IT Basics

BASICS 0F IT
• System: is a set of parts or components working together

towards a common goal.
• A systems thinking approach looks at an entire process
taking into consideration all of the parts in the system
and how they work together instead of focusing on just
one component.
Systems Thinking Diagram
• Information systems contain interrelated components

(technology, people, and process) that allow us to take
and transform meaningless data into useful information
for decision making.
1
• IT vs IS:
- Information technology is more about the hardware
(computers, but also other external pieces like monitors,
mice, keyboards, printers, etc., as well as the internal
components that make up these devices), software
(applications that run on computers like word processors,
Internet browsers, etc.), and telecommunications
(networking, both external and internal, which allows for
information to be shared with others).
- Information systems is about the creation, sharing, and

distribution of information that is generated by computers
and their users. Common types of information systems are
operation support systems, management information
systems, decision support systems, and executive
information systems.
• What is Information Security (InfoSec)?
Information Security (sometimes referred to as InfoSec) covers the

tools and processes that organizations use to protect information.
Information Security is not only about securing information from
unauthorized access. Information Security is basically the practice
of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption,
modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information.
2
• What are the differences between data, a dataset, and
a database?
- Data are observations or measurements (unprocessed or
processed) represented as text, numbers, or multimedia.
- A dataset is a structured collection of data generally associated
with a unique body of work.
- A database is an organized collection of data stored
as multiple datasets. Those datasets are generally stored and
accessed electronically from a computer system that allows the
data to be easily accessed, manipulated, and updated.
Computers are machines that accept data as input, processes

that data using stored instructions, and outputs the information.
All personal computers consist of the same basic components:

• network connection
• motherboard
• central processing unit (CPU)
• storage/memory
• input/output devices
3
Speed
Component Units Description
measured by
Clock GHz (billions of Hertz indicates the time it

CPU
speed cycles) takes to complete a cycle.
Bus The speed at which data

Motherboard MHz
speed can move across the bus.
The time it takes for data

Data to be transferred from
RAM Mb/s (million
transfer rate memory to system
measured in Megabytes.
The time it takes for the
Access
ms (millisecond) drive to locate the data to
time
be accessed.
Hard Disk
The time it takes for data
Data
MBit/s to be transferred from disk
transfer rate
to system.
4
• Operating systems manage the
hardware and create the interface
between the hardware and the user.
Operating systems are designed to create
a platform so that programmers can
write additional applications, allowing
the computer to do even more useful
things.
• Application software (sometimes
referred to as software applications,
applications or even just apps) performs
specific tasks for the user.
All computing devices require an operating system. The most

popular operating systems for personal computers are:
- Microsoft Windows, Apple’s Mac OS, and various versions of
Linux. Smartphones and tablets run operating systems as well,
such as iOS (Apple), and Android (Google).
• Desktop software refers to applications installed on a

personal computer—your browser, your Office suite, photo
editors, and computer games are all desktop software.
• Enterprise software refers to applications that address the
needs of multiple, simultaneous users in an organization or
work group.
5
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software for
creating, storing, maintaining, and accessing database files.
DBMS packages generally provide an interface for the user to
interact with the database, create queries, and develop reports.
Data communication is the electronic transmission of encoded

information to, from and between computers.
• A modem converts the format of the data so it may be transmitted

between computers.
• A medium provides a path for signals to be transmitted. This can be
in a physical format like copper cable, coaxial cable or
fibre optics. It can also be radiated or wireless.
• The receiving computer accepts the transmission.
6
• computer network is a group of two or more computer systems linked
together by communications channels to share data and information.
Networks often link thousands of users and can transmit audio and
video as well as data.
The internet is a network of networks—millions of them, actually. If the

network at your university, your employer, or your home has internet
access, it connects to an internet service provider (ISP).
• Programming is the process of creating a set of logical instructions
for a digital device to follow using a programming language. The process
of programming is sometimes called “coding” because the developer
takes the design and encodes it into a programming language which then
runs on the computer.
• A programming language is an artificial language that provides a way

for a developer to create programming code to communicate logic in a
format that can be executed by the computer hardware.
7
• ICT tools stand for Information Communication Technology
tools. The ICT tools means to digital infrastructures like computers,
laptops, printers, scanners, software programs, data projectors, and
interactive teaching box.
The ICT devices are the latest tools, concepts and techniques used in
student-to-teacher, student-to-student interaction for example: - clicker
devices, mobile applications, flipped classroom) for information and
communication technology.
Some of the commonly used ICT tools are desktops, laptops, pen
drives, etc.
They are devices or objects that are used in the IT world, that
is information and technology.
• The press and the newspaper are considered the most important type
of ICT tools.
• The different classifications of ICT tools are information, control,
communication system.
• It helps teachers and other institutions and other companies and
offices to improve the quality of the product.

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BASICS 0F IT

• System: is a set of parts or components working together

Systems Thinking Diagram

• Information systems contain interrelated components

- Information systems is about the creation, sharing, and

• What is Information Security (InfoSec)?

Information Security (sometimes referred to as InfoSec) covers the

Computers are machines that accept data as input, processes

All personal computers consist of the same basic components:

Clock GHz (billions of Hertz indicates the time it

Bus The speed at which data

The time it takes for data

All computing devices require an operating system. The most

• Desktop software refers to applications installed on a

Data communication is the electronic transmission of encoded

• A modem converts the format of the data so it may be transmitted

The internet is a network of networks—millions of them, actually. If the

• A programming language is an artificial language that provides a way

offices to improve the quality of the product.

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