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Russell Kightley/
science Photo Library
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BASIC STRUCTURE
OF A CELL

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 INTRACELLULAR JOURNEY

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 MA IN CH A R ACTERISTICS O F O R GA NISMS

I. They are made up of CELLS.

II.They perform two sets of life functions

A.They metabolize
1.They need FOOD (NUTRITION)
2.They require ENERGY (RESPIRATION)
3. GROW and DEVELOP (BIOSYNTHESIS)

B. They perpetuate themselves

1. Maintain HOMEOSTASIS
2.They REPRODUCE
3.They ADAPT to their environment 5
 EUKARYOTIC CELL
Contain 3 basic cell
structures:
1. Cell Membrane
(Plasma
membrane)
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm

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 1. CELL MEMB RANE

• Selectively permeable boundary of the Cell

• Composed of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins

and short carbohydrate chains

• Regulates what enters or exits the cell

Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins

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Protein
channel Lipid bilayer
CELL MEMBRANE

Fluid-Mosaic Model
 2. CYTOPLASM

• All parts of the cell inside the membrane but outside

the nucleus.

• Contains a cytosol which is a thick, aqueous solution

of salts surrounding the organelles inside the cell
membrane

• Includes all cytoplasmic organelles

• Nutrients and minerals spread through the cytoplasm

to all parts of the cell.

• The constant motion of this gel-like substance is

called cytoplasmic streaming or cyclosis
MEMBRANE-BOUND
ORGANELLES

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 MEMBRANE-BOUND
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES

• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Vacuoles and Vesicles
• Lysosomes
• Peroxisomes
• Mitochondria

• Chloroplasts
• Glyoxisomes
• Spherosome
Control center of
cell activities
It is made of
• DNA organized in
chromosomes
• Nucleoplasm
• Nucleolus
• Nuclear
membrane that
contains nuclear
pores
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 NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

• Double membrane surrounding

the nucleus
• Contains nuclear pores to
regulate movement of
molecules in and out of the
nucleus
• Connected to the rough ER

Nuclear
pores
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 NUCLEOLUS

•Inside nucleus
•Cell may have 1
to 4 nucleoli
•Disappears when
cell divides
•Makes ribosomes
that make proteins
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 WHAT DOES DNA DO?

DNA is the hereditary

material of the cell

Genes that make up the DNA

molecule code for different
proteins

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 ENDO P LASMIC R ET ICU LUM

• Network of hollow membrane tubules

• Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane
• Functions in Synthesis & Transport of cell
products

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ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(ROUGH ER)

• Has ribosomes on
its surface

• Makes membrane
proteins and
proteins for
EXPORT out of cell

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ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
(ROUGH ER)
• Proteins are made by
ribosomes on ER
surface

• They are then

threaded into the
interior of the Rough
ER to be modified and
transported

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 S MO O TH ENDO P LASMIC R ET ICU LU M

• Smooth ER lacks
ribosomes on its surface

• Is attached to the ends

of the rough ER

• Makes cell products that

are USED INSIDE the
cell

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FUNCTIONS OF THE SMOOTH ER

• Makes membrane lipids

(steroids)

• Metabolizes
carbohydrates

• Stores and regulates

calcium ions (muscle
cells)

• Detoxifies drugs and

poisons (Liver)
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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
• Relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system

1Nuclear envelope is
connected to rough ER, Nucleus
which is also continuous
with smooth ER

Rough ER

2Membranes and proteins

produced by the ER flow in Smooth ER
the form of transport vesicles cis Golgi
to the Golgi Nuclear envelop

3 pinches off transport

Golgi
Vesicles and other vesicles
that give rise to lysosomes and
Vacuoles Plasma
membrane
trans Golgi

4 Lysosome available 5 Transport vesicle carries 6 Plasma membrane expands

for fusion with another proteins to plasma by fusion of vesicles; proteins
vesicle for digestion membrane for secretion are secreted from cell

Figure 6.16
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 GO LGI A P P AR ATUS

• Stacks of flattened sacs

• Have a receiving side (cis CIS
face) and shipping side
(trans face)
• Receive proteins made by
ER
• Modify, sort & package ER
products for storage OR TRANS
transport out of cell
• Transport vesicles with
Transport
modified proteins pinch off
the ends vesicle
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 Golgi Animation

Materials are transported from Rough ER

to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES26
 LY S O SOMES

• Contain digestive
enzymes

• Break down food, bacteria

and worn out cell parts

• Programmed for cell

death (AUTOLYSIS)

• Lyse (break open) &

release enzymes to break
down & recycle cell parts)
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Peroxisomes
Membrane-bound
vesicles containing
oxidative enzymes that
produce hydrogen
peroxide and convert it
to water
For lipid metabolism,
and conversion of fatty
acid to sugar
 VACUOLES

Fluid filled sacs for

storage

• Small, fewer or
absent in animal
cells

• Plant cells have

numerous or one
large Central
Vacuole

• No vacuoles in
bacterial cells 29
 VA CUO LES

• In plants, they
store Cell Sap

• Function includes
storage of sugars,
proteins, minerals,
lipids, wastes, salts,
water, and
enzymes

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 MITOCHONDRION ( PLURAL,MITOCHONDRIA)
• “Powerhouse” of the
cell
• Site of CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
(burning of glucose)

• Generates biologically
available energy (ATP)

• More active cells like

muscle cells have
MORE mitochondria
medicalnewstoday.com 31
MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a DOUBLE
membrane

Has its own DNA

and ribosomes

Folded inner membrane

called CRISTAE
(increases surface area
for more chemical
reactions)

Interior called MATRIX

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 CHLOROPLASTS

• Found only in
photosynthetic
organisms
(chlorophyll)

• Use energy from

sunlight to make own
food (glucose)

• Energy from sun

stored in the
Chemical Bonds of 33
Sugars
 CH LO R OPLA STS

Surrounded by DOUBLE
membrane
• Outer membrane smooth

• Inner membrane modified

into sacs called Thylakoids
Thylakoids in stacks called
Grana & interconnected

• Stroma – gel like material

surrounding thylakoids
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 CHLOROPLASTS

• Contains its own DNA

and ribosomes
• Contains enzymes &
pigments for
Photosynthesis
• NOT FOUND in
animal
and bacterial cells
 CELL WALL
• Found in bacteria,
plants and fungi
• Made of
peptidoglycan in
bacteria
• Made of cellulose in
plants
• Made of chitin in
Fungi
 P LA NT CELL WA LL A ND CELL MEMB R ANE

• Cell membrane lies inside the cell wall

in plant cells
• Pushes out against the cell wall to
maintain cell shape

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 NONMEMBRANE-BOUND
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES

• Ribosomes

• Cytoskeleton

• Centrosome
RIBOSOMES

Can be attached to
Rough ER

OR
Be free
(unattached)
in the
cytoplasm

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 RIBOSOMES

• Made of PROTEINS and rRNA

• “Protein factories” of the cell
• They join amino acids together by a process
called protein synthesis

→
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 CYTOSKELETON

• Helps cell maintain cell

shape
• Also help move organelles
around
• Made of proteins
• Microfilaments are
threadlike & made of ACTIN
• Microtubules are tubelike
& made of TUBULIN

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C YTOSKELETON (GR EEN)
 CY T O SKELETO N

MICROTUBULES

MICROFILAMENTS

copyright cmassengale 44
 Centrosomes and Centrioles
• The centrosome is considered a“microtubule-
organizing center”. It contains a pair of
centrioles Centrosome

Microtubule

Centrioles
0.25 µm

Longitudinal section Microtubules Cross section

Figure 6.22 of one centriole of the other centriole
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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