Total Questions – 24

To Do – 15
Target – 99% accuracy
History has shaped academic medical centers (AMCs) to perform 3 functions: patient care, research,
and teaching. These 3 missions are now fraught with problems because the attempt to combine them
has led to such inefficiencies as duplication of activities and personnel, inpatient procedures that
could and should have been outpatient procedures, and unwieldy administrative bureaucracies.

One source of inefficiency derives from mixed lines of authority. Clinical chiefs and practitioners in
AMCs are typically responsible to the hospital for practice issues but to the medical school for
promotion, marketing, membership in a faculty practice plan, and educational accreditation.
Community physicians with privileges at a university hospital add more complications. They have
no official affiliation with the AMC’s medical school connected, but their cooperation with faculty
members is essential for proper patient treatment. The fragmented accountability is heightened by
the fact that 3 different groups often vie for the loyalty of physicians who receive research. The
medical school may wish to capitalize on the research for its educational value to students; the
hospital may desire the state-of-the-art treatment methods resulting from the research; and the grant
administrators may focus on the researchers’ humanitarian motives. Communication among these
groups is rarely coordinated, and the physicians may serve whichever group promises the best perks
and ignore the rest—which inevitably strains relationships.

Another source of inefficiency is the fact that physicians have obligations to many different groups:
patients, students, faculty members, referring physicians, third-party payers, and staff members, all
of whom have varied expectations. Satisfying the interests of one group may alienate others. Patient
care provides a common example. For the benefit of medical students, physicians may order too
many tests, prolong patient visits, or encourage experimental studies of a patient. If AMC faculty
physicians were more aware of how much treatments of specific illnesses cost, and of how other
institutions treat patient conditions, they would be better practitioners, and the educational and
clinical care missions of AMCs would both be better served.

A bias toward specialization adds yet more inefficiency. AMCs are viewed as institutions serving the
gravest cases in need of the most advanced treatments. The high number of specialty residents and
the presence of burn units, blood banks, and transplant centers validate this belief. Also present at
AMCs, though less conspicuous, are facilities for ordinary primary care patients. In fact, many
patients choose to visit an AMC for primary care because they realize that any necessary follow—up
can occur almost instantaneously. While AMCs have emphasized cutting-edge specialty medicine,
their more routine medical services need development and enhancement.

A final contribution to inefficiency is organizational complacency. Until recently, most academic

medical centers drew the public merely by existing. The rising presence, however, of tertiary
hospitals with patient care as their only goal has immersed AMCs in a very competitive market. It is
only in the past several years that AMCs have started to recognize and develop strategies to address
competition.
Q1. The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements about
primary care at AMCs?

A. AMCs would make more money if they focused mainly on primary care.
B. Burn and transplant patients need specialty care more than primary care.
C. AMCs offer the best primary care for most patients.
D. lnefficiencies at AMCs would be reduced if better primary care were offered.
Q2. The author’s primary purpose in this passage is to

A. discuss the rise and fall of academic medical centers

B. explain that multiple lines of authority in a medical center create inefficiencies
C. delineate conflicts occurring in academic medical facilities
D. examine the differences between academic and other health care entities
Q3. Which of the following would the author probably consider a good strategy for academic
medical centers dealing with competition from tertiary hospitals?

