In the last four years, the discom has spent a significant Rs 65 billion on
infrastructure development. Notably, the discom’s aggregate technical and commercial (AT&C)
losses are now below the 15 per cent level. Further, the discom’s proactive efforts in promoting
rooftop solar have also helped strengthen the state’s solar capacity, which has increased from 37
MW at the time of the state’s inception to more than 3.6 GW at present. Telangana is one of the
few states which have achieved 100 per cent household electrification. Besides, with 2.3 million
agricultural pump sets, the state is among the first to supply free 24×7 power to all agricultural
consumers since January 1, 2018.
TSSPDCL caters to over 8.1 million consumers in 14 districts and is the largest discom in the state.
The discom’s distribution network comprises 11,666 km of 33 kV lines, around 76,348 km of 11
kV lines and 174,875 km of low tension (LT) lines (March 2017). The utility has 1,407 substations
at the 33/11 kV level and 2,702 power transformers.
The transition from transmission to distribution happens in a power substation, which has the
following functions:
Circuit breakers and switches enable the substation to be disconnected from the transmission grid
or for distribution lines to be disconnected.
Transformers step down transmission voltages, 35 KV or more, down to primary distribution
voltages.
From the transformer, power goes to the busbar that can split the distribution power off in multiple
directions. The bus distributes power to distribution lines, which fan out to customers.

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 CHAPTER-2

MIYAPUR X ROADS SUBSTATION 33/11 KV SUBSTATION

The substation is fed 12.5MVA from 2 substation a, b through 33 KV lines and the power is
received on 33 KV Zebra type busbars.
The two 33 KV incoming feeders to Miyapur substation.
1.Metro Substation Miyapur 220/33 KV
2.RC Puram Substation 132/33 KV.
The outgoing 11 KV feeders of 33/11 KV Miyapur substation are
1.SR Estate
2.ESEVA
3.Datta Sai Nagar
4.lotus colony
5.ASRR Statue
6.Neelima Greens
7.New Colony

Miyapur X Roads 33/11 KV Substation

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2.1 LINE DIAGRAM OF THE SUBSTATION
Single line diagram:
The Single Line Diagram (SLD) is considered as an essential tool for the electrical professional.
The SLD is the blueprint for electrical system analysis. It represents a three-phase power system.
It is a form of the block diagram which conveys the paths for power flow between different entities
of the system
1.It is the primary resource to calculate short-circuit currents, determine selective coordination
and, ultimately, calculate incident energy.
2. Serving as a map of the electrical distribution system, an SLD documents conductors,
transformers, overcurrent protective devices (OCPDs) and other electrical devices and safety
mechanisms to aid in many areas of design and maintenance while reducing confusion.
3.The simpler diagram leaves more space for non-electrical to be included.

Single Line Diagram

The single line diagram consists of
33 KV busbars
Isolators
Current transformers,
Potential transformers
Power transformers
Circuit breakers
11 KV outgoing feeders

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 CHAPTER-3
COMPONENTS
3.1 Isolators
Isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of the circuit from the system as when
required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe maintenance works.
So, the definition of isolator can be rewritten as an isolator is a manually operated mechanical
switch which separates a part of the electrical power. Isolators are used to open a circuit under no
load. Its main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended to
be opened while current is flowing in the line. Isolators are generally used on both ends of the
breaker so that repair or replacement of circuit breaker can be done without any danger.
AB (Air-Break) switches used in the Miyapur substation are normally off load circuit breakers
with manual switching and can be called as Isolators. 185 mm*2 AB cable is used at distribution
level. Specifications of isolator used:
Type of isolator: outdoor
Rated frequency: 50 Hz
Number of poles: 3
Operating time: Less than 12s
Mode of operation: manual
Current carrying capacity for 33 KV level: 800 A.
When there is no arc quench method is offered in isolator, it should be worked once there is no
possibility of current flow throughout the circuit. So, no live circuit must be open otherwise closed
through the isolator process. Isolators are opened or closed once the circuit breaker is opened or
closed so as to avoid huge arcing among the isolator contacts

