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Unit-II - unit 2 notes!!!!

Cloud Computing (Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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UNIT II

CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

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UNIT II

CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

1.3 Essential Characteristics of a Cloud

The NIST draft definition records five vital qualities of cloud computing and goes onto
demonstrate what they are in specialized terms. Somewhat improved elucidations are introduced
beneath, and when one alludes to computing resources it means such things as storage,
transforming, memory, network transmission capacity, programming applications and virtual
machines.

Figure 1 the NIST cloud computing definition skeleton

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1.3.1 On-interest self-administration

Buyers can log onto a site or use web services to enter extra computing resources on interest, that
is, at whatever point they need them, without conversing with a deals delegate or specialized
backing staff.

1.3.2 Broad network access

On the grounds that they are electronic, you can access cloud computing services from any internet
associated mechanism. With a web program on a PC (or even a flimsy customer computer
terminal) you can do anything, however there is additionally, as a rule, express underpin for
prevalent hand held apparatuses, for example Blackberries and iPhone.

1.3.3 Resource pooling

In multi-tenanted computing clouds the clients (inhabitants) offer a pool of computing resources
with different clients, and these resources, which could be powerfully reallocated, may be had
anyplace.

1.3.4 Rapid flexibility

Cloud computing empowers computing resources or client records to be quickly and flexibly
provisioned or discharged with the intention that clients can scale their frameworks (and costs) all
over at whatever time consistent with their evolving prerequisites.

1.3.5 Measured administration

Cloud computing suppliers immediately screen and record the resources utilized by clients or as
of now allocated to clients, which makes conceivable the pay-for every utilization charging model
that is central to the cloud computing ideal model.

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1.6 Layers and Types of Clouds

Distinctive sorts of cloud computing are furnished ‘as an administration’ to purchasers, and a large
portion of them succumb to one or a greater amount of three classifications: Software as a Service,
Platform as a Service, and Infrastructure as a Service. It is the administration nature of cloud
computing that makes it such a disruptive compel in the information technology business.
Computing competencies are leased and no hardware or programming possessions are obtained
altogether by the buyer.

1.6.1 Software as a Service (SaaS)

Software as a Service furnishes complete business applications conveyed over the web.
Developments in web technology, for example Ajax, in addition to pervasive internet access, have
made it conceivable to convey the rich characteristics and usefulness of desktop applications in a
web program. SaaS applications additionally make utilization of principles for web services, and
these benchmarks empower them to effectively ‘approach the services’ of different applications
someplace else on the web with a specific end goal to trade, incorporate or ‘crush up’ data. The
time investment funds that accompany on-interest software, where nothing needs to be instated on

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a PC and new clients could be included effortlessly as well as the pay-for every utilization
businesses have made SaaS a triumph.

The most prominent and well known illustration of SaaS is message in a web browser, yet SaaS
applications are coming to be progressively complex and community oriented. You can run the
whole regulatory, operational and bargains side of your business in the cloud. SaaS proficiencies
furnished online incorporate apparatuses for:

• accessing virtual Microsoft Windows desktops on a for every client for every month
rental premise;

• accounting, money related administration, stock and e-business;

• collaborations between representatives and customers on tasks;

• creating stream Charts, outlines, floor plans and other specialized drawings;

• customer Relationships Management (CRM);

• editing, archiving and imparting reports, presentations, spreadsheets, web journals,

pages and movies;

• project administration;

• Web-mail, calendaring, texting, motion picture conferencing and interpersonal

interaction.

There are numerous particular SaaS applications accessible to lease online however a few SaaS
sources furnish broad software suites (Figure 5) and commercial centers for reconciled unbiased
gathering applications (Figure 6).

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Figure 5 SaaS applications accessible from Zoho.com (May 2013)

Figure 6 A screenshot of The Appexchange On-Demand Marketplace (May 2011)

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1.6.2 Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Platform as a Service furnishes buyers with a stable online environment where they can rapidly
make, test and convey web applications utilizing browser based software improvement
apparatuses. There is less work included in making an application utilizing PaaS than the accepted
methodology, which includes acquiring and administering one or more servers for advancement,
testing and preparation, and instituting and arranging server software.

PaaS frameworks regularly incorporate some or the sum of the accompanying characteristics:

• browser-based improvement environment for making databases and altering

application code - either straight or through visual, focus and-click apparatuses;

• built-in versatility, security, access control and web administration interfaces;

• easy joining with different applications on the same platform;

• tools for associating with applications outside the platform’s cloud;

• tools for outlining web shapes, characterizing business standards and making
workflows.

