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30 Days Of Python: Day 4 - Strings

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Author:
Asabeneh Yetayeh

Second Edition: July, 2021

<< Day 3 | Day 5 >>

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Day 4
Strings
Creating a String
String Concatenation
Escape Sequences in Strings
String formatting
Old Style String Formatting (% Operator)
New Style String Formatting (str.format)
String Interpolation / f-Strings (Python 3.6+)
Python Strings as Sequences of Characters
Unpacking Characters
Accessing Characters in Strings by Index
Slicing Python Strings
Reversing a String
Skipping Characters While Slicing
String Methods
💻 Exercises - Day 4

Day 4

Strings

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Text is a string data type. Any data type written as text is a string. Any data under single,
double or triple quote are strings. There are different string methods and built-in functions
to deal with string data types. To check the length of a string use the len() method.

Creating a String

letter = 'P' # A string could be a single character or a bunch of tex

print(letter) # P

print(len(letter)) # 1

greeting = 'Hello, World!' # String could be made using a single or double quote,"H
print(greeting) # Hello, World!

print(len(greeting)) # 13

sentence = "I hope you are enjoying 30 days of Python Challenge"

print(sentence)

Multiline string is created by using triple single (''') or triple double quotes ("""). See the
example below.

multiline_string = '''I am a teacher and enjoy teaching.

I didn't find anything as rewarding as empowering people.

That is why I created 30 days of python.'''

print(multiline_string)

# Another way of doing the same thing

multiline_string = """I am a teacher and enjoy teaching.

I didn't find anything as rewarding as empowering people.

That is why I created 30 days of python."""

print(multiline_string)

String Concatenation
We can connect strings together. Merging or connecting strings is called concatenation.
See the example below:

first_name = 'Asabeneh'

last_name = 'Yetayeh'

space = ' '

full_name = first_name + space + last_name

print(full_name) # Asabeneh Yetayeh

# Checking the length of a string using len() built-in function

print(len(first_name)) # 8

print(len(last_name)) # 7

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print(len(first_name) > len(last_name)) # True

print(len(full_name)) # 16

Escape Sequences in Strings

In Python and other programming languages \ followed by a character is an escape
sequence. Let us see the most common escape characters:

\n: new line

\t: Tab means(8 spaces)
\\: Back slash
\': Single quote (')
\": Double quote (")

Now, let us see the use of the above escape sequences with examples.

print('I hope everyone is enjoying the Python Challenge.\nAre you ?') # line break

print('Days\tTopics\tExercises') # adding tab space or 4 spaces

print('Day 1\t3\t5')

print('Day 2\t3\t5')

print('Day 3\t3\t5')

print('Day 4\t3\t5')

print('This is a backslash symbol (\\)') # To write a backslash

print('In every programming language it starts with \"Hello, World!\"') # to write a

# output

I hope every one is enjoying the Python Challenge.

Are you ?

Days Topics Exercises

Day 1 5 5

Day 2 6 20

Day 3 5 23

Day 4 1 35

This is a backslash symbol (\)

In every programming language it starts with "Hello, World!"

String formatting

Old Style String Formatting (% Operator)

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In Python there are many ways of formatting strings. In this section, we will cover some of
them.
The "%" operator is used to format a set of variables enclosed in a "tuple" (a fixed
size list), together with a format string, which contains normal text together with
"argument specifiers", special symbols like "%s", "%d", "%f", "%.number of digitsf".

%s - String (or any object with a string representation, like numbers)

%d - Integers
%f - Floating point numbers
"%.number of digitsf" - Floating point numbers with fixed precision

# Strings only

first_name = 'Asabeneh'

last_name = 'Yetayeh'

language = 'Python'

formated_string = 'I am %s %s. I teach %s' %(first_name, last_name, language)

print(formated_string)

# Strings and numbers

radius = 10

pi = 3.14

area = pi * radius ** 2

formated_string = 'The area of circle with a radius %d is %.2f.' %(radius, area) # 2

python_libraries = ['Django', 'Flask', 'NumPy', 'Matplotlib','Pandas']

formated_string = 'The following are python libraries:%s' % (python_libraries)

print(formated_string) # "The following are python libraries:['Django', 'Flask', 'Nu

