Topology (MTH304X)

Spring 2020
Rohit Dilip Holkar

(Last updated June 15, 2020)

Contents
1 General information 1

2 Notes 2
2.1 Writtent notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Video lectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3 Assignment 3
3.1 Assignment 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 Assignment 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.3 Assignment 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.4 Assignment 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.5 Assignment 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.6 Assignment 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 Quizzes 4
4.1 Quiz 1 (22 /01/20, 5 points) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2 Quiz 2 (24 /01/20, 5+3 points) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.3 Quiz 3 (05/02/20, 5 points) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.4 Quiz 4 Due date: (26/05/20, 5 points) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Quiz 4 Bonus; Due date: (28/05/20, 5 points) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.5 Quiz 5 (5 points) 15/06/2020 10.05–10.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.6 Quiz 6 Deadline:19 June 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1 General information
Course code: MTH304X.
Course title: Topology.
Prerequisite: Real Analysis.
Classes: Mondays 10.00–11.00 Hrs, and Wednesdays and Fridays 09.00–10.00 Hrs in L6.
Office hours: Rohit: Wednesdays 10.00–11.30 Hrs in AB1 305, Aditya Thursdays 17.00–18.00
AB1A 104.
Objectives and
outcomes:
Course contents: Metric spaces
1. Metric spaces, open balls and sets, closed sets (3 lectures).
2. Convergence of sequences: convergence, limit and cluster points, Cauchy se-
quences and completeness, bounded sets, dense sets, boundary of a set (3 lec-
tures).

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 3. Continuity: continuous functions, various continuity criteria, uniform continuity,
limit of a function, open and closed maps (3 lectures).
4. Compactness: compact spaces, continuous functions on compact spaces, charac-
terisation of compact metric spaces, Arzela-Ascoli theorem (4 lectures).
5. Connectedness: Connected spaces, path-connected spaces (3 lectures).
6. Complete metric spaces: complete metric spaces, completion of metric spaces,
Baire Category theorem, Banach Contraction Principle (2 lectures).

Topology

1. Topological spaces (2–3 lectures).

Course plan: We aim to discuss metric spaces and introduce topological spaces by mid-semester.
The rest of the topics will be discussed in the second half of the semester.

Evaluation: • Mid-semester exam–35%,

• End-semester exam–35%,
• Quizzes– 30%.
We should have, at least, four quizzes before the mid-semester exam and same for the
latter half. In the end, best three for each halve will be considered in grading. NO
QUIZ WILL BE REPEATED FOR ANY REASON. There could be some surprise
quizzes (not to check your attendance but to check continuity of studies!).

Suggested • Kumaresan, Topology of Metric Spaces, 2005, Alpha Science International Ltd.
readings: • Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, Reprint 1983, Tata
MacGrow-Hill or Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company.
• Munkres, Topology, Whatever latest edition you get hold of.

2 Notes
2.1 Writtent notes
The written notes, sorted topicwise, are available on the following link: https://drive.google.com/
open?id=1nnsUtrZGHFAkMVqw2GKLwGGntZ3z27X3.

2.2 Video lectures

The video lecture are accesable only via the URL listed below; you cannot locate them on the YouTube.

L1 Quick revision: https://youtu.be/Wqoq--dp5bA

L2 Hausdorff spaces: https://youtu.be/kAXvyaYRE84

L3 Continuous functions: https://youtu.be/X78hXWrE2Uk

D1 Discussion: https://youtu.be/ibhCUkTfyII

L3 Metric topology: https://youtu.be/HGf7BbCV3KU

L4 Quotient topology: https://youtu.be/-xSU3d0_E3Y

D2 Discussion: https://youtu.be/PUYLe2lOTFQ

L5 Connected spaces-1: https://youtu.be/qbVVK5Ja5SU

L6 Connected spaces-2: https://youtu.be/UCD3guhDoFE

D3 Discussion: https://youtu.be/jVX6aoDcyIo

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L7 Connected spaces-3: https://youtu.be/ZrSzSn7gfxQ

L8 Compact spaces-1: https://youtu.be/7HSkHvd6owA

D4 Discussion: https://youtu.be/uVXG0wy7A34

L8.2 Compact spaces-1.2: https://youtu.be/lli7ZpUsul0

L9 Compact spaces-2: https://youtu.be/8ULAAx5dN_k

L10 Compact spaces-3: https://youtu.be/L_ZBO5Aisqo

D5 Discussion: https://youtu.be/dqDxrirM13U

L11 Countability axioms: https://youtu.be/oHyrAOs12oM

L12.1 Separability axioms: https://youtu.be/6VdxYCiCO4Y

L12.2 Separability axioms: https://youtu.be/og0_PSuydZg

D6 Discussion: https://youtu.be/ilAjysjkUxk

L13 Urysohn lemma and applications (misc. partition of unity): https://youtu.be/40X1LJJfMuo

L14.1 Metrization and embedding theorems: https://youtu.be/2QzsDA_9Xfo

L14.2 Tietze extension: https://youtu.be/ibnPq0G9Ao0

3 Assignment
Assignements 1 and 2 refer to the first edition of the book, and the rest refer to the second edition.

3.1 Assignment 1
Solve/ read the following from [Kum I edi] Chapter 1, Section 1 (1.1.##): 4, 11, 14, 19–23, 25–27,
30, 31, 34–37, 39.