Assuming that a business has its own particular software advancement group, and it is
acknowledging the cloud for application improvement and hosting, then the group’s modifying
dialect inclination might influence its decision of PaaS supplier, however software engineers are
acclimated to change so one ought not gave this a chance to be the main choice foundation.
Besides, a few PaaS results empower non-engineers to make web applications utilizing visual,
focus and-click apparatuses as opposed to a customizing dialect, and some give the best of both
planets with the goal that one can utilize visual instruments to make applications and a modifying
dialect to broaden practicality if needed.

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1.6.3 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Software as a Service was an astounding intriguing issue in information technology before cloud
computing overwhelmed the industry, yet it was Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) that made the
fiery breakout take hold. IaaS furnishes shoppers with authoritative, online access to crucial
computing resources, for example transforming power, storage and networks.

All cloud infrastructures hinge on upon virtualization. By abstracting server software from the
underlying hardware, various virtual machines, incorporating working frameworks, storage and
introduced software, can run on a solitary physical computer and impart its preparing power. In
cloud computing, server virtualization is broadened further, going past the more effective
utilization of a solitary physical machine or group to the accumulation and dividing of computing
resources crosswise over various data focuses. This empowers cloud suppliers to effectively
supervise and offer on interest storage, servers and software resources for numerous diverse clients
synchronously. All the more vitally the web interfaces they give engage their clients to oversee
computing resources as though they possessed them.

IaaS frameworks ordinarily incorporate some or the greater part of the accompanying
characteristics:

• a decision of instant virtual machines with preinstalled working frameworks

incorporating various forms of Windows, Linux and Solaris;

• a decision of virtual machines, virtual machines with particular sets of software

preinstalled;

• ability to store duplicates of specific data in diverse areas as far and wide as possible
to make downloads of the data as quick as could be expected under the circumstances;

• software apparatuses to help process a lot of data (in Data Grids) and perform complex
estimations (in Compute Grids) utilizing substantial shows of virtual servers working
in parallel on the same issue;

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• ability to physically expand or diminish the computing resources appointed to you

utilizing a web browser as your prerequisites change;

• ability to immediately scale computing resources here and there according to builds
and diminishes in application utilization.

The flexible competence of IaaS frameworks makes on-interest computing conceivable, however
it is the low section takes and the pay-for every utilization charging model that make it magnetic
to businesses.

1.7 Deployment Models

Numerous industry specialists question the legitimacy of the four organization models in the NIST
definition schema, which are talked over underneath; that is, public clouds, group clouds, private
clouds and hybrid clouds. For them just public clouds are correct clouds, however when the client
experience and practical competencies are the same, and there is the plausibility of moving
consistently crosswise over cloud limits, the refinements come to be, well, cloudy.

1.7.1 Public clouds

Public cloud computing services are given off-preface by unbiased gathering suppliers to the
overall population and the computing resources are imparted to the supplier’s different clients.
This is immaculate cloud computing and there is no open deliberation on this one.

1.7.2 Community clouds

Group clouds are utilized by dissimilar bunches of associations that have imparted concerns, for
example consistence or security contemplations, and the computing infrastructures may be given
by inside or alternate party suppliers. The neighborhoods profit from public cloud top capacities
however they likewise know who their neighbors are so they have fewer reasons for alarm about
security and data insurance.

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1.7.3 Private clouds

Numerous extensive associations favor, or are legitimately committed, to keep their servers,
software and data inside their own data focuses; and private clouds empower them to accomplish
a percentage of the efficiencies of cloud computing while assuming ownership over the security
of their own data. By actualizing cloud computing advances behind their firewall, undertakings
can empower pooling and imparting of computing resources crosswise over distinctive
applications, divisions or business units. Unlike the pay-as-you-go model of public clouds,
nonetheless, private clouds require critical in advance advancement takes, data focus expenses,
continuous support, hardware, software and inside mastery.

1.7.4 Hybrid clouds

Numerous undertakings take the ‘hybrid cloud’ approach by utilizing public clouds for general
computing while client data is kept inside a private cloud, group cloud or a more universal
information technology infrastructure. The utilization of ‘virtual private cloud’ technology
empowers ventures to join their existing infrastructure to a set of detached computing resources in
a public cloud infrastructure and to broaden their existing inner information technology
administration capacities, for example security services, firewalls, and interruption location
frameworks to incorporate their outer virtual resources. This choice is alluring to businesses that
have put resources into their own information technology infrastructure or have data insurance
obligations, yet might want to exploit the versatility and adaptability that cloud computing bears.

1.8 Cloud Infrastructure

A key challenge IaaS suppliers confront when building a cloud infrastructure is supervising
physical and virtual resources, specifically servers, storage, and networks, in an all encompassing
form. The arrangement of resources must be performed in a manner to quickly and powerfully
allot resources to apps.

The software toolbox answerable for this organization is known as a virtual infrastructure
administrator. This sort of software looks like a universal working framework yet rather than

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managing a solitary computer, it totals resources from different computers, exhibiting an uniform
view to client and applications. The term cloud working framework is likewise used to allude to
it.

