Rajesh Singh, Pankaj Chauhan, Nirmala Sawan

School of Statistics, DAVV, Indore (M.P.), India

Florentin Smarandache
University of New Mexico, USA

Ratio Estimators in Simple Random

Sampling Using Information on
Auxiliary Attribute

Published in:
Rajesh Singh, Pankaj Chauhan, Nirmala Sawan, Florentin Smarandache (Editors)
AUXILIARY INFORMATION AND A PRIORI VALUES IN CONSTRUCTION
OF IMPROVED ESTIMATORS
Renaissance High Press, Ann Arbor, USA, 2007
(ISBN-10): 1-59973-046-4
(ISBN-13): 978-1-59973-046-2
pp. 7 - 17
Abstract

Some ratio estimators for estimating the population mean of the variable under

study, which make use of information regarding the population proportion possessing

certain attribute, are proposed. Under simple random sampling without replacement

(SRSWOR) scheme, the expressions of bias and mean-squared error (MSE) up to the first

order of approximation are derived. The results obtained have been illustrated

numerically by taking some empirical population considered in the literature.

AMS Classification: 62D05.

Key words: Proportion, bias, MSE, ratio estimator.

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1. Introduction

The use of auxiliary information can increase the precision of an estimator when

study variable y is highly correlated with auxiliary variable x. There exist situations when

information is available in the form of attribute φ , which is highly correlated with y. For

example

a) Sex and height of the persons,

b) Amount of milk produced and a particular breed of the cow,

c) Amount of yield of wheat crop and a particular variety of wheat etc. (see

Jhajj et al., [1]).

Consider a sample of size n drawn by SRSWOR from a population of size N. Let y i

and φ i denote the observations on variable y and φ respectively for ith unit (i = 1,2,....N) .

Suppose there is a complete dichotomy in the population with respect to the presence or

absence of an attribute, say φ , and it is assumed that attribute φ takes only the two

values 0 and 1 according as

φi = 1, if ith unit of the population possesses attribute φ

= 0, otherwise.

N n
Let A = ∑ φi and a = ∑ φ i denote the total number of units in the population and
i =1 i =1

A a
sample respectively possessing attribute φ . Let P = and p = denote the proportion
N n

of units in the population and sample respectively possessing attribute φ .

Taking into consideration the point biserial correlation between a variable and an

attribute, Naik and Gupta (1996) defined ratio estimator of population mean when the

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prior information of population proportion of units, possessing the same attribute is

available, as follows:

⎛P⎞
t NG = y⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (1.1)
⎝p⎠

here y is the sample mean of variable of interest. The MSE of t NG up to the first order of

approximation is

⎛1− f ⎞ 2
MSE ( t NG ) = ⎜ [
⎟ S y + R 1 Sφ − 2R 1S yφ
2 2
] (1.2)
⎝ n ⎠

where
n
f= ,
Y
R1 = , S =
2 1 N
∑ (y i − Y )2 , S =
2
φ
1 N
∑ (φi − P )2 ,
N − 1 i =1 N − 1 i=1
y
N P

∑ (φi − P )(y i − Y ) .
1 N
S yφ =
N − 1 i=1

In the present paper, some ratio estimators for estimating the population mean of

the variable under study, which make use of information regarding the population

proportion possessing certain attribute, are proposed. The expressions of bias and MSE

have been obtained. The numerical illustrations have also been done by taking some

empirical populations considered in the literature.

2. The suggested estimator

Following Ray and Singh (1981), we propose the following estimator

y + b φ ( P − p)
t1 = P = R *P (2.1)
p

s yφ y + b φ ( P − p) ⎛ 1 ⎞n
where b φ = , R* = , s φ2 = ⎜ ⎟∑ (φ i − p ) and
2

s φ2 p ⎝ n − 1 ⎠ i =1

⎛ 1 ⎞n
s yφ = ⎜ ⎟∑ (φ i − p )(y i − Y ) .
⎝ n − 1 ⎠ i =1

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Remark 1: When we put b φ = 0 in (2.1), the proposed estimator turns to the Naik and

Gupta (1996) ratio estimator t NG given in (1.1).