Isolators

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3.2 Buses
A bus in a power system is defined as the vertical line at which the several components of the
power system like generators, loads, and feeders, etc., are connected. The buses in a power system
are associated with four quantities. These quantities are the magnitude of the voltage, the phase
angle of the voltage, active or true power and the reactive power.
Bus-bar used in substation are usually bare rectangular cross-section bars. Aluminium is used for
the construction of bus bar as it has several advantages over copper such as higher conductivity on
weight basis, lower cost for equal current capacity, excellent corrosion resistance. For proper
reliable electrical connections aluminium buses are coated with silver. The most common sizes of
bus bars are 40*4mm;40*5 mm;50*5 mm;50*6 mm;60*8 mm;80*8 mm;100*10 mm. The
stringing for bus is done used weasel type conductor.
We have two 33 KV buses, one main bus and the other is auxiliary bus; and one 11 KV bus. The
auxiliary bus is energised from 33 KV main bus through a bus coupler. Zebra type bus bars are
used in the substation. The power from main bus can be totally transferred to auxiliary bus bar as
needed through bus coupler, since there will be high degree of reliability. While transferring the
load to reserve bus: Close the bus coupler, close isolators on the auxiliary bus and open isolators
on the main bus.

Busbars

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3.3 Circuit Breakers
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short circuit. Its basic function
is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then
must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal
operation.
Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect low-current circuits or
individual household appliance, up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits
feeding an entire city. The generic function of a circuit breaker, or fuse, as an automatic means of
removing power from a faulty system is often abbreviated as OCPD (Over Current Protection
Device).
The circuit breaker must first detect a fault condition. In small mains and low voltage circuit
breakers, this is usually done within the device itself.
Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually arranged with protective relay pilot
devices to sense a fault condition and to operate the opening mechanism. These typically require
a separate power source, such as a battery, although some high-voltage circuit breakers are self-
contained with current transformers, protective relays, and an internal control power source.
Once a fault is detected, the circuit breaker contacts must open to interrupt the circuit; this is
commonly done using mechanically stored energy contained within the breaker, such as a spring
or compressed air to separate the contacts.
When a high current or voltage is interrupted, an arc is generated. The length of the arc is generally
proportional to the voltage while the intensity (or heat) is proportional to the current. This arc must
be contained, cooled and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts
can again withstand the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating
gas, or oil as the medium the arc forms in. Different techniques are used to extinguish the arc
including:
 Lengthening or deflecting the arc
 Intensive cooling (in jet chambers)
 Division into partial arcs
 Zero-point quenching (contacts open at the zero current time crossing of the AC waveform,
effectively breaking no load current at the time of opening. The zero-crossing occurs at
twice the line frequency; i.e., 100 times per second for 50 Hz and 120 times per second for
60 Hz AC.)
 Connecting capacitors in parallel with contacts in DC circuits.
Finally, once the fault condition has been cleared, the contacts must again be closed to restore
power to the interrupted circuit.

9
Many classifications of circuit breakers can be made, based on their features such as voltage class,
construction type, interrupting type, and structural features.
Two types of circuit breakers are used in the substation: 33 KV GCB (Generator circuit breaker)
and 11 KV VCB (Vacuum circuit breaker).

33 KV GCB Inside 33 KV GCB

3.3.1 Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

A vacuum circuit breaker is such kind of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes place in
vacuum. The technology is suitable for mainly medium voltage application. For higher voltage
vacuum technology has been developed but not commercially viable. The operation of opening
and closing of current carrying contacts and associated arc interruption take place in a vacuum
chamber in the breaker which is called vacuum interrupter.
The vacuum interrupter consists of a steel arc chamber in the centre symmetrically arranged
ceramic insulators. The vacuum pressure inside a vacuum interrupter is normally maintained at
10– 6 bar.