Different terms incorporate infrastructure imparting software and virtual infrastructure engine. The
primary classification cloud tool compartments incorporates those that uncover a remote and
secure interface for making, regulating and observing virtualize resources, however don’t work in
virtual infrastructure administration. Apparatuses in the second class - the virtual infrastructure
chiefs give progressed characteristics, for example programmed load equalizing and server
combination, however don’t uncover remote cloud-like interfaces. Nonetheless, the creators bring
up that there is a superposition between the classifications; cloud tool compartments can
additionally supervise virtual infrastructures, despite the fact that they ordinarily give less complex
emphasizes than specific virtual infrastructure administrators do.

The accessibility of a remote cloud-like interface and the capability of administering numerous
clients and their authorizations are the essential characteristics that might recognize cloud
toolboxes from virtual infrastructure directors However, in this part, the researcher place both
classes of apparatuses under the same bunch and, when appropriate, the researcher highlight the
accessibility of a remote interface as a characteristic.

For all intents and purpose all virtual infrastructure chiefs the researcher researched present a set
of fundamental characteristics identified with administering the life cycle of virtual machines,
incorporating networking aggregations of virtual machines together and setting up virtual plates
for virtual machines. These essential characteristics about characterize if a device might be utilized
within commonsense cloud arrangements or not. Then again, just a handful of software present
propelled characteristics which permit them to be utilized as a part of substantial scale handling
clouds.

1.9 Characteristics

Presently a rundown of both essential and propelled characteristics that are as a rule accessible in
virtual infrastructure chiefs is exhibited.

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1.9.1 Virtualization Support

The multi-occupancy part of clouds requires numerous clients with unique necessities to be served
by a solitary hardware infrastructure. Virtualized resources, CPUs, memory, and so forth could be
measured and resized with certain adaptability. These characteristics make hardware
virtualization, the perfect technology to make a virtual infrastructure that parcels a data focus
around various inhabitants.

1.9.2 Self-Service, On-Demand Resource Provisioning

Self-administration access to resources has been observed as one the most alluring characteristics
of clouds. This characteristic empowers clients to straight acquire services from clouds, for
example producing the formation of a server and customizing its software, arrangements, and
security approaches, without connecting with a human framework chairman. This proficiency
takes out the need for additional drawn out, work escalated, human driven acquirement forms
commonplace to numerous in information technology. In this manner, uncovering a self-
administration interface, through which clients can effectively collaborate with the framework, is
a profoundly attractive characteristic of a virtual infrastructure administrator.

1.9.3 Multiple Backend Hypervisors

Diverse virtualization models and devices offer distinctive profits, impediments, and restrictions.
Along these lines, some virtual infrastructure directors furnish a uniform administration layer
paying little mind to the virtualization technology utilized. This trademark is more unmistakable
in open-source virtual infrastructure directors, which as a rule furnish pluggable drivers to
communicate with various hypervisors. The point here is to furnish a uniform API that virtual
infrastructure directors can use to administer dominions, a virtual machine or holder running an
occasion of a working framework in virtualized hubs utilizing standard operations that unique
hypervisor particular calls.

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1.9.4 Storage Virtualization

Virtualizing storage methods abstracting sensible storage from physical storage. By uniting all
accessible storage mechanisms in a data focus, it permits making virtual circles free from apparatus
and area. Storage units are normally formed in a storage area network and joined to servers through
conventions, for example Fiber Channel, iscsi, and NFS; a storage controller gives the layer of
reflection between virtual and physical storage.

In the virtual infrastructure administration circle, storage virtualization back is regularly confined
to business results of organizations, for example VMware and Citrix. Different items emphasize
methods for pooling and supervising storage apparatuses, yet overseers are still savvy to every
singular mechanism.

Interface to Public Clouds. Researchers have observed that expanding the limit of a neighborhood
private cloud computing infrastructure by obtaining resources from public clouds is invaluable. In
this design, establishments can make great utilization of their accessible resources and, if there
should arise an occurrence of spikes popular; additional load could be offloaded to leased
resources.

A virtual infrastructure supervisor might be utilized as a part of a hybrid cloud setup provided that
it offers a driver to administer the life cycle of virtualized resources acquired from outer cloud
suppliers. To the applications, the utilization of rented resources should in a perfect world be
transparent.

1.9.5 Virtual Networking

Virtual networks permit making a secluded network on top of a physical infrastructure

autonomously from physical topology and areas. A virtual LAN permits disengaging activity that
imparts an exchanged network, permitting virtual machines to be bunched into the same show
area. Also, a virtual LAN could be arranged to square movement began from virtual machines
from different networks. Likewise, the virtual private network idea is utilized to depict a

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protected and private overlay network on top of a public network most ordinarily the public
Internet.