New Style String Formatting (str.format)

This formatting is introduced in Python version 3.

first_name = 'Asabeneh'

last_name = 'Yetayeh'

language = 'Python'

formated_string = 'I am {} {}. I teach {}'.format(first_name, last_name, language)

print(formated_string)

a = 4

b = 3

print('{} + {} = {}'.format(a, b, a + b))

print('{} - {} = {}'.format(a, b, a - b))

print('{} * {} = {}'.format(a, b, a * b))

print('{} / {} = {:.2f}'.format(a, b, a / b)) # limits it to two digits after decima

print('{} % {} = {}'.format(a, b, a % b))

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print('{} // {} = {}'.format(a, b, a // b))

print('{} ** {} = {}'.format(a, b, a ** b))

# output

4 + 3 = 7

4 - 3 = 1

4 * 3 = 12

4 / 3 = 1.33

4 % 3 = 1

4 // 3 = 1

4 ** 3 = 64

# Strings and numbers

radius = 10

pi = 3.14

area = pi * radius ** 2

formated_string = 'The area of a circle with a radius {} is {:.2f}.'.format(radius,

print(formated_string)

String Interpolation / f-Strings (Python 3.6+)

Another new string formatting is string interpolation, f-strings. Strings start with f and we
can inject the data in their corresponding positions.

a = 4

b = 3

print(f'{a} + {b} = {a +b}')

print(f'{a} - {b} = {a - b}')

print(f'{a} * {b} = {a * b}')

print(f'{a} / {b} = {a / b:.2f}')

print(f'{a} % {b} = {a % b}')

print(f'{a} // {b} = {a // b}')

print(f'{a} ** {b} = {a ** b}')

Python Strings as Sequences of Characters

Python strings are sequences of characters, and share their basic methods of access with
other Python ordered sequences of objects – lists and tuples. The simplest way of
extracting single characters from strings (and individual members from any sequence) is to
unpack them into corresponding variables.

Unpacking Characters

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language = 'Python'

a,b,c,d,e,f = language # unpacking sequence characters into variables

print(a) # P

print(b) # y

print(c) # t

print(d) # h

print(e) # o

print(f) # n

Accessing Characters in Strings by Index

In programming counting starts from zero. Therefore the first letter of a string is at zero
index and the last letter of a string is the length of a string minus one.

language = 'Python'

first_letter = language[0]

print(first_letter) # P

second_letter = language[1]

print(second_letter) # y

last_index = len(language) - 1

last_letter = language[last_index]

print(last_letter) # n

If we want to start from right end we can use negative indexing. -1 is the last index.

language = 'Python'

last_letter = language[-1]

print(last_letter) # n

second_last = language[-2]

print(second_last) # o

Slicing Python Strings

In python we can slice strings into substrings.

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language = 'Python'

first_three = language[0:3] # starts at zero index and up to 3 but not include 3

print(first_three) #Pyt

last_three = language[3:6]

print(last_three) # hon

# Another way

last_three = language[-3:]

print(last_three) # hon

last_three = language[3:]

print(last_three) # hon

Reversing a String

We can easily reverse strings in python.

greeting = 'Hello, World!'

print(greeting[::-1]) # !dlroW ,olleH

Skipping Characters While Slicing

It is possible to skip characters while slicing by passing step argument to slice method.

language = 'Python'

pto = language[0:6:2] #

print(pto) # Pto

String Methods
There are many string methods which allow us to format strings. See some of the string
methods in the following example:

capitalize(): Converts the first character of the string to capital letter

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.capitalize()) # 'Thirty days of python'

count(): returns occurrences of substring in string, count(substring, start=.., end=..).

The start is a starting indexing for counting and end is the last index to count.