10
The material used for current carrying contacts plays an important role in the performance of the
vacuum circuit breaker. Cu/Cr is the ideal material to make VCB contacts.

11
 11 KV VCB

Operation:
The main aim of any circuit breaker is to quench arc during current zero crossing, by establishing
high dielectric strength in between the contacts so that reestablishment of arc after current zero
becomes impossible.
The dielectric strength of vacuum is eight times greater than that of air and four times greater than
that of SF6 gas. This high dielectric strength makes it possible to quench a vacuum arc within very
small contact gap. For short contact gap, low contact mass and no compression of the medium the
drive energy required in vacuum circuit breaker is minimum.
When two face to face contact areas are just being separated to each other, they do not be separated
instantly, the contact area on the contact face is being reduced and ultimately comes to a point and
then they are finally de-touched. Although this happens in a fraction of microsecond, it is a fact.

12
At this instant of de-touching of contacts in a vacuum, the current through the contacts
concentrated on that last contact point on the contact surface and makes a hot spot
As it is a vacuum, the metal on the contact surface is easily vaporized due to that hotspot and create
a conducting media for arc path. Then the arc will be initiated and continued until the next current
zero. At current zero this vacuum arc is extinguished and the conducting metal vapor is re-
condensed on the contact surface. At this point, the contacts are already separated hence there is
no question of re-vaporization of the contact surface, for the next cycle of current. That means, the
arc cannot be re-established again. In this way vacuum circuit breaker prevents the reestablishment
of arc by producing high dielectric strength in the contact gap after current zero.

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 Specifications:

3.4 Instrument Transformers

It is not an easy way to measure the high voltage and currents associated with power transmission
and distribution systems, hence instrument transformers are often used to stepdown these values
to a safer level to measure. This is because measuring meters or instruments and protective relays
are low voltage devices, thereby cannot be connected directly to high voltage circuit for the
purpose of measurement and protection of the system.
In addition to the reduction of voltage and current levels, these transformers isolate the measuring
or protective circuit from the main circuit which is operating at high power levels.
Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or transform
voltage or current levels. The most common usage of instrument transformers is to operate
instruments or metering from high voltage or high current circuits, safely isolating secondary
control circuitry from the high voltages or currents. The primary winding of the transformer is
connected to the high voltage or high current circuit, and the meter or relay is connected to the
secondary circuit.
Instrument transformers may also be used as an isolation transformer so that secondary quantities
may be used in phase shifting without affecting other primary connected devices.

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3.4.1 Current Transformer:
A current transformer (CT) is an instrument transformer in which the secondary current is
substantially proportional to primary current and differs in phase from it by ideally zero degree.
Current transformers (CT) are a series connected type of instrument transformer. They are
designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and have an accurate current ratio
and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary connected metering.
In case of CT, primary current is the system current and this primary current or system current
transforms to the CT secondary, hence secondary current or burden current depends upon primary
current of the current transformer.
In case of CT, the primary is connected in series with power line. So current through its primary
is nothing but the current flows through that power line. The primary current of the CT, hence does
not depend upon whether the load or burden is connected to the secondary or not or what is the
impedance value of burden. Generally, CT has very few turns in primary whereas secondary turns
is large in number.
The basic principle of the current transformer is the same as that of the power transformer. Like
the power transformer, the current transformer also contains a primary and a secondary winding.
Whenever an alternating current flows through the primary winding, alternating magnetic flux is
produced, which then induces alternating current in the secondary winding. In the case of current
transformers, the load impedance or “burden” is very small. Therefore, the current transformer
operates under short circuit conditions. Also, the current in the secondary winding does not depend
on load impedance but instead depends on the current flowing in the primary winding.