MSE of this estimator can be found by using Taylor series expansion given by

∂f (c, d) ∂f (c, d)
f (p, y) ≅ f (P, y) + (p − P) + ( y − Y) (2.2)
∂c P ,Y
∂c P ,Y

where f (p, y) = R * and f (P, Y ) = R 1 .

Expression (2.2) can be applied to the proposed estimator in order to obtain MSE

equation as follows:

∂ ((y + b φ (P − p) ))/ p ∂ ((y + b φ (P − p) ))/ p

R * − R1 ≅ (p − P ) + (y − Y )
∂p P ,Y
∂y P ,Y

⎛ y bφP ⎞ 1
≅ −⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ (p − P) + ( y − Y)
⎝p p ⎠ P ,Y p P,Y

E(R − R1 )
* 2
≅
(Y + B P ) φ
2

V ( p) −
2( Y + Bφ P) 1
Cov(p, y) + 2 V( y)
P4 P 3
P

1 ⎧ ( Y + Bφ P ) 2( Y + Bφ P) ⎫
2

≅ 2⎨ 2
V ( p) − Cov(p, y) + V( y)⎬ (2.3)
P ⎩ P P ⎭

Sφy ρ pbS y
where B φ = = .
Sφ2 Sφ

S yφ
ρ pb = , is the point biserial correlation coefficient.
S ySφ

Now,

MSE ( t1 ) = P 2 E(R1 − R φ ) 2

≅
(Y + B P ) V(p ) − 2(Y + B P ) Cov(p, y ) + V(y)
φ
2
φ
(2.4)
2
P P

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Simplifying (2.4), we get MSE of t1 as

⎛1− f
MSE (t1 ) ≅ ⎜ [
⎞ 2 2
(
⎟ R 1 Sφ + Sy 1 − ρpb
2 2
)] (2.5)
⎝ n ⎠

Several authors have used prior value of certain population parameters (s) to find

more precise estimates. Searls (1964) used Coefficient of Variation (CV) of study

character at estimation stage. In practice this CV is seldom known. Motivated by Searls

(1964) work, Sen (1978), Sisodiya and Dwivedi (1981), and Upadhyaya and Singh

(1984) used the known CV of the auxiliary character for estimating population mean of a

study character in ratio method of estimation. The use of prior value of Coefficient of

Kurtosis in estimating the population variance of study character y was first made by

Singh et al. (1973). Later, used by and Searls and Intarapanich (1990), Upadhyaya and

Singh (1999), Singh (2003) and Singh et al. (2004) in the estimation of population mean

of study character. Recently Singh and Tailor (2003) proposed a modified ratio estimator

by using the known value of correlation coefficient.

In next section, we propose some ratio estimators for estimating the population

mean of the variable under study using known parameters of the attribute φ such as

coefficient of variation Cp, Kurtosis (β2 (φ) ) and point biserial correlation coefficient ρpb .

3. Suggested Estimators

We suggest following estimator

y + b φ ( P − p)
t= (m1P + m 2 ) (3.1)
(m1p + m 2 )

where m1 (≠ 0) , m2 are either real number or the functions of the known parameters of

the attribute such as Cp, (β2 (φ) ) and ρpb .

