PH 219 Data Analysis

Studying the underlying event characteristics using

Project Group C
Abhishek Soni 190260002
Aravind Bharathi Valluvan 190260009
Vinit Doke 190260018
Gundappa Bargelle 190260020
Harshda Saxena 190260021
Kaushik Singirikonda 190260025
Moysha Gera 190260031
Shah Heetak Jayesh 190260039 1
1
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India

October 30, 2021

Abstract
Measurements of the short distance ”hard” scattering process are neither
good enough to perform precise standard model measurements nor in the
search for new phenomena. The analysis of the data from the underlying
events is done in order to understand the process better. Three regions are
defined on the basis of the azimuthal angle from the leading track, and the
relative angle distributions are found. For each region and particle
multiplicity, the scalar sum of transverse momentum and average density of
charged particles are analyzed. This report encapsulates the aforementioned
analysis in the form of histogram plots which facilitate visual inspection of
the data.

1
Contents
1 Introduction 3

2 Observations 3
2.1 Plots of frequency vs ∆φ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Plots of density of charged particles emitted as a function of plead
T . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Plots of scalar ΣpT density of the charged particles as a function of plead
T . . . . 6

3 Summary 8

List of Figures
1 Definition of regions in the azimuthal angle with respect to the leading track [1] 3
2 ∆φ for multiplicity class 0-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 ∆φ for multiplicity class 20-40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 ∆φ for multiplicity class 40-60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
d2 Nch
5 dηdφ
vs plead
T for multiplicity class 0-20 in the Toward Region . . . . . . . . . . 4
d2 Nch
6 dηdφ
vs plead
T for multiplicity class 0-20 in the Transverse Region . . . . . . . . 4
2
d Nch
7 dηdφ
vs plead
T for multiplicity class 0-20 in the Away Region . . . . . . . . . . . 5
d2 Nch lead
8 dηdφ
vs pT for multiplicity class 20-40 in the Toward Region . . . . . . . . . 5
d2 Nch
9 dηdφ
vs plead
T for multiplicity class 20-40 in the Transverse Region . . . . . . . 5
d2 Nch
10 dηdφ
vs plead
T for multiplicity class 20-40 in the Away Region . . . . . . . . . . 5
2
d Nch lead
11 dηdφ
vs pT for multiplicity class 40-60 in the Toward Region . . . . . . . . . 6
2
d Nch
12 dηdφ
vs plead
T for the multiplicity class 40-60 in the Transverse region . . . . . 6
d2 Nch
13 dηdφ
vs plead
T for the multiplicity class 40-60 in the Away region . . . . . . . . 6
2
P
d pT lead
14 dηdφ
vs pT for the multiplicity class 0-20 in the Toward region . . . . . . . 6
2
P
d pT
15 dηdφ
vs plead
T for the multiplicity class 0-20 in the Transverse region . . . . . 6
d2
P
pT
16 dηdφ
vs plead
T for the multiplicity class 0-20 in the Away region . . . . . . . . 7
2
P
d pT
17 dηdφ
vs plead
T for the multiplicity class 20-40 in the Toward region . . . . . . 7
2
P
d pT lead
18 dηdφ
vs pT for the multiplicity class 20-40 in the Transverse region . . . . . 7
2
P
d pT
19 dηdφ
vs plead
T for the multiplicity class 20-40 in the Away region . . . . . . . 7
d2
P
pT
20 dηdφ
vs plead
T for the multiplicity class 40-60 in the Toward region . . . . . . 8
d2
P
pT
21 dηdφ
vs plead
T for the multiplicity class 40-60 in the Transverse region . . . . . 8
2
P
d pT lead
22 dηdφ
vs pT for the multiplicity class 40-60 in the Away region . . . . . . . 8

2
1 Introduction
The data was generated from the interactions of protons in proton-proton collisions (p-p collision) at 13TeV
using the Pythia 8 Monte Carlo event generator and were provided by the team at IITB lab cluster.
These interactions are collectively referred to as underlying events (UE). The UE observables are con-
structed from the primary charged particles in the pseudorapidity range, i.e., |η| < 2.5.
The particles are observed as tracks in the detector and the leading track is the direction of the track
along the parallel of the particle with highest pT . This track, which will be referred to as pLead
T , is used as a
reference for the η − φ plane.
The number of particles emitted in each event or entry, is given by the particle multiplicity, and in this
report, we discuss about 3 multiplicity classes, 0 to 20, 20 to 40 and 40 to 60.

Figure 1: Definition of regions in the azimuthal angle with respect to the leading track [1]

Variables Definition
pT Transverse momentum of the particle (component of momentum perpendicular to z axis)
θ Angle between momentum vector and z axis
φ Azimuthal angle
η Pseudo-rapidity of the particle defined as ln(cot(θ/2))
plead
T Transverse momentum of the stable charged particle with maximum pT in the event
hd2 Nch /dηdφi Mean number of stable charged particles per unit η − φ
hd2 pT/dηdφi
P
Mean scalar pT sum of stable charged particles per unit η − φ

2 Observations
2.1 Plots of frequency vs ∆φ
The normalized frequencies of the relative angle between the particle with plead
T and other particles are plotted
here in a specific manner for all entries. It has been implemented by iterating a loop to find the particle with
lead pT and then a function to calculate the relative angle of all other particles, in the range 0 to π, with
respect to the leading particle and filled these values in a histogram. The lead pT has been excluded using a
conditional statement to avoid the case where ∆φ is 0.
The figures 2,3 and 4 are the 1-D Histograms of ∆φ for the multiplicity classes as given in the plots.