Specifications:
CT ratio available: 400-200-100/1-1A
CT adopted: 200/1-1A
O/L: 100% TMS: 0.05
E/L: 20% TMS: 0.05 MF: 2000

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 Live Tank

Current Transformer

From above, it can be seen that the secondary of the current transformer is been connected to the
control and relay panel for protection. Current transformers supply the protective relays with
currents of magnitude proportional to those of power circuit but sufficiently reduced in magnitude.
The measuring devices cannot be directly connected to the high magnitude supplies. Hence current
transformers are used to supply those devices with currents of magnitude proportional to those of
power. The secondary of a CT should be short circuited because if they are opened there will be
no counter magnetic field and the total flux linkage =primary flux, thus the flux in core reaches its
saturation levels changing the CT characteristics and therefore damages the CT permanently.

16
3.4.2 Potential transformers:
Potential Transformer is a voltage step-down transformer which reduces the voltage of a high
voltage circuit to a lower level for the purpose of measurement. These are connected across or
parallel to the line which is to be monitored.
Potential Transformers are provided at both receiving and sending end. The potential transformer
attached to the power network whose voltage should be sensed is connected between the ground
and the phase. That means the primary section of a potential transformer is attached to the high
voltage network, and the secondary section of a transformer is connected to a multimeter. Because
of the mutual induction, the two sides are magnetically joined together and operate on the principle
of electromagnetic induction. The primary winding consists of a large number of turns which is
connected across the high voltage side or the line in which measurements have to be taken or to
be protected. The secondary winding has lesser number of turns which is connected to the
voltmeters, or potential coils of wattmeter and energy meters, relays and other control devices.
These can be single phase or three phase potential transformers.
Since the voltmeters and potential coils of other meters have high impedance, a small current flow
through the secondary of PT. Therefore, PT behaves as an ordinary two winding transformer
operating on no load. Due to this low load (or burden) on the PT, the VA ratings of PTs are low
and in the range of 50 to 200 VA. On the secondary side, one end is connected to the ground for
safety reasons.

17
Potential Transformer
Construction:
Compared to the conventional transformer, potential transformers or PTs use larger conductor
sizes and core. PTs designed for ensuring the greater accuracy and hence, at the time of designing
economy of the material is not considered as main aspect.
PTs are made with special high-quality core operating at lower flux densities in order to have small
magnetising current so that no load losses are minimised. Both core and shell type constructions
are preferred for PTs. For high voltages, core type PTs are used while shell type is preferred for
low voltages.

Cross section of Potential Transformer

To reduce the leakage reactance, co-axial windings are used for both primary and secondary. For
reducing the insulation cost, low voltage secondary winding is placed next to the core. And for
high voltage PTs, high voltage primary is divided into sections of coils to reduce the insulation
between coil layers. For these windings, vanished cambric and cotton tape are used as laminations.
In between the coils, hard fibre separators are used.
These are carefully designed to have minimum phase shift between the input and output voltages
and also to maintain a minimum voltage ratio with variation in load. Oil filled PTs are used for

18
high voltage levels (above the range of 7KV). In such PTs, oil filled bushings are provided to
connect the main lines.

3.5 Power Transformer

A power transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to another
without changing the frequency. As there is no rotating or moving parts, a transformer is classified
as a static device. A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from
one electrical circuit to another, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying
electromotive force across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be
transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two
circuits. Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in
any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil. Transformers are most commonly
used for increasing low AC voltages at high current (a step-up transformer) or decreasing high AC
voltages at low current (a step-down transformer) in electric power applications, and for coupling
the stages of signal processing circuits. Transformers can also be used for isolation, where the
voltage in equals the voltage out, with separate coils not electrically bonded to one another.
Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have become
essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current electric power. A
wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications.
Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimetre in volume, to units
weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect the power grid. A varying current in the
transformer's primary winding attempts to create a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core,
which is also encircled by the secondary winding. This varying flux at the secondary winding
induces a varying electromotive force (EMF, voltage) in the secondary winding due to
electromagnetic induction and the secondary current so produced creates a flux equal and opposite
to that produced by the primary winding, in accordance with Lenz's law.
The windings are wound around a core of infinitely high magnetic permeability so that all of the
magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With a voltage source
connected to the primary winding and a load connected to the secondary winding, the transformer
currents flow in the indicated directions and the core magnetomotive force cancels to zero.
According to Faraday's law, since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and
secondary windings in an ideal transformer, a voltage is induced in each winding proportional to
its number of windings. The transformer winding voltage ratio is directly proportional to the
winding turns ratio.
The ideal transformer identity shown in eq. 5 is a reasonable approximation for the typical
commercial transformer, with voltage ratio and winding turns ratio both being inversely
proportional to the corresponding current ratio.

