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Group Theory 5

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44 views14 pages

Group Theory 5

Uploaded by

Nadeem Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture#6 Group theory > Sub groups > Results on subgroup > examples Subgroup >A subset H of a group G is called a subgroup of G if and only if H is itself a group under the same operation as defined in G. » If His a subgroup of G, it can be written as H< G. Examples: 1. The set R* of all non-zero positive real numbers under multiplication is a subgroup of the group R’ of all non-zero real numbers under multiplication. 2. The set Z' of integers under addition is a subgroup of the group @ of rational under addition, Q is a subgroup of the group R of real numbers under addition and R is a subgroup of the group C of complex numbers under addition. Subgroup 3) The set of even integers 2Z={0,+2, +4, +6, ... }is subgroup of group Zz w.rt addition. Similarly, set of multiple of 3 ie. 32Z={0,+3, +6, + , set of all multiples of 4 i.e. 4Z={0,+4, +8, +12... } andin general nz (0,+n, + 2n, +3n... } all are subgroups of Z w.r.t addition. 4) The set H={e, a, a*} is a subgroup of D3. 5) The set {+1} is not a subgroup of Z because {+1} is group w.r-t multiplication whereas Z is group w.r.t addition. 6) Cy= {+1, +i} is not a subgroup of (C, +) because C, is a group wart multiplication. 7) Z3={0, 1, 2} is not a subgroup of Z,={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} because addition undér mod 3 Is not same § Of addition under mod 6. Subgroup Note: Every group G has at least two subgroups namely G itself and the identity group {e}. These are called trivial subgroups. All other subgroups are called non-trivial or proper subgroups. Theorem(The subgroup Criteria): Asubset H of a group G is a subgroup if and only if i) Hisnon-empty ii) Foralla,b€H, ab“! €H Some important results on Subgroup 1) Theorem(one-step subgroup test) Let G be a group and H be a non-empty subset of G. If ab~! € H whenever a and b are in H, then His a subgroup of G. 2) Theorem(two-step subgroup test) Let G be a group and H be a non-empty subset of G. H is subgroup of G iff i) abeH, forall a,b EH fi) 1 EH, forallaeH 3) Theorem(Finite subgroup test) Let G be a group and H be a non-empty finite subset of G. H is subgroup of G if and only if abe H, forall a, bE H Some important results on Subgroup 4) Theorem Intersection of two subgroups of a group G is always a subgroup of G i.e. If H ech > Hee. new Leb Orbe H oml Considey alam, tlea- mem ity = aT by oS Gets abelian: = oY wy" = epee Os) = © so, ab! has Hike oxdev 3 obte aus; 4 2G. Exercises Br Let Gre Reteh be gror wrt enalighiotion JPekewme whether H- FWEG TE BEE WE ay | is a sbyp of note D Delermine whelher Ka freGr WIP Ss Shap oy nck ‘Sele D Gen bh Be-2¢H Ses REG. D rex wh T-b du. oo kK £G. Exercises Ge Considey the Horr (C- ‘thon tha the Sel We Lartbe cis: fe sugieup. : ‘y foe peeate wie St tee my Tew wea. ows Let aietbe, vibe © W (a. ribyhe = oiariabeetQiaueab), uous (oansens rthonanS = fot +b! +20 oy ad ark an (atent)ate Gs WDB 2 lab =) Hus) Cars larriby' ew We) 4 I ere, de Oe oes Oat | Exercises _ wey ad mae {ft vert WeEGLGR) ond @ \ EGLO), how abet >... 2. sor tt att YLeL SI oe oe | obey 2 ae es ° a since E05 6 feel 2] WEGLE® simi we Gn shew KeGLG® ——— Exercises Qr Deletmine whelhey the set P reyes in Sa is subgsoup ex not d, nes. Sele Nos this is not a Subgroup: let the hanspositions (1a) 9G) we have GD Y= (2d whell note, a p-cycles- Bseonned win c Exercises Ge Deleamine whether ‘the set ef vetlechons in Osa 4 173 18 Ssubqroup ox not Sole @ Were He fd, ab ab, aby Considery brabe W Then @bb = abe ace=ad tH. So, this is act a sbgp-

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