Uphold for making and arranging virtual networks to gathering virtual machines put all through a
data focus is furnished by most virtual infrastructure chiefs. Furthermore, virtual infrastructure
directors that interface with public clouds regularly uphold secure Vpns uniting nearby and remote
virtual machines.

1.9.6 Dynamic Resource Allocation

Expanded familiarity with vigor utilization in data focuses has heartened the act of dynamic
combining virtual machines in a fewer number of servers. In cloud infrastructures, where
applications have variable and rapid needs, limit administration and request forecast are
particularly convoluted. This triggers the need for dynamic resource designation pointing at
acquiring a convenient match of supply and request.

Vigor utilization lessening and better administration of SLAs might be attained by powerfully
remapping virtual machines to physical machines at general interims. Machines that are not
allocated any virtual machine could be turned off or put on a low force state. In the same manner,
overheating could be maintained a strategic distance from by moving load far from hotspots.

Various virtual infrastructure supervisors incorporate a dynamic resource assignment emphasize

that ceaselessly screens usage crosswise over resource pools and reallocates accessible resources
around virtual machines consistent with application needs.

Virtual Clusters. A few virtual infrastructure supervisors can comprehensively supervise

assemblies of virtual machines. This characteristic is suitable for provisioning computing virtual
bunches on interest, and interconnected virtual machines for multi-level Internet applications.

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1.9.7 Desired Features of a Cloud

Certain characteristics of a cloud are crucial to empower services that without a doubt speak to the
cloud computing model and fulfill desires of purchasers, and cloud offerings must be (a) self-
administration, (b) for every utilization metered and charged, (c) flexible, and (d) customizable.

1.9.8 Self-Service

Purchasers of cloud computing services need on-interest, about moment access to resources. To
back this desire, clouds must permit self-administration access with the intention that clients can
ask for, tweak, pay, and utilize services without intercession of human specialists.

1.9.9 Per-Usage Metering and Billing

Cloud computing kills in advance responsibility by clients, permitting them to ask for and utilize
just the vital measure. Services must be valued on a fleeting groundwork e.g., by the hour,
permitting clients to discharge and not pay for resources when they are not required. Therefore,
clouds must actualize characteristics to permit effective exchanging of administration, for example
valuing, bookkeeping, and charging. Metering ought to be carried out likewise for diverse sorts of
administration e.g., storage, handling, and data transmission and utilization quickly reported,
subsequently giving more stupendous transparency.

1.9.10 Elasticity

Cloud computing gives the dream of unbounded computing resources accessible on interest.
Thusly clients anticipate that clouds will quickly furnish resources in any amount at whatever time.
Specifically, it is normal that the extra resources might be (i) provisioned, conceivably
immediately, when an application load increments and (ii) discharged when load diminishes.

1.9.11 Customization

In a multi-inhabitant cloud an extraordinary divergence between client necessities is regularly the

case. Hence, resources leased from the cloud must be exceptionally customizable. On account of

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infrastructure services, customization means permitting clients to send specific virtual apparatuses
and to be given advantaged root access to the virtual servers. Other administration classes (PaaS
and SaaS) offer less adaptability and are not suitable for universally useful computing, yet still are
relied upon to furnish a certain level of customization.

1.9.12 Reservation and Negotiation Mechanism

The point when clients demand computational resources to accessible at a particular time,
solicitations are termed advanced reservations, as opposed to best-exertion asks for, when clients
demand resources at whatever point accessible. To back complex demands, for example advanced
reservations, a virtual infrastructure director must permit clients to rent resources communicating
more perplexing terms e.g., the time of time of a reservation. This is particularly advantageous in
clouds on which resources are rare; since not all demands may be fulfilled promptly, they can
profit of virtual machine arrangement techniques that uphold queues, necessities, and development
reservations.

Furthermore, rents may be arranged and renegotiated, permitting supplier and customer to change
a lease or present counter suggestions until an understanding is arrived at. This characteristic is
shown by the case in which advanced reservations ask for a given opening can’t be fulfilled, yet
the supplier can offer a dissimilar space that is still tasteful to the client. This issue has been tended
to in Open PEX, which fuses a two-sided transaction convention that permits clients and suppliers
to go to an elective understanding by trading offers and counter offers.

1.9.13 High Availability and Data Recovery

The high accessibility characteristic of virtual infrastructure chiefs points at minimizing

application downtime and avoiding business interruption. A couple of virtual infrastructure
supervisors finish this by furnishing a failover system, which identifies washout of both physical
and virtual servers and restarts virtual machines on solid physical servers. This style of high
accessibility secures from host, yet not virtual machine, disappointments.