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 The following scheme presents some of the important estimators of the population

mean, which can be obtained by suitable choice of constants m1 and m2:

Estimator Values of

m1 m2

y + b φ ( P − p) 1 1
t1 = P
p

y + b φ ( P − p) 1 β2 (φ)
t2 = [P + β2 (φ)]
(p + β2 (φ))
y + b φ ( P − p)
t3 =
(p + Cp ) P + Cp [ ] 1 Cp

y + b φ ( P − p) ρpb
t4 =
(p + ρpb )) P + ρpb [ ] 1

y + b φ ( P − p) β2 (φ)
t5 = [
(pβ2 (φ) + Cp ) Pβ2 (φ) + Cp ] Cp

y + b φ ( P − p) β2 (φ)
t6 = [
(pCp + β2 (φ)) PCp + β2 (φ) ] Cp

y + b φ ( P − p) ρpb
t7 = [
(pCp + ρpb ) PCp + ρpb ] Cp

y + b φ ( P − p) ρpb
t8 = [
(pρpb + Cp ) Pρpb + Cp ] Cp

y + b φ ( P − p) β2 (φ) ρpb
t9 = [
(pβ2 (φ) + ρpb ) Pβ2 (φ) + ρpb ]

y + b φ ( P − p) ρpb β2 (φ)
t10 = [
(pρpb + β2 (φ)) Pρpb + β2 (φ) ]

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 Following the approach of section 2, we obtain the MSE expression for these

proposed estimators as –

⎛1− f
MSE ( t i ) ≅ ⎜
⎞
[ ]
⎟ R iSφ + Sy (1 − ρpb ) ,
2 2 2
( i = 1,2,3,....,10 ) (3.2)
⎝ n ⎠

Y Y Y Y
where R 1 = , R2 = , R3 = , R4 = ,
P P + β2 (φ) P + Cp P + ρpb

Yβ2 (φ) YC p YC p Yρpb

R5 = , R6 = , R7 = , R8 = ,
Pβ2 (φ) + Cp PC p + β2 (φ) PC p + ρpb Pρpb + C p

Yβ2 (φ) Yρpb

R9 = , R 10 = .
Pβ2 (φ) + ρpb Pρpb + β2 (φ)

4. Efficiency comparisons

It is well known that under simple random sampling without replacement

(SRSWOR) the variance of the sample mean is

⎛1− f ⎞ 2
V ( y) = ⎜ ⎟Sy
⎝ n ⎠

(4.1)

From (4.1) and (3.2), we have

V ( y) − MSE ( t i ) ≥ 0 , i = 1,2,.....,10

Sφ2 2
⇒ ρ > 2 Ri
2
pb
Sy

(4.2)

When this condition is satisfied, proposed estimators are more efficient than

the sample mean.

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 Now, we compare the MSE of the proposed estimators with the MSE of

Naik and Gupta [2] estimator t NG . From (3.2) and (1.1) we have

MSE ( t NG ) − MSE( t i ) ≥ 0 , ( i = 1,2,.....,10 )

Sφ2 2
2
pb
Sy
[
⇒ ρ ≥ 2 R i − R φ2 + 2R φ K yp ] (4.3)

Cy
where K yp = ρ yp .
Cp

5. Empirical Study

The data for the empirical study is taken from natural population data set

considered by Sukhatme and Sukhatme [12]:

y = Number of villages in the circles and

φ = A circle consisting more than five villages

N = 89, Y = 3.36, P = 0.1236, ρpb = 0.766, Cy = 0.604, Cp = 2.19, β2 (φ) = 6.23181.

In the below table 5.1 percent relative efficiencies (PRE) of various estimators

are computed with respect to y .

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 Table 5.1: PRE of different estimators of Y with respect to y .

Estimator PRE (., y )

y 100

t NG 11.61

t1 7.36

t2 236.55

t3 227.69

t4 208.09

t5 185.42

t6 230.72

t7 185.27

t8 230.77

t9 152.37

t10 237.81

From table 5.1, we observe that the proposed estimators t i ( i = 2,.....,10 )

which uses some known values of population proportion performs better than the usual

sample mean y and Naik and Gupta [2] estimator t NG .

Conclusion:

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 We have suggested some ratio estimators for estimating Y which uses

some known value of population proportion. For practical purposes the choice of the

estimator depends upon the availability of the population parameters.

References

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