3.2 Assignment 2
Solve/ read the following from [Kum I edi] Chapter 1, Section 2 (1.2.##): 4–6, 8,9, 11–14, 16, 19, 20,
22, 26–33, 35, 36, 39, 42–50, 56–58, 70, 71, 77–80, 84, 91–100, 106, 110.

3.3 Assignment 3
Solve/ read the following from [Kum II edi]: 2.1.6–2.1.13, 2.1.16–2.1.19, 2.2.3–2.2.6, 2.2.8, 2.2.11–
2.2.14, 2.2.18, 2.2.20–2.2.23, 2.2.25–2.2.28, 2.2.33.
Must do: 2.1.13, 2.1.15–2.1.19, 2.2.11, 2.2.13, 2.2.13, 2.2.31, 2.2.33.

3.4 Assignment 4
Solve/ read the following from [Kum II edi]: 2.3.9–2.3.11, 2.3.14, 2.3.18, 2.3.19, 2.4.9–2.4.14, 2.5.2–
2.5.6, 2.5.9–2.5.15, 2.5.7, 2.7.7–2.7.9.
Give an example of a set X equipped with two metrics d1 and d2 such that (X, d1 ) is complete but
(X, d2 ) is not.
Must do: 2.3.18, 2.3.19, 2.4.11–2.4.13, 21.5.3–2.5.6, 2.5.15.

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3.5 Assignment 5
Solve/ read the following from [Kum II edi]: 3.1.2–3.1.6, 3.1.12, 3.1.14, 3.1.17 – 3.1.22.
3.2.4, 3.2.10–3.2.15, 3.2.17, 3.2.18, 3.2.20, 3.2.21.
3.2.25, 3.2.26, 3.2.30, 3.2.32, 3.2.37, 3.2.39, 3.2.41–3.2.42, 3.2.44, 3.2.50, 3.2.51.
3.3.2–3.3.6, 3.3.8–3.3.12, 3.3.18.
3.4.2–3.4.4, 3.4.7–3.4.11, Theorem 3.4.13 (must read), 3.4.16, 3.4.17.
3.6.2–3.6.6.
Must do: 3.2.4, 3.2.10–3.2.15, 3.2.17, 3.2.18, 3.2.20, 3.2.21, 3.2.30, 3.2.37, 3.2.29, 3.2.41–3.2.42, 3.3.2,
3.3.4–3.3.6, 3.3.8–3.3.12, 3.4.4, 3.4.10, 3.4.11, 3.4.16, 3.4.17, 3.6.2, 3.6.4–3.6.6.

3.6 Assignment 6
Munkres Exercises §12–§16.

4 Quizzes
4.1 Quiz 1 (22 /01/20, 5 points)
1 √1 ||x||2
1. (2 Points) Show that for any x ∈ Rn , n ||x||1 ≤ n
≤ ||x||∞ .
2. (3 Points) Show that B||·||∞ (0, 1) ⊆ B||·||1 [0, 1] in C[0, 1]. That is, the open unit ball in C[0, 1]
equipped with the uniform norm is contained in the closed unit ball when the set is equipped
with the integration norm ||·||1 .

4.2 Quiz 2 (24 /01/20, 5+3 points)

1. (5 Points) Let (fn )n≥1 be a sequence of functions in C[0, 1] where fn (x) = xn (draw the graphs of
f1 and some fn ). Show that it does not converge in C[0, 1] equipped with the metric associated
with ||·||∞ .
2. (Bonus for 3 points) Show that (fn )n∈N converges in C[0, 1] equipped with the ||·||1 .

4.3 Quiz 3 (05/02/20, 5 points)

Let (X, d) be a metric space. Define the metric D on X by

d(x, y)
D(x, y) = for x, y ∈ X.
d(x, y) + 1

1. (2 Points) Prove that if a sequence (xn )n∈N in X is Cauchy in D if it is Cauchy in d.

2. (3 Points) Prove that if a sequence (xn )n∈N in X converges to x ∈ X in D if it converges to x in
d.