A. recruiting physicians away from tertiary centers

B. increasing the focus on patient care
C. sending patients to tertiary facilities
D. eliminating specialty care
When Parliament decided, in 1709, to create a law that would protect books from piracy, the
London-based publishers and booksellers who had been pushing for such protection were overjoyed.
When Queen Anne gave her assent on April 10th the following year to “An act for the
encouragement of learning” they were less enthused. Parliament had given them rights, but it had set
a time limit on them: 21 years for books already in print and 14 years for new ones, with an
additional 14 years if the author was still alive when the first term ran out. After that, the material
would enter the public domain so that anyone could reproduce it. The lawmakers intended thus to
balance the incentive to create with the interest that society has in free access to knowledge and art.
The Statute of Anne thus helped nurture and channel the spate of inventiveness that Enlightenment
society and its successors have since enjoyed. Over the past 50 years, however, that balance has
shifted. Largely thanks to the entertainment industry's lawyers and lobbyists, copyright's scope and
duration have vastly increased. In America, copyright holders get 95 years' protection as a result of
an extension granted in 1998, derided by critics as the “Mickey Mouse Protection Act”. They are
now calling for even greater protection, and there have been efforts to introduce similar terms in
Europe. Such arguments should be resisted: it is time to tip the balance back. Lengthy protection, it
is argued, increases the incentive to create. Digital technology seems to strengthen the argument: by
making copying easier, it seems to demand greater protection in return. The idea of extending
copyright also has a moral appeal. Intellectual property can seem very like real property, especially
when it is yours, and not some faceless corporation's. As a result people feel that once they own it –
especially if they have made it – they should go on owning it, much as they would a house that they
could pass on to their descendants. On this reading, protection should be perpetual. Ratcheting up the
time limit on a regular basis becomes a reasonable way of approximating that perpetuity. The notion
that lengthening copyright increases creativity is questionable, however. Authors and artists do not
generally consult the statute books before deciding whether or not to pick up pen or paintbrush. And
overlong copyrights often limit, rather than encourage, a work's dissemination, impact and influence.
It can be difficult to locate copyright holders to obtain the rights to reuse old material. As a result,
much content ends up in legal limbo (and in the case of old movies and sound recordings, is left to
deteriorate – copying them in order to preserve them may constitute an act of infringement). The
penalties even for inadvertent infringement are so punishing that creators routinely have to self-
censor their work. Nor does the advent of digital technology strengthen the case for extending the
period of protection. Copyright protection is needed partly to cover the costs of creating and
distributing works in physical form. Digital technology slashes such costs, and thus reduces the
argument for protection. The moral case, although easy to sympathise with, is a way of trying to
have one's cake and eat it. Copyright was originally the grant of a temporary government-supported
monopoly on copying a work, not a property right. From 1710 onwards, it has involved a deal in
which the creator or publisher gives up any natural and perpetual claim in order to have the state
protect an artificial and limited one. So it remains. The question is how such a deal can be made
equitably. At the moment, the terms of trade favour publishers too much. A return to the 28-year
copyrights of the Statute of Anne would be in many ways arbitrary, but not unreasonable. If there is
a case for longer terms, they should be on a renewal basis, so that content is not locked up
automatically. The value society places on creativity means that fair use needs to be expanded and
inadvertent infringement should be minimally penalised. None of this should get in the way of the
enforcement of copyright, which remains a vital tool in the encouragement of learning. But tools are
not ends in themselves.
Q4. Why were London-based publishers and booksellers less enthused by the Statute of Anne?
a) The Statute of Anne would not let them reap the benefits of the protection rights forever.
b) The Statute of Anne only offered them minimum protection and they wanted more rights.
c) The main objective of the Statute of Anne was to ensure that all books entered the public domain.
d) The Statute of Anne helped nurture and channel the spate of inventiveness that Enlightenment
society enjoyed.
Q5. Which of the following statements will most weaken the case for lengthy protection of books
from piracy?
a) Digital technology has made copying easier and encourages piracy.
b) Lengthy protection may help in covering the costs of creating and distributing books in their