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.count('y')) # 3

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print(challenge.count('y', 7, 14)) # 1,

print(challenge.count('th')) # 2`

endswith(): Checks if a string ends with a specified ending

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.endswith('on')) # True

print(challenge.endswith('tion')) # False

expandtabs(): Replaces tab character with spaces, default tab size is 8. It takes tab size
argument

challenge = 'thirty\tdays\tof\tpython'

print(challenge.expandtabs()) # 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.expandtabs(10)) # 'thirty days of python'

find(): Returns the index of the first occurrence of a substring, if not found returns -1

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.find('y')) # 16

print(challenge.find('th')) # 17

rfind(): Returns the index of the last occurrence of a substring, if not found returns -1

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.rfind('y')) # 5

print(challenge.rfind('th')) # 1

format(): formats string into a nicer output

More about string formatting check this link

first_name = 'Asabeneh'

last_name = 'Yetayeh'

age = 250

job = 'teacher'

country = 'Finland'

sentence = 'I am {} {}. I am a {}. I am {} years old. I live in {}.'.format(first_na

print(sentence) # I am Asabeneh Yetayeh. I am 250 years old. I am a teacher. I live

radius = 10

pi = 3.14

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area = pi * radius ** 2

result = 'The area of a circle with radius {} is {}'.format(str(radius), str(area))

print(result) # The area of a circle with radius 10 is 314

index(): Returns the lowest index of a substring, additional arguments indicate starting
and ending index (default 0 and string length - 1). If the substring is not found it raises
a valueError.

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

sub_string = 'da'

print(challenge.index(sub_string)) # 7

print(challenge.index(sub_string, 9)) # error

rindex(): Returns the highest index of a substring, additional arguments indicate

starting and ending index (default 0 and string length - 1)

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

sub_string = 'da'

print(challenge.rindex(sub_string)) # 8

print(challenge.rindex(sub_string, 9)) # error

isalnum(): Checks alphanumeric character

challenge = 'ThirtyDaysPython'

print(challenge.isalnum()) # True

challenge = '30DaysPython'

print(challenge.isalnum()) # True

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.isalnum()) # False, space is not an alphanumeric character

challenge = 'thirty days of python 2019'

print(challenge.isalnum()) # False

isalpha(): Checks if all string elements are alphabet characters (a-z and A-Z)

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.isalpha()) # False, space is once again excluded

challenge = 'ThirtyDaysPython'

print(challenge.isalpha()) # True

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num = '123'

print(num.isalpha()) # False

isdecimal(): Checks if all characters in a string are decimal (0-9)

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.isdecimal()) # False

challenge = '123'

print(challenge.isdecimal()) # True

challenge = '\u00B2'

print(challenge.isdigit()) # False

challenge = '12 3'

print(challenge.isdecimal()) # False, space not allowed

isdigit(): Checks if all characters in a string are numbers (0-9 and some other unicode
characters for numbers)

challenge = 'Thirty'

print(challenge.isdigit()) # False

challenge = '30'

print(challenge.isdigit()) # True

challenge = '\u00B2'

print(challenge.isdigit()) # True

isnumeric(): Checks if all characters in a string are numbers or number related (just like
isdigit(), just accepts more symbols, like ½)

num = '10'

print(num.isnumeric()) # True

num = '\u00BD' # ½

print(num.isnumeric()) # True

num = '10.5'

print(num.isnumeric()) # False

isidentifier(): Checks for a valid identifier - it checks if a string is a valid variable name

challenge = '30DaysOfPython'

print(challenge.isidentifier()) # False, because it starts with a number

challenge = 'thirty_days_of_python'

print(challenge.isidentifier()) # True

islower(): Checks if all alphabet characters in the string are lowercase

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challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.islower()) # True

challenge = 'Thirty days of python'

print(challenge.islower()) # False

isupper(): Checks if all alphabet characters in the string are uppercase

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.isupper()) # False

challenge = 'THIRTY DAYS OF PYTHON'

print(challenge.isupper()) # True

join(): Returns a concatenated string

web_tech = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JavaScript', 'React']

result = ' '.join(web_tech)

print(result) # 'HTML CSS JavaScript React'

web_tech = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JavaScript', 'React']

result = '# '.join(web_tech)

print(result) # 'HTML# CSS# JavaScript# React'

strip(): Removes all given characters starting from the beginning and end of the string

challenge = 'thirty days of pythoonnn'

print(challenge.strip('noth')) # 'irty days of py'

replace(): Replaces substring with a given string

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.replace('python', 'coding')) # 'thirty days of coding'

split(): Splits the string, using given string or space as a separator

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.split()) # ['thirty', 'days', 'of', 'python']

challenge = 'thirty, days, of, python'

print(challenge.split(', ')) # ['thirty', 'days', 'of', 'python']