(Note: Then, clearly D(x, y) ≤ d(x, y) for all x, y ∈ X. Thus convergence and Cauchyness in d implies
convergence and Cauchyness in D. this exercise implies that (X, d) is complete iff (X, D) is complete.)

4.4 Quiz 4 Due date: (26/05/20, 5 points)

Write concise answers of the following questions and upload on the GoogleClassroom. The writeups
must be independent.

1. 17293, 17232, 17095, 17072, 190402, 17055, 17025, 17006, 17088, 190403 : Let `2 (R) denote the
∞
subset of RN consisting of all sequences {xj }i≥1 ) such that i=1 |x|2i converges.
P

(a) Show that if x, y ∈ `2 (R), then |xi · yi | converges (Hint: show that the partial sums are
P
bounded. You know a famous inequality that can do this).
(b) Let α ∈ R. Show that if x, y ∈ `2 (R), then so are x + y and αx.

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 (c) Show that ||x, y||2 = ( ∞ 2 1/2 is a well-defined metric on `2 (R). In fact, x 7→ ||x||
P
i=1 (xi −yi ) ) 2
is a norm.

This is a famous normed linear space called `2 (R). Notice that the results hold if R is replaced
by C. Then the space is called l-two denoted by `. The spaces `2 (R) or `2 are, usually, the first
examples of a (real or complex) Hilbert space.
2. 17112, 17253, 17148, 190404, 16135, 17171, 15179, 17303, 17147, 17043:

(a) (Existence of n-th roots). Let a ∈ [0, ∞) and n ∈ N. Then there exists a unique x ∈ [0, ∞)
such that xn = a.
(b) (Fixed point theorem for [0, 1]) Let f : X → X be continuous. Show that if X = [0, 1],
there is a point x such that f (x) = x. The point x is called a fixed point of f . Does this
fact hold if X equals [0, 1) or (0, 1)? Justify.

3. 14150, 17185, 17107, 17250, 17223, 17197, 17144, 17008, 17142, 17051, 17097:

(a) Let f : S 1 → R be a continuous map. Show there exists a point x of S 1 such that f (x) =
f (−x).
(b) (Existence of a root for an odd degree real polynomial) Any polynomial with real coefficients
and of odd degree has a real root. That is, if p(x) = a2n+1 x2n+1 + a2n x2n + · · · + a1 x + a0
for some n ∈ N with ai ∈ R and a2n+1 6= 0, then there exists α ∈ R such that p(α) = 0.

Quiz 4 Bonus; Due date: (28/05/20, 5 points)

This is for math and techno enthusiast. Question 1, Theorems 2b and 3a in Quiz 4 above have natural
extensions. If you could figure out the extensions, good! If not, then following are questions:

1. `2 is a Hilbert space which has countable dense subset.

2. (Banach contraction principle) Let (X, d) be a complete metric space. Assume that T : X → X be
a map such that d(f (x), f (y)) ≤ cd(x, y) for a fixed c ∈ (0, 1). Then f has a unique fixed point,
that is, there is unique x ∈ X with f (x) = x.

3. (Borsuk-Ulam theorem for S 2 ) Let f : S 2 → R2 be a continuous map. There is a point x ∈ S 2 with

f (x) = f (−x).

The task is as follows: (i) choose one of the above problems and describe it as an extension, (ii) the
selected problem in a video of not more than 20 mins. For correct proofs and a decent presentation,
take 5 bonus points. You can do this in a group of at most three. I shall help in directing to references
but not to explain the proofs. You may discuss with me. For the last problem above, you shall need
to learn new theory; one may skip some details while learning it. I advise to choose Question-1 or 2
above.

4.5 Quiz 5 (5 points) 15/06/2020 10.05–10.20

Choose the most appropriate mathematical answer. All the standard space have standard topology
or metric unless specified.

1. True or false: Q is a locally compact Hausdorff space. (a) False (b) True (c) It depends on what
Munkres writes in the book. (d) I don’t know.

2. True or false: The subspace consisting of points of a convergent sequence in a metric space is a
compact subset. (a) False (b) True (c) Hmm... let me think! (d) What is Kumaresan’s opinion
about this?

3. True or false: Every discrete topological space is locally compact. (a) False (b) True (c) Hmm...
thinking! (d) I am still thinking...

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 4. True of false: The closed unit ball in C[0, 1] is compact in the uniform metric. (a) False (b) True
(c) All closed unit ball are compact, what are you asking! (d) Wait... are they?

5. Which one of the following are compact subspaces of Q? (a) (−π, π)∩Q (b) [−π, π]∩Q (c) [0, 1]∩Q
(d) None of above.

6. Let τ ⊆ τ 0 be two topologies on X. What is the most appropriate statement below: (a) X is
compact τ implies it is compact in τ 0 . (b) X is compact τ iff it is compact in τ 0 . (c) X is compact
τ implies it is compact in τ 0 . (d) No relation of above type is correct.