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For mission basic applications, when a failover result including restarting virtual machines does
not suffice, extra levels of flaw tolerance that depend on repetition of virtual machines are
actualized. In this style, excess and synchronized virtual machines (running or in standby) are kept
in an auxiliary physical server. The high accessibility result screens flops of framework segments,
for example servers, virtual machines, plates, and network and guarantees that a copy virtual
machine serves the application if there should be an occurrence of inadequacies.

Data reinforcement in clouds might as well consider the high data volume included in virtual
machine administration. Visit reinforcement of countless, every unified with different virtual
circles appended, ought to be finished with insignificant obstruction in the frameworks execution.
In this sense, some virtual infrastructure directors offer data security components that perform
incremental reinforcements of virtual machine pictures.

The reinforcement workload is frequently doled out to substitutes, subsequently offloading

creation server and lessening network overhead.

1.10 Key aspects of a cloud nature

Administration offerings are frequently made accessible to particular customers and minor
businesses that see the profit of utilization on the grounds that they need minimum investment.
Result is that the boundaries are lowered upto section of commercial center. On the grounds that
clients are not attached to a particular unit they require just the capability to enter the Internet and
in light of the fact that the Internet considers area freedom, utilization of the cloud empowers cloud
computing administration suppliers’ clients to gain entrance to cloud empowered frameworks
paying little mind to where they may be spotted or what apparatus they decide to utilize.

Multi-tenure empowers offering of resources and sets back the finances around an extensive pool
of clients. Unwavering quality frequently improves as a result of computing in cloud situations
since administration supplier’s use numerous excess locales. This is magnetic to ventures for
business progression and catastrophe recuperation explanations. The weakness, nonetheless, is that
information technology administrators can do next to no when a blackout happens.

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An alternate profit that makes cloud facilities more dependable is that adaptability can fluctuate
powerfully dependent upon changing client requests. Since the administration supplier administers
the fundamental infrastructure, security regularly is unfathomably progressed.

1.11 Technologies and Tools for Cloud Computing

Cloud computing blankets the whole computing stack from hardware infrastructure to end-client
software applications. Consequently, there are heterogeneous offerings tending to diverse corners
of the business sector. In this area the researcher will focus generally on the Infrastructure as a
Service (IaaS) and Platform as a Service (PaaS) usage of the cloud computing model by first
exhibiting a subset of the most agent business results and afterward examining the few research
ventures and platforms, which pulled in significant consideration.

Amazon is most likely the major player for what concerns the Infrastructure-as-a-Service results
on account of public clouds. Amazon Web Services convey a set of services that, when made
together, shape a dependable, versatile, and monetarily receptive cloud. Inside the extensive
variety of services offered, it is worth noting that Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and
Simple Storage Service (S3) permit clients to rapidly get virtual compute resources and storage
space, individually. Gogrid gives client a comparative offer: it permits clients to send their own
particular conveyed framework on top of their virtual infrastructure. By utilizing the Gogrid Web
interface clients can make their custom virtual pictures, convey database and application servers,
and mount new storage volumes for their applications. Both Gogrid and Amazon EC2 charge their
clients on a pay-as-you-go foundation, and resources are evaluated for every hours of utilization.
Applogic establishes at the framework of numerous public clouds, it gives a matrix working
framework that incorporates workload dispersion, metering, and administration of applications.
These are portrayed in a platform autonomous way, and Applogic deals with sending and scaling
them on interest. Together with Applogic, which can likewise be utilized to administer and send
private clouds, 3tera additionally furnishes cloud hosting results and, in light of its lattice working
framework, makes the move from the private to the public virtual infrastructure basic and totally
transparent. Results that are totally dependent upon a PaaS approach for public clouds are
Microsoft Azure and Google AppEngine. Purplish blue permits improving versatile applications
for the cloud. It is a cloud facilities working framework that

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serves as the advancement, runtime, and control environment for the Google AppEngine. By
utilizing the Microsoft Azure SDK, designers can make services that influence the .NET system.
These services are then uploaded to the Microsoft Azure gateway and executed on top of Google
Compute Engine. Extra services, for example workflow administration and execution, web
services organization, and SQL data storage are given to engage the bad applications. Sky blue
clients are charged on a pay-for every utilization premise and by considering the diverse services:
compute, storage, data transfer capacity, and storage transactions.

Google AppEngine is an advancement platform and a runtime environment centering essential on

web applications that will be run on top of Google’s server infrastructure. It gives a set of APIs
and an application model that permits designers to exploit extra services gave by Google, for
example Mail, Datastore, Memcache, and others. Designers can make applications in Java, Python,
and Jruby. These applications will be run inside a sandbox, and AppEngine will deal with
immediately scaling when required. Google gives a free constrained administration and uses every
day and for every moment standards to meter and value applications needing expert administration.