physical form.
c) Lengthy protection may make the creators more inaccessible and less influential.
d) Lengthy protection may discourage the work's circulation and hamper its influence.
Shortness, reduced mobility and sore joints may not come to mind when you think of survival of the
fittest. But human evolution could suggest otherwise. In a new study, researchers found that as early
humans migrated into colder northern climates, a genetic mutation that knocks about a centimeter off
height and increases the risk of osteoarthritis by up to 80 percent may have helped some of them
survive the most recent ice age. While some traits resulting from this mutation may seem
unfavorable today, they were advantageous to early humans venturing out of Africa about 60,000
years ago. “There are many cases like this where evolution is a trade-off,” said David Kingsley, an
author of the study, which appeared in Nature Genetics on Monday, and a professor of
developmental biology at Stanford University.
The shorter stature may have helped these prehistoric humans retain heat and stave off frostbite in
their extremities, the authors said. It also may have reduced their risk of life-threatening bone
fractures when slipping on icy surfaces. But the same gene puts humans at greater risk for arthritis in
the modern era as they live well beyond their reproductive years. The study looked at variants of the
GDF5 gene, which was first linked to skeletal growth in the early 1990s, and is known to be
involved in bone growth and joint formation. The researchers wanted to understand how the DNA
sequences around it might affect the gene’s expression, focusing on one region they named GROW1.
After analyzing the sequence of GROW1 in the 1000 Genomes Project database, a collection of
sequences from human populations around the globe, the researchers identified a change in one
nucleotide, the basic building block of DNA. The change is prevalent in Europeans and Asians but
rare in Africans. To see if that mutation was incidental or actually caused shorter stature, they tested
the nucleotide change in mice and found it decreased the length of their long bones, much as it is
thought to do in humans. That mutation of the regulatory region analyzed in the study is present in
more than 50 percent of the population in Europe and Asia. In some Asian populations, it’s up to 90
percent, Dr. Kingsley said. Even if the variant plays only a small role in increasing arthritis risk, the
sheer number of people who possess it means it can have a significant effect. “The very abundance
of the change means it could contribute to a lot of cases of arthritis,” Dr. Kingsley said.
A similar evolutionary paradox can be seen with sickle cell anemia, a condition in which a low
number of red blood cells makes it difficult to carry adequate oxygen throughout the body, Dr.
Kingsley said. A genetic variant causes a high rate of the disease in African populations. But that
variant was favored because it also confers protection against malaria. “The genome is complex and
our evolutionary history is complex,” said Terence D. Capellini, one of the lead authors on the study
and an associate professor in the department of human evolutionary biology at Harvard University.
“Because of that complexity, relationships emerge between different aspects of our biology that may
seem paradoxical. As we reveal this history of our genome and how it affects our biology, we begin
to understand the connections.”
As with many aspects of evolutionary research, it’s easier to figure out what traits were favored than
it is to explain why. While shorter stature may have been a protection against the cold and icy
terrain, it’s hard to be certain, said George Perry, associate professor of anthropology and biology at
Pennsylvania State University, who is not affiliated with the study. “We’re not going to know that
without some combination of a time machine and an experiment we can’t do,” he said. But detailed
studies like this can help further our understanding of complex evolutionary processes and the
potential consequences for modern medicine and human health, Dr. Perry said.
Q6. Which evolutionary paradox has the author touched upon in the passage?
a) The higher the number of red blood cells, the higher is the protection against malaria.
b) A genetic mutation that provided protection against the cold and fractures in the past now
enhances the risk of osteoporosis and arthritis.
c) The very abundance of genomes contributes to increasing the risk of osteoarthritis.
d) Less oxygen throughout the body will lead to a decrease in immunity against malaria.
Q7. Which of the following can possibly be one of the many cases where evolution is a trade-off?
a) Sacrificing a few hours of sleep so we can get up early in the morning and work on our fitness.
b) Prescription of hormone replacement therapy to post-menopausal women – while it may reduce
the risk of ovarian cancer, it will reduce the risk of breast cancer.
c) While higher birth weight provides a higher chance of survival in the first few weeks after birth,
babies that are too large have higher susceptibility to airborne infections.
