l.

Dqfinition of Statistics: May be defrned of facts collected in a systematic manner fbr

as aggregate a
predetermined purpose and placed in relation to each other, numerically expressed, enumerated or
estimated according to a reasonable standard of accuracy,

Statistics is defined as the collection, organisation, presentation, analysis and interpretation of

numerical data."

Types of data: (i) Qualitative Data: Nonnumeric. Only counting and not measured. Colour, education,
Gender, Odour etc. and (ii) Quantitative Data: They are numeric and measured, height, weight, blood

ilJ"^torrr",rrrrcs (i) It presents facts into figures (ii) ft simplifies mass of data (iii) It facilitates
comparison (iv) It helps in formulating and testing hypothesis. (v) It helps in prediction (vi) It helps in
formulation of suitable policies.

Limitations of Statistics (i) Statistics deals with masses of data (ii) Statistical laws are true, but in long
run (iii) Statistical deals with variability (iv) Statistics deals with quantitalive

Data: Facts /figures numerical or otherwise collected for a definite purpose is called as data.

. data collectedfirst time, original in character :- Primary

, data already collected and re-used, not original in character :- Secondary

Frequency
. - The number of times a particular instance occurs is called frequency in statistics.
Ungrouped data
Ungrouped data is data in its original or raw fbrm. The observations are not classified in groups.

Grouped data
In grouped data, observations are orgatized in groups.

Class Interval

. The size of the class into which a particular data is divided.

. E.g divisions on a histogram or bar graph.
. Class width : upper class limit - lower class limit
Regular and Irregular class interval

. Regular class interval: When the class intervals are'equal or of the same sizes like 0-10, l0-
20,20-30..... g0-100
. Irregular class interval: When the class intervals are of varying sizes i.e. 0-35, 35-45,45-55,
55- 80,80-90, 90-95, 95-100

Frequency table
- A frequency table or distribution shows the occurrence of a particular variable in a tabular fbrm.

2. Graphical Representatio{r of Data

Bar graphs
Graphical representation of data using bars of eilual width and equal spacing between them (on
one axis). The height

Discrete --- bar graphs, Continuous ---+ Histograms

250

200 o'v'
o''
-
150
0)s
100 tJ- "

50

20

Bar graphs Histograms

Histograms

. Like bar graphs, but for continuous class intervals.

. Area of each rectangle is x Frequency of a variable and the width is equal to the class
interval.

Frequency polygon

. If the midpoints of each rectangle in a histogram arejoined by line segments, the figure
formed will be a frequency polygon.
. Can be drawn without histogram. Need midpoints of class intervals
Oullays

l1o/o 2oA lELaw

-4-qb- llSoc'sec
,4.*m t---
/%rlJrr[rdb ltr Ueience
t-------vz
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l8lnler8st
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21o/a
& Soc.

Frequency polygon The Pie Chart

""':
Height Frequency
Midpoint of class interval ,16-17 I 3

The midpoint of the class interval is called a class mark r 17-i8 : 8

Class mark: (Upper limit + Lower limit)/z : is-it , j,4

t9-20' 60
20-2r 72
21-22 l8
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