Virtual Infrastructure Managers

In this section we consider most popular virtual infrastructure managers which id recently
developed. VI managers is use for to manage virtual machines infrastructure and provides IaaS,
PaaS, & SaaS services of cloud, we discuss one by one as fallowing.

VirtualBox
VirtualBox is a cross-platform virtualization application. Oracle corporation is providing by
VirtualBox it is open source, freely available. For one thing, it installs on your existing Intel or
AMD-based computers, whether they are running Windows, Mac, Linux or Solaris operating
systems. Secondly, it extends the capabilities of your existing computer so that it can run multiple
operating systems (inside multiple virtual machines) at the same time. So, for example, you can
run Windows and Linux on your Mac, run Windows Server 2008 on your Linux server, run Linux
on your Windows PC, and so on, all along side your existing applications. VirtualBox is
deceptively simple yet also very powerful. It can run everywhere from small embedded systems
or desktop class machines all the way up to datacenter deployments and even Cloud environments.
Following are key features of VirtulBox.

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Running multiple operating systems simultaneously:

VirtualBox allows you to run more than one operating system at a time. This way, you can run
software written for one operating system on another (for example, Windows software on Linux
or a Mac) without having to reboot to use it. Since you can configure what kinds of "virtual"
hardware should be presented to each such operating system, you can install an old operating
system such as DOS or OS/2 even if your real computer's hardware is no longer supported by that
operating system.
Easier software installations:
Software vendors can use virtual machines to ship entire software configurations. For example,
installing a complete mail server solution on a real machine can be a tedious task. With VirtualBox,
such a complex setup (then often called an "appliance") can be packed into a virtual machine.
Installing and running a mail server becomes as easy as importing such an appliance into
VirtualBox.
Testing and disaster recovery:
Once installed, a virtual machine and its virtual hard disks can be considered a "container" that can
be arbitrarily frozen, woken up, copied, backed up, and transported between hosts. On top of that,
with the use of another VirtualBox feature called "snapshots", one can save a particular state of a
virtual machine and revert back to that state, if necessary. This way, one can freely experiment
with a computing environment. If something goes wrong (e.g. after installing misbehaving
software or infecting the guest with a virus), one can easily switch back to a previous snapshot and
avoid the need of frequent backups and restores.Any number of snapshots can be created, allowing
you to travel back and forward in virtual machine time. You can delete snapshots while a VM is
running to reclaim disk space.
Infrastructure consolidation:
Virtualization can significantly reduce hardware and electricity costs. Most of the time, computers
today only use a fraction of their potential power and run with low average system loads. A lot of
hardware resources as well as electricity is thereby wasted. So, instead of running many such
physical computers that are only partially used, one can pack many virtual machines onto a few
powerful hosts and balance the loads between them.
In our work cloud environments is created by using VirtualBox, its API is also available to handle
virtual machines through java programming again its feature, in summary of VitualBox provides
fallowing features, which is full-virtualization environment with features like Network Address
Translation (NAT); Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP); and having software based
Network Interface Cards (NICs). This also provides the Java based web services for accessing the
various facilities such as start, stop, and pause, resume, migrate, clone VM using API of
VirtualBox.

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Eucalyptus
The Eucalyptus [49] framework was one of the first open-source projects to focus on building IaaS
clouds. It has been developed with the intent of providing an open-source implementation nearly
identical in functionality to Amazon Web Services APIs. Therefore, users can interact with a
Eucalyptus cloud using the same tools they use to access Amazon EC2. It also distinguishes itself
from other tools because it provides a storage cloud API—emulating the Amazon S3 API—for
storing general user data and VM images.
In summary, Eucalyptus provides the following features: Linux-based controller with
administration Web portal; EC2-compatible (SOAP, Query) and S3- compatible (SOAP, REST)
CLI and Web portal interfaces; Xen; KVM, and VMWare backends; Amazon EBS-compatible
virtual storage devices; interface to the Amazon EC2 public cloud; virtual networks.

Nimbus3
The Nimbus toolkit [50] is built on top of the Globus framework. Nimbus provides most features
in common with other open-source VI managers, such as an EC2-compatible front-end API,
support to Xen, and a backend interface to Amazon EC2. It providing a Globus Web Services
Resource Framework (WSRF) interface. It also provides a backend service, named Pilot, which
spawns VMs on clusters managed by a local resource manager (LRM) such as PBS and
SGE.Nimbus’ core was engineered around the pring framework to be easily extensible, thus
allowing several internal components to be replaced and also eases the integration with other
systems.
In summary, Nimbus provides the following features: Linux-based controller; EC2-compatible
(SOAP) and WSRF interfaces; Xen and KVM backend and a Pilot program to spawn VMs through
an LRM; interface to the Amazon EC2 public cloud; virtual networks, one-click virtual clusters.