19
The load impedance referred to the primary circuit is equal to the turn’s ratio squared times the
secondary circuit load impedance.

20
Power Transformer

3.5.1 Main Oil Tank:

It is a main part of transformer. It is steel made box. Transformer core is placed inside this tank.
Windings and other helpful devices are placed inside this tank. It is filled with insulating oil
(mineral oil). It has usually cylindrical or cubical shape depending on transformer construction. It
is coated internally and externally with colour for safety point of view. Colour coating also provide
protection in case of winding connection with tank accidentally.

21
 Main Oil Tank

3.5.2 Expansion Oil Tank (Conservator):

It is installed above the main oil tank on the outer transformer frame and is connected to the main
tank through a metallic tube. Oil can freely contract and expand during loading and thus the
temperature of the oil increases and decreases. Loading can increase expansion up to 8%. Tank
compensates any loss in oil that may occur in the main tank.

Conservator
This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof the transformer main tank.
The main function of conservator tank of transformer is to provide adequate space for expansion
of oil inside the transformer.

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3.5.3 Breather Unit:
When the temperature changes occur in transformer insulating oil, the oil expands or contracts and
there an exchange of air also occurs when transformer is fully loaded. When transformer is cooled,
the oil level goes down and air is absorbed within. This process is called breathing and the
apparatus that pass through the air is called breather. Actually, silica gel breathers control the level
of moisture, entering electrical equipment during the change in volume of the cooling medium and
airspace caused by temperature increasing. Silica gel crystal has tremendous capacity of absorbing
moisture. When air passes through these crystals in the breather; the moisture of the air is absorbed
by them. Therefore, the air reaches to the conservator is quite dry, the dust particles in the air get
trapped by the oil in the oil seal cup. The oil in the oil sealing cup acts as barrier between silica gel
crystal and air when there is no flow of air through silica gel breather. The colour of silica gel
crystal is dark blue but, when it absorbs moisture; it becomes pink.
When there is sufficient difference between the air inside the conservator and the outside air, the
oil level in two components of the oil seal changes until the lower oil level just reaches the rim of
the inverted cup, the air then moves from high pressure compartment to the low-pressure
compartment of the oil seal. Both of these happen when the oil acts as core filter and removes the
dust from the outside air.

Breather

3.5.4 Oil Level Indicator:

It indicates level of oil in the conservator unit. The oil level rises due to the increase in temperature
or when load reduces. It is essential that the oil level is maintained above a predetermined
minimum level. Decrease in oil can cause flashover if it is not corrected.

23
 Oil level indicator

3.5.5 Sampling Valve:

We collect oil sample for performing different tests on the oil to determine different physical,
chemical and electrical characteristics of the oil. The sample is the representative of the oil inside
the equipment. That is why, we take special care during collecting oil sample from the equipment.
Otherwise, surrounding atmosphere may affect the characteristics of the oil which may differ the
outcome of the tests form the actual results.
Transformer oil testing is important to:
Determine essential electrical properties of transformer oil
Identify if a certain oil is suitable for future use
Detect whether regeneration or filtration is needed
Reduce oil costs and enhance component life
Prevent untimely failures and maximize safety

