ROWENA P. DELA CRUZ FEB.

26, 2020
BSED IV-S SOC SCI MAJOR TISS

CAUSE AND EFFECT OF TERRORISM, TERRITORIAL AND BORDERS CONFLICT

Terrorism: The unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.

Most definitions of terrorism recognise that terrorists don’t just pursue violence for the sake of it but have a specific
purpose for carrying out their attacks. Individuals or groups may use terrorism because they don't like the current
organisation of society and they want to change it. They may believe that violence, or the threat of violence, will coerce
society into making a change.
Throughout history many terrorists have stated that they turned to violence after long deliberation, because they felt
they had no other choice.

Cause of Terrorism
1. Social and political injustice – Some people turn to terrorism when they are trying to tacklewhat they perceive as
social injustice. Terrorists acting on this basis may believe that they have been stripped of something they feel entitled
to such as certain rights, land or possessions.
2. Religious beliefs – Throughout history, religious causes have been the motivation for a variety of terrorist attacks,
though it is important to remember that religions themselves do not cause terrorism. Religious terrorists may use
terrorism to punish what they see as ‘ungodly’ behaviour in society, or to avenge what they perceive as attacks on their
beliefs. Religious terrorism is not always about one faith attacking another. Divisions between Protestant and Catholic
Christians or Shia and Sunni Muslims have also lead to terrorist attacks through the ages.
3. Ideological beliefs – Some groups use terrorism to try and further the cause of an ideology they believe in. This
needn’t be a political or religious ideology. Animal rights activists, ‘ecoterrorists’ and racist groups have all used violence
directed at individuals and property in the name of their beliefs.
4. Socio-economic factors – Research has shown that deprivation (poverty, lack of education, lack of political freedom)
can drive people to terrorism. It is believed that people in these situations may be more susceptible to recruitment by
organisations using terrorist tactics.

Effects of Terrorism
By SEAN ROSS Updated May 20, 2019
The high-profile terrorist attacks in the United States, Bangladesh, Iraq, France, and Istanbul are only some of the more
than 1,000 known terror attacks between the Nov. 13, 2015, attack in Paris and July 2016. Investors and businesses in
the United States have dealt with the realities and tragedies of global terrorism since at least 2001, and the threat has
only increased. While the human cost is devastating, the economic impact may be larger than most realize. The
following are five ways that terrorism has an impact on the economy.
Terrorist acts can cause ripple effects through the economy that have negative impacts. The most obvious is the direct
economic destruction of property and lives.Terrorism indirectly affects the economy by creating market uncertainty,
xenophobia, loss of tourism, and increased insurance claims.

1. Direct Economic Destruction

The most immediate and measurable impact of terrorism is physical destruction. Terrorists destroy existing plants,
machines, transportation systems, workers, and other economic resources. On smaller scales, acts of terrorism may
blow up cafes, churches, or roads. Large-scale attacks, most infamously the World Trade Center bombings on Sept. 11,
2001, can destroy billions of dollars worth of property and senselessly kill thousands of productive workers.
The impact of terrorism and war is always negative for the economy, and physical destruction is a large reason why.
Productive resources that might have generated valuable goods and services are destroyed, while other resources are
almost invariably diverted from other productive uses to bolster the military and defense. None of this creates wealth or
adds to the standard of living, even though military spending is often erroneously cited as a stimulant; this is the "broken
window fallacy" sometimes mentioned by economists.

2. Increased Uncertainty in the Markets

Even if you do not live anywhere near terrorist attacks, you might still be negatively impacted indirectly. This is because
all kinds of markets hate uncertainty, and terrorism creates a lot of it. The financial markets literally shut down after
Sept. 11 and did not really recover until months after the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
There is plenty of debate about the depth and pervasiveness of the actual impact on financial markets. As the threats
and publicity of global terrorism continue to rise, markets appear to be more and more resilient. Stock market
indexes did not decline much after the terrorist attacks in France killed at least 129 people in 2015. However, the deadly
attack in Nice, France, in 2016 only adds to the sentiment that France may be an increasingly unstable place to live and
do business in. The real threat of global terrorism from an investor's perspective is about the broader picture, not
individual incidents. International investment and cooperation are lower in a world full of terrorism.

3. Insurance, Trade, Tourism, and FDI

There are two obvious industries especially vulnerable to the effects of terrorism: insurance and tourism. Not all
insurance companies payout in the event of international terrorism or foreign wars, so the impact is likely less than you
might first expect. Nevertheless, terrorism is a risky business for everyone, and insurance companies hate risk as much
as anyone else.
Tourism is even more concerning. In France, for example, tourism accounts for approximately 7% to 8% of total gross
domestic product (GDP). Vanguelis Panayotis, a director of MKG tourism consultancy, told Reuters that he expected a
30% decline in visitors to France in the month after the Nice attacks.

4. War Is the Health of the State

There is an old saying in the study of political economy that reads "war is the health of the state." It means that during
times of conflict, reactive governments and nervous citizens are far more inclined to give up economic and political
freedoms in exchange for security. This could result in higher taxes, higher government deficits, and higher inflation.
During wartime, the government often implements price controls and sometimes even the nationalization of industries.
Governments are less effective at managing resources for productive economic activity than private individuals,
especially when those resources are co-opted to achieve a strategic military objective. When governments militarize, the
private economy suffers. As economist and historian Robert Higgs demonstrated in his book "Crisis and Leviathan,"
many government controls stay in place long after military campaigns end.