OpenPEX
OpenPEX (Open Provisioning and EXecution Environment) was constructed around the notion of
using advance reservations as the primary method for allocatingVMinstances. It distinguishes from
other VI managers by its leases negotiation mechanism, which incorporates a bilateral negotiation
protocol that allows users and providers to come to an agreement by exchanging offers and counter
offers when their original requests cannot be satisfied.
In summary, OpenPEX provides the following features: multi-platform (Java) controller; Web
portal and Web services (REST) interfaces, Citrix XenServer backend, advance reservation of
capacity with negotiation.

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OpenNebula
OpenNebula is one of the most feature-rich open-source VI managers. It was initially conceived
to manage local virtual infrastructure, but has also included remote interfaces that make it viable
to build public clouds. Altogether, four programming APIs are available: XML-RPC and libvirt
for local interaction; a subset of EC2 (Query) APIs and the OpenNebula Cloud API (OCA) for
public access [24], [51].
Its architecture is modular, encompassing several specialized pluggable components. The Core
module orchestrates physical servers and their hypervisors, storage nodes, and network fabric.
Management operations are performed through pluggable Drivers, which interact with APIs of
hypervisors, storage and network technologies, and public clouds. The Scheduler module, which
is in charge of assigning pending VM requests to physical hosts, offers dynamic resource allocation
features. Administrators can choose between different scheduling objectives such as packing VMs
in fewer hosts or keeping the load balanced. Via integration with the Haizea lease scheduler,
OpenNebula also supports advance reservation of capacity and queuing of best-effort leases [24].
In summary, OpenNebula provides the following features: Linux-based controller; CLI, XML-
RPC, EC2-compatible Query and OCA interfaces; Xen, KVM, and VMware backend; interface to
public clouds (Amazon EC2, ElasticHosts); virtual networks; dynamic resource allocation;
advance reservation of capacity.

oVirt
oVirt [52] is an open-source VI manager, sponsored by Red Hat’s Emergent Technology group. It
provides most of the basic features of other VI managers, including support for managing physical
server pools, storage pools, user accounts, and VMs. All features are accessible through a Web
interface [52].
The oVirt admin node, which is also a VM, provides a Web server, secure authentication services
based on freeIPA, and provisioning services to manage VM image and their transfer to the
managed nodes. Each managed node libvirt, which interfaces with the hypervisor.
In summary, oVirt provides the following features: Fedora Linux-based controller packaged as a
irtual appliance, Web portal interface, KVMbackend.

Platform ISF
Infrastructure Sharing Facility (ISF) is the VI manager offering from Platform Computing [53].
The company, mainly through its LSF family of products, has been serving the HPC market for
several years. ISF’s architecture is divided into three layers. The top most Service Delivery layer
includes the user interfaces (i.e., self-service portal and APIs); the Allocation Engine provides
reservation and allocation policies; and the bottom layer—Resource Integrations—provides
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clouds). The Allocation Engine also provides policies to address several objectives, such as
minimizing energy consumption, reducing impact of failures, and maximizing application
performance [54].
ISF is built upon Platform’s VM Orchestrator, which, as a standalone product, aims at speeding
up delivery of VMs to end users. It also provides high availability by restarting VMs when hosts
fail and duplicating the VM that hosts the VMO controller [55].
In summary, ISF provides the following features: Linux-based controller packaged as a virtual
appliance, Web portal interface; dynamic resource allocation; advance reservation of capacity;
high availability.

VMWare vSphere and vCloud

vSphere is VMware’s suite of tools aimed at transforming IT infrastructures into private clouds
[56], [57]. It distinguishes from other VI managers as one of the most feature-rich, due to the
company’s several offerings in all levels the architecture.
In the vSphere architecture, servers run on the ESXi platform. A separate server runs vCenter
Server, which centralizes control over the entire virtual infrastructure. Through the vSphere Client
software, administrators connect to vCenter Server to perform various tasks.The Distributed
Resource Scheduler (DRS) makes allocation decisions based on predefined rules and policies. It
continuously monitors the amount of resources available to VMs and, if necessary, makes
allocation changes to meet VM requirements. In the storage virtualization realm, vStorage VMFS
is a cluster file system to provide aggregate several disks in a single volume.
VMFS is especially optimized to store VM images and virtual disks. It supports storage equipment
that use Fibre Channel or iSCSI SAN.
In its basic setup, vSphere is essentially a private administration suite. Selfservice VM
provisioning to end users is provided via the vCloud API, which interfaces with vCenter Server.
In this configuration, vSphere can be used by service providers to build public clouds. In terms of
interfacing with public clouds, vSphere interfaces with the vCloud API, thus enabling cloud-
bursting into external clouds.
In summary, vSphere provides the following features: Windows-based controller (vCenter
Server); CLI, GUI, Web portal, and Web services interfaces; VMware ESX, ESXi backend;
VMware vStorage VMFS storage virtualization; interface to external clouds (VMware vCloud
partners); virtual networks (VMWare Distributed Switch); dynamic resource allocation (VMware
DRM) high availability; data protection (VMWare Consolidated Backup).