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 Sampling Valve

3.5.6 Radiator:
When a transformer is loaded, the current starts flowing through its windings. Due to this flowing
of electric current, heat is produced in the windings, this heat ultimately rises the temperature of
transformer oil. We know that the rating of any electrical equipment depends upon its allowable
temperature rise limit. Hence, if the temperature rises of the transformer insulating oil is controlled,
the capacity or rating of transformer can be extended up to significant range. The radiator of
transformer accelerates the cooling rate of transformer. Thus, it plays a vital role in increasing
loading capacity of an electrical transformer. This is basic function of radiator of a power
transformer.
Oil immersed power transformer is generally provided with detachable pressed sheet radiator with
isolating valves. But in case of small size distributing transformer, the radiators are generally
integrated parts of transformer body and projected from the main tank. The working principle of
radiator is very simple. It just increases the surface area for dissipating heat of the oil. In case of
electrical power transformer, due to the transport limitation, this units are sent separately and
assembled at site with transformer main body. At the time of dispatching, the flings of radiator are
blanketed by gasket and blanketing plates. The radiator valves on the main tank are also blanketed
by gasket and blanketing plates.

25
 Radiator

3.5.7 Bushing:
In electric power, a bushing is an insulated device that allows an electrical conductor to pass safely
through a grounded conducting barrier such as the case of a transformer or circuit breaker. It is
responsible for connecting the internal windings of the transformer with the external electrical
network. It isolates the internal windings from the transformer body. Bushings are fixed using
flanges to avoid any humidity, dirt and dust from reaching the points of contact. The wavy shape
is to maximize surface path length and minimize surface leakage, corona and eventual arcing from
exposure to year-round weather conditions, dust, air pollution etc. If continuous shape is given
when the rain falls over the surface, water particles crawl down over the bushing and cause short
circuit. Bushings sometimes fail due to partial discharge. This is sometimes due to the slow and
progressive degradation of the insulation over many years of energized service however it may
also be a rapid degeneration which destroys a good bushing in a matter of hours. At present, there
is great interest by the electricity supply industry, high voltage bushings However, some bushings
failing early in service are due to failures to control voltage or carry out essential maintenance,
while others relate to incipient failure mechanisms built in at manufacturer

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 Bushings

3.5.8 HV and LV Windings:

The windings form its crucial part, because these are the ones that are mainly responsible for the
transformer action. They are usually marked, however, the terminals with a greater number of
turns is the HV side while the one the lesser number of turns is the LV side. It is essential that they
have the specified number of turns that forms the exact transformation ratio.

LV and HV windings

3.5.9 Marshalling Box:

It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the oil and the winding of main tank. If
temperature of oil or winding exceeds the specified value, relay operates to sound an alarm. If
there is further increase in temperature then relay completes the trip circuit to open the circuit
breaker controlling the transformer.

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 Marshalling Box

Marshalling Box Wiring Diagram

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3.5.10 On Load Tap Changer:
In larger power transformers, for proper voltage regulation of transformer, an on-load tap changer
is required. As there is no permission of switching off the transformer during tap changing. The
tapping arrangement, is placed in separate divertor tank attached to electrical power transformer
main tank. Inside this tank, the tap selectors are generally arranged in a circular form. The divertor
switches have contacts operating in rapid sequence with usually four separate make and break
units. Mostly the power transformer is used for both step up and step-down action. In that, the
power transformer turns are in the high voltage side is higher than the low voltage side. Therefore,
placing on load tap changer circuit on high voltage side which can give fine voltage regulation.
The LV winding of the transformer is placed inside of HV winding, so on the account of practical
consideration, it is simpler to provide tapping on the high voltage. When you increase the number
of turns on the HV side which decrease the flux and flux density of the transformer. Reducing the
flux density reduces the core losses of the transformer, thus increasing the efficiency.

