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Lecture 8

This document discusses remote sensing and provides context on its history and physics. It defines remote sensing as obtaining information about an object through analysis of data from a device not in contact with the object. The document outlines the key components and process of remote sensing, including energy sources, atmospheric interactions, sensor recording, and data analysis. It also covers the electromagnetic spectrum, properties of electromagnetic radiation like wavelength and frequency, and how radiation interacts with matter through reflection, absorption, scattering and more.

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Al Nashib
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91 views

Lecture 8

This document discusses remote sensing and provides context on its history and physics. It defines remote sensing as obtaining information about an object through analysis of data from a device not in contact with the object. The document outlines the key components and process of remote sensing, including energy sources, atmospheric interactions, sensor recording, and data analysis. It also covers the electromagnetic spectrum, properties of electromagnetic radiation like wavelength and frequency, and how radiation interacts with matter through reflection, absorption, scattering and more.

Uploaded by

Al Nashib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Remote Sensing

Introduc)on, History, Physics of RS & EMR


Lecture 8 (3 July 2021)
Dr. Asib Ahmed

Department of Environmental Science


BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF PROFESSIONALS
Cartography, Remote Sensing, and
GIS
Definition

“the science and art of obtaining


informa1on about an object, area, or
phenomenon through the analysis of
data acquired by a device that is not in
contact with the object, area, or
phenomenon under inves1ga1on.”

Lillesand and Kiefer, 1994
Remote Sensing Advantages & Limitations

–  Increased perspec1ve –  External noise/


–  Generally unobtrusive interference
–  Broad electromagne1c –  OEen relies on
sensi1vity surrogate measures
–  Systema1c, unbiased –  Technical/calibra1on
observa1on issues
–  Digital extensions –  Can be obtrusive
Remote Sensing Platforms
The Emergence of Geospatial Technology

U.S. Department of Labor "iden1fied geotechnology as one of the


three most important emerging and evolving fields, along with
biotechnology and nanotechnology." Nature Magazine
-  $2 Billion industry in 2002; $30Billion in 2005
Signs of the Time

–  Google acquires Keyhole Corp. Oct 27, 2004


Historical Development of Remote Sensing
Aerial Photograph

1858 – “Gasper Felix


Tournachon Nadar” takes
the first aerial photograph
from a cap1ve balloon from
an al1tude of 1,200 feet
over Paris.
Aerial Photograph contd.
1889 – “Arthur Batut” take the first aerial photograph
from using a kite of Labruguiere France.
Aerial Photograph contd.

1903 – The Bavarian Pigeon Corps uses pigeons


to take aerial photos.
Aerial Photograph contd.

1914 - WWI provided a boost in the use of aerial photography.


Aerial Photograph contd.
1934 - The American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.

1938 - A German General Werner von Fritsch, made a prophe1c statement at
this 1me said: "The na1on with the best photo reconnaissance will win the
next war!!"

1940 - World War II brought about more sophis1cated techniques.
1946 - First space photographs from V-2 rockets.
1954 - U-2 takes first flight.



Figure: U-2 aerial photograph of an airfield in the Soviet Union
Satellite Era

1957 - Russia launches Sputnik-1 Late 1960's - US’s Gemini and Apollo Space photography
Landsat Program : Mission Earth

Launched on July 23, 1972, Landsat 1, ini1ally named ERTS (Earth


Resources Technology Satellite), was the first satellite designed to
study and to monitor the Earth’s surface, more specifically its
landmasses.

The sensors on Landsat 1 revolu1onized remote sensing. They
provided imagery in digital format and in mul1-spectral form. It was
the beginning of tradi1onal aerial photography taken from planes for
decades being replaced by digital imagery recorded from satellites.

Landsat Program Contd.
Aerial Photograph vs Satellite Image
Fundamental difference
Photographs are analogue(printed), however, images are digitally recorded.

“All images are photographs, but all photographs are not images.”

Components of Remote Sensing

1.  Energy source or illumination (A)


2.  Radiation and the atmosphere (B)
3.  Interaction with the Target (C)
4.  Recording of energy by the sensor (D)
5.  Transmission, Reception and Processing (E)
6.  Interpretation and Analysis (F)
7.  Application
Remote Sensing
Physics of Remote Sensing and EMR Interac)on

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22
RS : the Process

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RS: the Process (Contd.)

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Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

§ Electromagne1c Radia1on (EMR) is the engine that drives remote


sensing.