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Apache VCL
The Virtual Computing Lab [58], [59] project has been incepted in 2004 by researchers at the
North Carolina State University as a way to provide customized environments to computer lab
users. The software components that support NCSU’s initiative have been released as open-source
and incorporated by the Apache Foundation.
Since its inception, the main objective of VCL has been providing desktop (virtual lab) and HPC
computing environments anytime, in a flexible costeffective way and with minimal intervention
of IT staff. In this sense, VCL was one of the first projects to create a tool with features such as:
self-service Web portal, to reduce administrative burden, advance reservation of capacity, to
provide resources during classes; and deployment of customized machine images on multiple
computers, to provide clusters on demand.
In summary, Apache VCL provides the following features: (i) multi-platform controller, based on
Apache/PHP (ii) Web portal and XML-RPC interfaces (iii) support for VMware hypervisors (ESX,
ESXi, and Server) (iv) Virtual networks (v) virtual clusters; and (vi) advance reservation of
capacity.

AppLogic
AppLogic [60] is a commercial VI manager, the flagship product of 3tera Inc. from California,
USA. The company has labeled this product as a Grid Operating System.
AppLogic provides a fabric to manage clusters of virtualized servers, focusing on managing multi-
tier Web applications. It views an entire application as a collection of components that must be
managed as a single entity.
Several components such as firewalls, load balancers, Web servers, application servers, and
database servers can be set up and linked together. Whenever the application is started, the system
manufactures and assembles the virtual infrastructure required to run it. Once the application is
stopped, AppLogic tears down the infrastructure built for it [61].
AppLogic offers dynamic appliances to add functionality such as Disaster Recovery and Power
optimization to applications [60]. The key differential of this approach is that additional
functionalities are implemented as another pluggable appliance instead of being added as a core
functionality of the VI manager.
In summary, 3tera AppLogic provides the following features: Linux-based controller CLI and GUI
interfaces, Xen backend, Global Volume Store (GVS) storage virtualization; virtual networks;
virtual clusters; dynamic resource allocation; high availability; and data protection.

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Citrix Essentials
The Citrix Essentials suite is one the most feature complete VI management software available,
focusing on management and automation of data centers. It is essentially a hypervisor-agnostic
solution, currently supporting Citrix Xen Server and Microsoft Hyper-V [62].
By providing several access interfaces, it facilitates both human and programmatic interaction with
the controller. Automation of tasks is also aided by a workflow orchestration mechanism.
In summary, Citrix Essentials provides the following features: Windowsbased controller; GUI,
CLI, Web portal, and XML-RPC interfaces; support for XenServer and Hyper-V hypervisors;
Citrix Storage Link storage virtualization; virtual networks; dynamic resource allocation; three-
level high availability (i.e., recovery by VM restart, recovery by activating paused duplicate VM,
and running duplicate VM continuously) [63]; data protection with Citrix Consolidated Backup.

Enomaly ECP
The Enomaly Elastic Computing Platform, in its most complete edition, offers most features a
service provider needs to build an IaaS cloud.
Most notably, ECP Service Provider Edition offers a Web-based customer dashboard that allows
users to fully control the life cycle of VMs. Usage accounting is performed in real time and can be
viewed by users. Similar to the functionality of virtual appliance marketplaces, ECP allows
providers and users to package and exchange applications.
In summary, Enomaly ECP provides the following features: Linux-based controller; Web portal
and Web services (REST) interfaces; Xen back-end; interface to the Amazon EC2 public cloud;
virtual networks; virtual clusters (ElasticValet).

1.12 When a Cloud is really not a cloud?

Provided that there is some level headed discussion about the four deployment arrangements then
there is general understanding around information technology experts, if not marketing personnel,
that the following scenarios don’t constitute cloud computing:

• renting devoted server hardware in a data habitat for a solitary errand, for example hosting a
site, regardless of the fact that it is on a membership support;

• server virtualization (running various virtual computers on a solitary server) in itself, unless
servers might be sent and crushed in minutes by the buyer themselves as opposed to the
supplier;

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• connecting to your home PC or office PC from anyplace utilizing remote desktop or VPN
(Virtual Private Network) technology.

References

https://www.uniassignment.com/essay-samples/information-technology/basic-roots-of-cloud-
computing-information-technology-essay.php

https://dzone.com/articles/cloud-computing-1

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/20088/10/10_chapter%201_%20evolutation%
20of%20cloud%20computing.pdf

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