Inside On Load Tap Changer

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3.5.11 Buchholz Relay:
A Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on (some) oil-filled power transformers and reactors,
equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a “conservator”. Buchholz relays are used
as a protective device, as they are sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure that can occur inside
the equipment they protect. Buchholz relays are a type of gas detection relay.
Buchholz relays have two main elements. The upper element consists of a float. The float is
attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon the oil level in the
Buchholz relay container. A mercury switch is fixed on the float. The alignment of the mercury
switch hence depends upon the position of the float.
The lower element consists of a baffle plate and a mercury switch. This plate is fitted on a hinge
just in front of the inlet (main tank side) of the Buchholz relay in a transformer in such a way that
when oil enters in the relay from that inlet in high pressure the alignment of the baffle plate along
with the mercury switch attached to it, will change.
Working:
The Buchholz relay working principle is very simple. Buchholz relay function is based on a very
simple mechanical phenomenon.
It is mechanically actuated. Whenever there will be a minor internal fault in the transformer such
as an insulation fault between turns, breakdown of core of the transformer, core heating, the
insulating transformer oil will be decomposed in different hydrocarbon gases, CO2 and CO.
The gases produced due to the decomposition of transformer insulating oil will accumulate in the
upper part of the Buchholz container which causes a fall of the oil level in it. Fall of oil level means
lowering the position of the float and thereby tilting the mercury switch. The contacts of this
mercury switch are closed and an alarm circuit energized.
Sometimes due to oil leakage on the main tank air bubbles may be accumulated in the upper part
of the Buchholz container which may also cause a fall of oil level in it and the alarm circuit will
be energized.
By collecting the accumulated gases from the gas release pockets on the top of the relay and by
analysing them one can predict the type of fault in the transformer.
More severe types of faults, such as short circuits between phases or to earth and faults in the tap
changing equipment, are accompanied by a surge of oil that strikes the baffle plate and causes the
mercury switch of the lower element to close.
This switch energized the trip circuit of the circuit breakers associated with the transformer and
immediately isolate the faulty transformer from the rest of the electrical power system by
intertripping the circuit breakers associated with both LV and HV sides of the transformer. This is
how Buchholz relay functions.

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 Buchholz Relay Diagram of Buchholz Relay

3.5.12 Specifications of power transformer at 33/11 KV Miyapur substation:

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3.6 Insulators
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely; very little
electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric field. This contrasts with
other materials, semiconductors and conductors, which conduct electric current more easily. The
property that distinguishes an insulator is its resistivity; insulators have higher resistivity than
semiconductors or conductors. The most common examples are non-metals. A perfect insulator
does not exist because even insulators contain small numbers of mobile charges (charge carriers)
which can carry current. In addition, all insulators become electrically conductive when a
sufficiently large voltage is applied that the electric field tears electrons away from the atoms. This
is known as the breakdown voltage of an insulator. Some materials such as glass, paper and Teflon,
which have high resistivity, are very good electrical insulators. A much larger class of materials,
even though they may have lower bulk resistivity, are still good enough to prevent significant
current from flowing at normally used voltages

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 Insulator

3.7 Lightning Arresters

A lightning arrester (also called lightning diverter) is a device used on electric power systems and
telecommunication systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the
damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a
ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along
the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrester, in most
cases to earth. If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces
thousands of kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage
to transformers and other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage
spikes in incoming power lines can damage electrical home appliances or even produce death.
Lightning arresters are used to protect electric fences. They consist of a spark gap and sometimes
a series inductor. Such type of equipment is also used for protecting transmitters feeding a mast
radiator. For such device the series inductance has usually just one winding.

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Working Principle:
Lightning arrester working principle is, Under the normal operating condition, a lightning arrester
does not conduct any current to earth. But on the occurrence of overvoltage due to lightning or
other means, the air between the spark gap breaks down and arc formed. providing a low resistance
path for the surge to ground hence excess charge on the line due to surge is conducted through the
arrester to earth.
The purpose of nonlinear resister is in the operation of a lightning arrester is as gap spark over due
to surge voltage, the arc would be a short circuit on the power system and may cause power to
follow current in arrester. Since the characteristics of nonlinear resister is provide high resistance
to high voltage/current in. it prevents the effect of the short circuit after a surge over. the resister
offers high resistance to make the gap not conducting.
If arc one does not go away after the surge over it will carry current to ground through the spark
gap.