7. Show that if X is compact Hausdorrf under both τ andτ 0 . What is the most appropriate statement
below: (a) τ and τ 0 are same. (b) τ and τ 0 are not comparable. (c) One of the last two. (d) None
of the above.

8. Under which of the topology below on R is it compact: (a) the standard (b) cocountable (count-
able-complement) (c) cofinitine (d) lower limit

9. Let (X, d) be a metric space. Which of the following is equivalent to compactness of X? (a) Given
r > 0, X can be covered by finitely many open balls of radius r. (b) Given r > 0, X can be covered
by finitely many open balls of radius r, and X is connected. (c) Given r > 0, X can be covered
by finitely many closed balls of radius r. (d) Given r > 0, X can be covered by finitely many open
balls of radius r, and X is complete.

10. Let X be a compact topological space, and A a collection of closed connected subsets of X such
that given S, T ∈ A either S ⊆ T or T ⊆ S. Let I denote the intersection of sets in A. Then
what is the most appropriate statement below? (a) I is nonempty always connected but possibly
not compact set. (b) I is nonempty possibly connected but not compact set. (c) I is nonempty
connected compact set. (d) I can be empty.

11. Let (X, d) be a metric space and K ⊆ X be compact. Let f : X → [0, ∞) be the function
f (x) = d(K, x). Then what is the correct conclusion? (a) if f (x) = 0, then x ∈ A. (b) if (x ∈ A),
then f (x = 0. (c) f (x) = 0 iff x ∈ A. (d) Depends on some more properties of A.

12. Which of the following mean that a locally compact topological space X is compact? (a) X
sequentially compact. (b) X is limit point compact. (c) X is open in its one-point compactification.
(d) X is closed in its one-point compactification.

13. Let X and Y be metric spaces, and f : X → Y a continuous isometry (that is, d(f (x), f (y)) =
d(x, y)). Then what is the most appropriate statement? (a) f is continuous but its inverse is
not. (b) if f is onto, then f is a homeomorphism. (c) if f is onto, even then its inverse is not a
homeomorphism. (d) Need some more data to decide.

14. Under which one of the hypothesis subset A ⊆ X of a metric space is compact. (a) A is closed and
bounded. (b) A is closed, bounded and complete. (c) A is closed and totally bounded. (d) A is
closed and totally bounded and complete.

15. Complete the statement: A metric space (X, d) is locally compact iff for every x ∈ X... (a) given
0 < r there is 0 < r < s such that B(x, r) ⊆ B(x, s). (b) given 0 < r there is 0 < s < r such that
B[x, s] ⊆ B(x, r). (c) given 0 < r there is 0 < s < r such that B(x, s) ⊆ B(x, r). (d) given 0 < r
there is 0 < r < s such that B[x, r] ⊆ B(x, s).

4.6 Quiz 6 Deadline:19 June 2020

I denotes the interval [0, 1]. Note that for nonempty sets A and B, AB is the set of all functions B → A.
See Question 6 in Exercises of Section 32 in Munkres, page 205 for the definition of completely regular
space, nad one of its characterisation. You may use this characterisation without writing a proof here
(but advised to make sure that you know a proof of it). Except Questions(iii) below, please write
concise and detail answers. For Q(iii)s, a quick short answer is enough.

1. For Roll numbers 15179, 17006, 17043, 17072, 17097, 17142, 17148, 17197, 17250, 17303, 190404.

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 (i) Show that R` and I02 are not metrizabLe (I02 is the unit square I × I equipped with the
dictionary order).
(ii) Show that the product space RI , has a countable dense subset.
(iii) Which of the following spaces are completely normal? Justify your answers briefly:
(a) A subspace of a completely normal space.
(b) The product of two completely normal spaces.

2. For Roll numbers 14150, 16135, 17025, 17055, 17095, 17112, 17147, 17185, 17232, 17293, 190403.

(i) Which of the four countability axioms (first-second countable, Lindelöf, separability) does
Rω in the uniform topology satisfy?
(ii) Show that every locally compact Hausdorff space is regular.
(iii) Which of the following spaces are completely normal? Justify your answers briefly:
(a) well-ordered set in the order topology.
(b) A metrizable space.

3. For roll numbers 16074, 17008, 17051, 17088, 17107, 17144, 17171, 17223, 17253, 190402.

(i) Give RI the uniform metric. Let C(I, R) be the subspace consisting of continuous functions.
Show that C(I, R) has a countable dense subset, and therefore a countable basis.
(ii) Is Rω normal in the product topology? In the uniform topology?
(iii) Which of the following spaces are completely normal? Justify your answers briefly:
(a) compact Hausdorf space.
(b) A regular space with a countable basis.