§ Electric and magne1c fields fluctua1ng orthogonally, perpendicular to


the direc1on of travel

§ Travels through space at the speed of light (3x108 m s-1 )

§ Emiped by all objects above –273 degrees C



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Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

EMR refers to the waves (or their quanta, photons) of


the electromagnetic field, propagating through space,
carrying electromagnetic radiant energy.

The EM spectrum is generally divided into seven regions, in order of


decreasing wavelength and increasing energy and frequency. The
common designations are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared (IR),
visible light, ultraviolet (UV), X-rays and gamma rays.


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EMR: Wavelength and Frequency
Wavelength
§  Distance between successive crests (or troughs) of a wave form
§  Usually measured in micrometers (μm) or nanometers (nm)

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Frequency
§  The number of crests that pass a point per unit 1me (one second)
§  Usually measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)

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EMR: Wavelength and Frequency
(contd.)
Wavelength and frequency are related by the following formula:

c = λ v , λ = c/v, and v = c/ λ

c is the speed of light
λ  is wavelength
v is frequency


Higher frequency- Smaller wavelength

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Radiation Intensity vs Temperature

Higher
Temperature

Higher
intensity of
Radia?on

Smaller
24°C 677°C 2200°C wavelength

33
Radiation Intensity vs Temperature
(contd.)

34
Active and Passive Remote Sensing

Passive sensors have no on-board source of EMR.


Usually operate in the naturally-abundant visible and infrared por1ons
of the spectrum.

Ac1ve sensors carry their own source of EMR.
Usually operate in low-energy or naturally-scarce regions of the
spectrum.

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36
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Interaction between EMR and Matter

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Reflectance

Re-radia1on of photons in unison, in a layer approximately ½


wavelength deep.
•  ‘Bouncing off’ a surface

In the atmosphere, clouds reflect a significant amount if


incident radia1on.

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Reflectance curves

40
Transmission & Refraction

•  Bending of light
•  Occurs when EMR is transmiped
through maper
•  Index of refrac1on
•  1.0 vacuum
•  1.002926 atmosphere
•  1.33 water
•  Wavelength dependent

41
Absorption

•  Occurs when EMR is absorbed by materials and converted into


other forms of energy
•  Water vapour, CO2, oxygen, ozone, chlorophyll, minerals

•  Wavelength dependent: those not greatly affected called


‘atmospheric windows’

42
Scattering

Operates through absorp?on and re-radia?on of radia?on by atoms or


molecules.

When scapering occurs in a volume (as in the atmosphere), we specify
three types:
1.  Mie
2.  Raleigh
3.  Non-selec1ve

43
Mie Scattering

Occurs when par1cles are


approximately same size as
wavelength.

Caused by dust, smoke, par1culates in
lower atmosphere

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Rayleigh Scattering

§ Occurs when the par1cle are smaller


(usually < 0.1 1mes) than the
wavelength.

§ Caused mainly by gases in upper
atmosphere
§  Molecular scapering from Oxygen and
Nitrogen

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Non-selective Scattering

•  Occurs with par1cles many 1mes


greater in size than wavelength.

•  Caused by water droplets, ice crystals
in lower atmosphere.

•  Non-selec1ve with respect to visible


wavelengths.

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Atmospheric Window
Some types of electromagne1c radia1on easily pass through the atmosphere,
while other types do not.

The areas of the EM spectrum that are absorbed by atmospheric gases such
as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone are known as absorp?on
bands.

In contrast to the absorp1on bands, there are areas of the electromagne1c
spectrum where the atmosphere is transparent (liple or no absorp1on of
radia1on) to specific wavelengths. These wavelength bands are known as
atmospheric windows since they allow the radia1on to easily pass
through the atmosphere to Earth's surface.
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Atmospheric Window and Solar Radiance

A blackbody is a
theoretical or
model body
which absorbs all
radiation falling
on it, reflecting or
transmitting
none.

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Atmospheric Window (contd.)

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Band Wavelength (µm) Spectral Location
1 0.45 – 0.52 Blue

Atmospheric Window 2
3
0.52 – 0.60
0.63 – 0.69
Green
Red

and Landsat TM Bands 4


5
0.76 – 0.90
1.55 – 1.75
Near-infrared
Mid-infrared
7 2.08 – 2.35 Mid-infrared

6 10.4 – 12.5 Thermal Infrared

12 3 4 5 7 6

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