5. Increased Nationalism and Foreign Skepticism

The final risk to the economy is a political risk. This is already on display in the United States and Europe in 2016, where
there has been a rise in skepticism of foreign cultures, businesses, immigrant workers, and refugees. Populist
movements already won a victory of sorts in the United Kingdom, where anti-globalist and anti-trade sentiments helped
pass Brexit. These kinds of major political events have an uncertain economic fallout on everything from currency to
trade and diplomacy.

https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/080216/top-5-ways-terrorism-impacts-economy.asp
The Philippine Territorial Boundaries

The Philippines' boundaries are set by various local and international laws where our sovereignty as an independent
nation can exploit our resources for the benefit of the Filipinos. This article aims to give a comprehensive guide to the
country's archipelagic boundaries and exclusive economic zones based on  Philippine laws, historical basis, international
laws and agreements.

Pre-Colonial Period 

Even before the colonial period of the Philippines, The Agusan tribe from Mindanao has already been traveling through
the West Philippine Sea to our southeast Asian neighbors using the boat we call as Balangay. This dates back even during
320 A.D. , several hundred years before the known trade expeditions of the Ming Dynasty. This makes the first known
explorers of the waters of southeast Asia are from the Maharlika islands, a name to which the Philippine archipelago
was known before it even became a nation.

Treaties during the Philippines' colonial period 

In the modern times during the post Spanish-colonial era of the Philippines, as Spain lost the Philippine Islands to the
Americans after the Spanish-American War setting up the boundaries of the Philippines from the Treaty of Paris in 1898.
This has been duplicated and made more specific on the Treaty of Washington in the 1900between Spain and the United
States after Spain sold the Philippines to the United States in the midst of the Philippine-American War. The Treaty
between the United States and Great Britain in 1930 has also focused on the bounds of North Borneo (Malaysia) and of
the Philippine Islands. The treaties have resulted to form a rectangular boundary of the Philippines from Batanes down
to Sulu Islands of Mindanao.

In 1956, Tomas Cloma re-discovered the Kalayaan Group Islands which has long been the route of pre-colonial
Philippines by the Agusan tribes, and established a municipality in the island of Pag-asa. This discovery has then been
formalized by the Philippine government in 1978 by declaring Presidential Decree 1596 annexing the newly re-
discovered and occupied Kalayaan Group of Islands to the Philippines.

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

 12 nautical mile Territorial Sea Boundary based on UNCLOS

UNCLOS was first signed in 1982 and made effective in 1994. redefining the boundaries of countries using the exclusive
economic zone and continental shelf as the basis of the territory. This extends from the country's shoreline up to 200
nautical miles farther (Exclusive Economic Zone). This law has given distinction to the previous treaties and local laws of
the Philippines covering the Kalayaan Group of Islands (Spratlys) and the Panatag Shoal (Scarborough) which is a
frequent fishing ground of the fishermen of Zambales.

In congruence with the UNCLOS, the Philippines has defined its boundaries based on the agreement through Republic
Act 9522 of 2009 or known as the Archipelagic Baseline of the Philippines which includes the country's claim on Benham
Rise, a submerged and extinct volcanic ridge as part of its continental shelf. Upon confirmation from the United Nations,
the Philippine claim to Benham Rise was confirmed in 2012 and specific bounds of the continental shelf has been plotted
in Chart 4726A of NAMRIA. See our coverage for the Benham Rise.

As the UNCLOS 200 nautical mile EEZ sometimes overlaps with nearby islands of neighboring countries in South East
Asia, the Philippines and Indonesia has entered into an agreement to delimit the EEZ of both countries in the Southern
Philippines. In 2014, the Agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Indonesia to the
delimitation of the EEZ boundary was signed, thereby creating new bounds for EEZ of the Philippines to the Celebes Sea.
 Disputed Territories

The Kalayaan Group of Islands or internationally known as the Spratlys are being claimed by  several neighboring
countries such as Vietnam, Malaysia, China, Taiwan, and Brunei basing on inclusion to its own EEZ or basically because it
is part of the South China Sea thus being claimed by the country synonymous to the name of the sea.

Panatag Shoal or internationally known as Scarborough is being claimed by China asserting on its claim through the
name of the sea where it is located amidst its short distance from the shores of Zambales province and having been a
regular fishing ground of the Filipino locals.

Sabah which is part of the Sultanate of Sulu was leased to the Dutch colony during the North Borneo Chartered
company. But upon the surrender of the colony, the territory was given to Malaysia, instead of to the Philippines.
Malaysia however insists that the lease was not an issue as the people of Sabah has confessed their right to self-
determination before they decided to join Malaysia in 1963.

The Island of Palmas was part of the Philippine Islands territory claim during the American colonial period on the basis of
being discovered by Spain where United States has bought the whole archipelago. However the Americans lost its
arbitration case in 1928, officially making Palmas as part of Indonesia.

https://www.s1expeditions.com/2015/08/199-philippine-territorial-bounds.html

Conflict of territorial bounderies

Boundary and territorial disputes often stem from material and/or cultural claims; sometimes they may also
emerge as a result of the fundamental changes in domestic and international environments. In certain
circumstances, boundary and territorial disputes may even evolve into geopolitical games of big-power rivalry
and competition. (resource scarcity, locational feature, domestic politics, geopolitical competition and cultural
difference)