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title(): Returns a title cased string

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.title()) # Thirty Days Of Python

swapcase(): Converts all uppercase characters to lowercase and all lowercase

characters to uppercase characters

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.swapcase()) # THIRTY DAYS OF PYTHON

challenge = 'Thirty Days Of Python'

print(challenge.swapcase()) # tHIRTY dAYS oF pYTHON

startswith(): Checks if String Starts with the Specified String

challenge = 'thirty days of python'

print(challenge.startswith('thirty')) # True

challenge = '30 days of python'

print(challenge.startswith('thirty')) # False

🌕 You are an extraordinary person and you have a remarkable potential. You have just
completed day 4 challenges and you are four steps a head in to your way to greatness.
Now do some exercises for your brain and muscles.

💻 Exercises - Day 4
1. Concatenate the string 'Thirty', 'Days', 'Of', 'Python' to a single string, 'Thirty Days Of
Python'.
2. Concatenate the string 'Coding', 'For' , 'All' to a single string, 'Coding For All'.
3. Declare a variable named company and assign it to an initial value "Coding For All".
4. Print the variable company using print().
5. Print the length of the company string using len() method and print().
6. Change all the characters to uppercase letters using upper() method.
7. Change all the characters to lowercase letters using lower() method.
8. Use capitalize(), title(), swapcase() methods to format the value of the string Coding
For All.
9. Cut(slice) out the first word of Coding For All string.

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10. Check if Coding For All string contains a word Coding using the method index, find or
other methods.
11. Replace the word coding in the string 'Coding For All' to Python.
12. Change Python for Everyone to Python for All using the replace method or other
methods.
13. Split the string 'Coding For All' using space as the separator (split()) .
14. "Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Apple, IBM, Oracle, Amazon" split the string at the
comma.
15. What is the character at index 0 in the string Coding For All.
16. What is the last index of the string Coding For All.
17. What character is at index 10 in "Coding For All" string.
18. Create an acronym or an abbreviation for the name 'Python For Everyone'.
19. Create an acronym or an abbreviation for the name 'Coding For All'.
20. Use index to determine the position of the first occurrence of C in Coding For All.
21. Use index to determine the position of the first occurrence of F in Coding For All.
22. Use rfind to determine the position of the last occurrence of l in Coding For All People.
23. Use index or find to find the position of the first occurrence of the word 'because' in
the following sentence: 'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a
conjunction'
24. Use rindex to find the position of the last occurrence of the word because in the
following sentence: 'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a
conjunction'
25. Slice out the phrase 'because because because' in the following sentence: 'You cannot
end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
26. Find the position of the first occurrence of the word 'because' in the following
sentence: 'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
27. Slice out the phrase 'because because because' in the following sentence: 'You cannot
end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
28. Does ''Coding For All' start with a substring Coding?
29. Does 'Coding For All' end with a substring coding?
30. '   Coding For All      '  , remove the left and right trailing spaces in the given string.
31. Which one of the following variables return True when we use the method
isidentifier():
30DaysOfPython
thirty_days_of_python
32. The following list contains the names of some of python libraries: ['Django', 'Flask',
'Bottle', 'Pyramid', 'Falcon']. Join the list with a hash with space string.
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33. Use the new line escape sequence to separate the following sentences.

I am enjoying this challenge.

I just wonder what is next.

34. Use a tab escape sequence to write the following lines.

Name Age Country City

Asabeneh 250 Finland Helsinki

35. Use the string formatting method to display the following:

radius = 10

area = 3.14 * radius ** 2

The area of a circle with radius 10 is 314 meters square.

36. Make the following using string formatting methods:

8 + 6 = 14

8 - 6 = 2

8 * 6 = 48

8 / 6 = 1.33

8 % 6 = 2

8 // 6 = 1

8 ** 6 = 262144

🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
<< Day 3 | Day 5 >>

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