3
 Figure 2: ∆φ for multiplicity class 0-20 Figure 3: ∆φ for multiplicity class 20-40

Figure 4: ∆φ for multiplicity class 40-60

2.2 Plots of density of charged particles emitted as a function of plead

Figures 5,6 and 7 represent the scaled density of charged particles for multiplicity class 0 to 20, for the
regions Toward, Transverse and Away respectively.

2 2
Figure 5: ddηdφ
Nch
vs plead
T for multiplicity class 0-20 Figure 6: ddηdφ
Nch
vs plead
T for multiplicity class 0-20
in the Toward Region in the Transverse Region

4
 d2 Nch
Figure 7: dηdφ vs plead
T for multiplicity class 0-20 in the Away Region

Figures 8,9 and 10 represent the scaled density of charged particles as a function of plead
T for multiplicity
class 20 to 40, for the regions Toward1 , Transverse and Away respectively.

2 2
Figure 8: ddηdφ
Nch
vs plead
T for multiplicity class 20- Figure 9: ddηdφ
Nch
vs plead
T for multiplicity class 20-
40 in the Toward Region 40 in the Transverse Region

d2 Nch
Figure 10: dηdφ vs plead
T for multiplicity class 20-40 in the Away Region

Figures 11,12 and 13 represent the scaled density of charged particles for multiplicity class 40 to 60, for
the regions Toward, Transverse and Away respectively.
1 F: Forward, T: Transverse, A: Away

5
 2 2
Figure 11: ddηdφ
Nch
vs plead
T for multiplicity class Figure 12: ddηdφ
Nch
vs plead
T for the multiplicity class
40-60 in the Toward Region 40-60 in the Transverse region

d2 Nch
Figure 13: dηdφ vs plead
T for the multiplicity class 40-60 in the Away region

2.3 Plots of scalar ΣpT density of the charged particles as a function of plead
T
Here, the scalar sum of pT over all the particles in a particular region has been found. To implement this,
data regarding the leading track and the relative angle of all particles with respect to the leading one were
used again. For each region, a ∆φ cutoff was provided, and the scalar sum of transverse momenta for particles
3 lead
in that
P region were calculated and scaled by a factor 5π . The mean of the resulting 2-D Histogram of pT
and pT was calculated using a TProfile class.

pT as a function of plead
P
Figures 14,15 and 16 represent the scaled scalar T for multiplicity class 0 to 20, for
the regions Toward, Transverse and Away respectively.

2 P 2 P
Figure 14: d dηdφpT vs plead
T for the multiplicity Figure 15: d dηdφpT vs plead
T for the multiplicity
class 0-20 in the Toward region class 0-20 in the Transverse region

6
 d2
P
pT
Figure 16: dηdφ vs plead
T for the multiplicity class 0-20 in the Away region

pT as a function of plead
P
Figures 17,18 and 19 represent the scaled scalar T for multiplicity class 20 to 40,
for the regions Toward, Transverse and Away respectively.

2 P 2 P
Figure 17: d dηdφpT vs plead
T for the multiplicity Figure 18: d dηdφpT vs plead
T for the multiplicity
class 20-40 in the Toward region class 20-40 in the Transverse region

d2
P
pT
Figure 19: dηdφ vs plead
T for the multiplicity class 20-40 in the Away region

pT as a function of plead
P
Figures 20,21 and 22 represent the scaled scalar T for multiplicity class 40 to 60,
for the regions Toward, Transverse and Away respectively.

7
 2 P 2 P
Figure 20: d dηdφpT vs plead
T for the multiplicity Figure 21: d dηdφpT vs plead
T for the multiplicity
class 40-60 in the Toward region class 40-60 in the Transverse region

d2
P
pT
Figure 22: dηdφ vs plead
T for the multiplicity class 40-60 in the Away region

3 Summary
The data from the accompanying interactions of proton-proton collisions were analysed using ROOT, an
object-oriented program and first-party library developed by CERN, over various multiplicity classes and
directions of momenta. The methodology involved classifying the events based on the azimuthal angle with
respect to axis defined by the leading track and the speed of the particle, given in the form of its rapidity.
This study was carried out for over 2 million such events and the final results were plotted for the different
multiplicity classes. In the first subsection, the frequency histogram of the relative angles subtended by
particles with respect to the leading particle was plotted. The density of these emitted charged particles were
plotted as a function of the momentum of the leading particle under the second subsection, while the density
of the scalar sum over the momenta of particles were plotted against the leading particle momentum as the
final subsection. All the figures used, results obtained and the codes have been documented here.

References
[1] G. Aad, Abbott,
√ and et al. Measurement of underlying event characteristics using charged particles in pp
collisions at s = 900 GeV and 7 tev with the atlas detector. Phys. Rev. D, 83:112001, May 2011.