3.8 Earthing
The grounding system in substation is very important. The functions of grounding systems or
earth mat in include:
Ensure safety to personnel in substations against electrical shocks.
Provide the ground connection for connecting the neutrals of stat connected transformer winding
to earth (neutral earthing).
Discharge the over voltages from overhead ground wires or the lightning masts to earth. To provide
ground path for surge arresters.
Provide a path for discharging the charge between phase and ground by means of earthing
switches.
To provide earth connections to structures and other non-current carrying metallic objects in the
sub-station (equipment earthing).
Earth resistance is an important parameter in calculating the amount of short circuit/leakage current
dissipating in the ground.

A total of 37 earthing’s is provided at the substation: 8 at distribution side,2 at source side, 6 at

power transformer and 21 others. All these are connected in series.

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 Earthing

3.9 Battery Changers

The protection relays which are meant for cleaning the faults under abnormal conditions need
reliable auxiliary supply i.e., DC instead of AC, which may fail in case of faults in substation.
The main purpose of DC supply is from batteries, battery chargers. DC is generally used in
substation for the following purposes:
 Protection Circuits
 Control Circuits
 Illumination
 Communication
 Alarm and Annunciation.
In the substation, 220 V DC battery system is used consisting of 110 cells, each of 2V are
connected in series. These 110 cells in series are connected across the battery charger for constant
charging of batteries from float charger. Each cell is meant for float charging voltage of 2.1 volts
for lead acid battery. During boost charging, each cell is meant for boost charging voltage of 2.6
volts for lead acid battery,286 volts will be obtained at battery terminals, which is very high for
DC loads whose auxiliary voltage rating is 220V. The centre taps 55th cell is connected to earth
leakage ammeter on the battery charger whose other end is connected to separate earth pit (isolated
from station earth mat) to display DC earth leakage in case of earthing of +ve/-ve bus of DC
system.

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 Battery Charging Arrangement in Substation

3.10 Bus Coupler

Bus coupler is a device which is used to couple one bus to the other without any interruption in
power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. Bus coupler is a breaker used to couple two
busbars in order to perform maintenance on other circuit breakers associated with that busbar. It
is achieved with the help of a circuit breaker and isolators. The supply can be connected to either
the main bus or auxiliary bus using a bus coupler. Repairing, maintenance and testing of feeder
circuit or the other section can be done by putting them on the auxiliary bus bar using bus coupler,
thus keeping the main bus bar undisturbed.

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 CHAPTER-4

CONCLUSION
Transmission and distribution stations exist at various scales throughout a power system. In
general, it represents an interface between different levels or sections of the power system, and the
capability to switch or reconfigure the connections among various transmission and distribution
lines.
The major stations include a control room from which operations are coordinated. Smaller
distribution substations follow the same principle of receiving power at higher voltage on one side
and sending out a number of distribution feeders at low voltage on the other, but they serve more
limited local area and are generally unstaffed. The central component of the substation is the
transformer, as it provides the effective in enface between the high and low voltage parts of the
system.
Other crucial components are circuit breakers and switches. Breakers serve as protective devices
that open automatically in the event of a fault, that is , when a protective relay indicates excessive
current due to some abnormal conditions Switches are control devices that can be opened or closed
deliberately to establish or break a connection.
An important difference between circuit breakers and switches is that breakers are designed to
interrupt abnormally high currents (as they occur only in those very situations for which circuit
protection is needed), whereas regular switches are designed to be operable under normal currents.
Breakers are placed on both the high and low voltage side of transformers.

References:
 https://powerline.net.in/
 https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/download-
centre/books-and-guides/power-substations/33-11-KV- substation
 Principles of Power Systems by V.K. Mehta
 Electrical Power Systems by C.L. Wadhwa
 https://www.slideshare.net/jayranvir/electrical-bus-bar-and-its-types.

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