d) Certain variants of a gene called APOL1 either make people resistant to trypanosomal infections
or increase the risk of kidney failure.
Q8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
a) People who have arthritis tend to survive extreme conditions better than those who don't.
b) At one point of time, all the humans on Earth belonged to Africa.
c) The genetic mutation that makes people shorter is the reason why early humans survived the most
recent ice age.
d) The traits that our ancestors found to be advantageous are the same traits that we find to be
disadvantageous.
Right through history, imperial powers have clung to their possessions to death. Why, then, did
Britain in 1947 give up the jewel in its crown, India? For many reasons. The independence struggle
exposed the hollowness of the white man’s burden. Provincial self-rule since 1935 paved the way for
full self-rule. Churchill resisted independence, but the Labour government of Atlee was anti-
imperialist by ideology. Finally, the Royal Indian Navy mutiny in 1946 raised fears of a second
Sepoy mutiny, and convinced British waverers that it was safer to withdraw gracefully. But politico-
military explanations are not enough. The basis of empire was always money. The end of empire had
much to do with the fact that British imperialism had ceased to be profitable. World War II left
Britain victorious but deeply indebted, needing Marshall Aid and loans from the World Bank. This
constituted a strong financial case for ending the no-longer-profitable empire.
Empire building is expensive. The US is spending one billion dollars a day in operations in Iraq that
fall well short of full-scale imperialism. Through the centuries, empire building was costly, yet
constantly undertaken because it promised high returns. The investment was in armies and conquest.
The returns came through plunder and taxes from the conquered.
No immorality was attached to imperial loot and plunder. The biggest conquerors were typically
revered (hence titles like Alexander the Great, Akbar the Great, and Peter the Great). The bigger and
richer the empire, the more the plunderer was admired. This mindset gradually changed with the rise
of new ideas about equality and governing for the public good, ideas that culminated in the French
and American revolutions. Robert Clive was impeached for making a little money on the side, and so
was Warren Hastings. The white man’s burden came up as a new moral rationale for conquest. It
was supposedly for the good of the conquered. This led to much muddled hypocrisy. On the one
hand, the empire needed to be profitable. On the other hand, the white man’s burden made brazen
loot impossible.
An additional factor deterring loot was the 1857 Sepoy Munity. Though crushed, it reminded the
British vividly that they were a tiny ethnic group who could not rule a gigantic subcontinent without
the support of important locals. After 1857, the British stopped annexing one princely state after
another, and instead treated the princes as allies. Land revenue was fixed in absolute terms, partly to
prevent local unrest and partly to promote the notion of the white man’s burden. The empire
proclaimed itself to be a protector of the Indian peasant against exploitation by Indian elites. This
was denounced as hypocrisy by nationalists like Dadabhoy Naoroji in the 19th century, who
complained that land taxes led to an enormous drain from India to Britain. Objective calculations by
historians like Angus Maddison suggest a drain of perhaps 1.6 percent of Indian Gross National
Product in the 19th century. But land revenue was more or less fixed by the Raj in absolute terms,
and so its real value diminished rapidly with inflation in the 20th century. By World War II, India
had ceased to be a profit centre for the British Empire.
Historically, conquered nations paid taxes to finance fresh wars of the conqueror. India itself was
asked to pay a large sum at the end of World War I to help repair Britain’s finances. But, as shown
by historian Indivar Kamtekar, the independence movement led by Gandhiji changed the political
landscape, and made mass taxation of India increasingly difficult. By World War II, this had become
politically impossible. Far from taxing India to pay for World War II, Britain actually began paying
India for its contribution of men and goods. Troops from white dominions like Australia, Canada
and New Zealand were paid for entirely by these countries, but Indian costs were shared by the
British government. Britain paid in the form of non-convertible sterling balances, which mounted
swiftly. The conqueror was paying the conquered, undercutting the profitability on which all empire
is founded. Churchill opposed this, and wanted to tax India rather than owe it money. But he was
overruled by India hands who said India would resist payment, and paralyze the war effort. Leo
Amery, Secretary of State for India, said that when you are driving in a taxi to the station to catch a
life-or-death train, you do not loudly announce that you have doubts whether to pay the fare. Thus,
World War II converted India from a debtor to a creditor with over one billion pounds in sterling
balances. Britain, meanwhile, became the biggest debtor in the world. It’s not worth ruling over
people you are afraid to tax.
Q9. Which one of the following best expresses the main purpose of the author ?
1. To present the various reasons that can lead to the collapse of an empire and the granting of
independence to the subjects of an empire.
2. To point out the critical role played by the ‘white man’s burden’ in making a colonizing power
give up its claims to native possessions.
3. To highlight the contradictory impulse underpinning empire building which is a costly business
but very attractive at the same time.
4. To illustrate how erosion of the financial basis of an empire supports the granting of independence
to an empire’s constituents.
Q10. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the emergence of the ‘white man’s burden’ as a
new rationale for empire-building in India ?
1. The emergence of the idea of the public good as an element of governance.
2. The decreasing returns from imperial loot and increasing costs of conquest.
3. The weakening of the immorality attached to an emperor’s looting behavior.
4. A growing awareness of the idea of equality among peoples.
Q11. What was the main lesson the British learned from the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 ?
1. That the local princes were allies, not foes.
2. That the land revenue from India would decline dramatically.
3. That the British were a small ethnic group.
4. That India would be increasingly difficult to rule.
Q12. Why didn’t Britain tax India to finance its World War II efforts ?
1. Australia, Canada and New Zealand had offered to pay for Indian troops.
2. India had already paid a sufficiently large sum during World War I.
3. It was afraid that if India refused to pay, Britain’s war efforts would be jeopardized.
4. The British empire was built on the premise that the conqueror pays the conquered.
Social life is an outflow and meeting of personality, which means that its end is the meeting of
character, temperament, and sensibility, in which our thoughts and feelings, and sense perceptions
are brought into play at their lightest and yet keenest.
This aspect, to my thinking, is realized as much in large parties composed of casual acquaintances
or even strangers, as in intimate meetings of old friends. I am not one of those superior persons who
hold cocktail parties in contempt, looking upon them as barren or at best as very tryingly
kaleidoscopic places for gathering, because of the strangers one has to meet in them; which is no
argument, for even our most intimate friends must at one time have been strangers to us. These large
gatherings will be only what we make of them-if not anything better, they can be as good places to
collect new friends from as the slave-markets of Istanbul were for beautiful slaves or New Market
for race horses.
But they do offer more immediate enjoyment. For one thing, in them one can see the external
expression of social life in appearance and behaviour at its widest and most varied-where one can
admire beauty of body or air, her voices remarkable either for sweetness or refinement, look on
elegance of clothes or deportment. What is more, these parties are schools for training in sociability,
for in them we have to treat strangers as friends. So, in them we see social sympathy in widest
commonalty spread, or at least should. We see an atrophy of the natural human instinct of getting
pleasure and happiness out of other human beings if we cannot treat strangers as friends for the
moment. And I would go further and paraphrase Pater to say that not to be able to discriminate every
moment some passionate attitude in those about us, even when we meet them casually, is on this
short day of frost and sun which our life is, to sleep before evening.
So, it will be seen that my conception of social life is modest, for it makes no demands on what we
have, though does make some on what we are. Interest, wonder, sympathy, and love, the first two
leading to the last two, are the psychological prerequisites for social life; and the need for the first
two must not be underrated. We cannot make the most even of our intimate social life unless we are
able to make strangers of our oldest friends everyday by discovering unknown areas in their
personality, and transform them into new friends. In sum, social life is a function of vitality.
It is tragic, however, to observe that it is these very natural springs of social life which are drying up
among us. It is becoming more and more difficult to come across fellow-feeling for human beings as
such in our society-and in all its strata. In the poor middle class, in the course of all my life, I have
hardly seen any social life properly so-called. Not only has the grinding routine of making a living
killed all desire for it in them, it has also generated a standing mood of peevish hostility to other
human beings. Increasing economic distress in recent years has infinitely worsened this state of
affairs, and has also brought a sinister addition-class hatred. This has become the greatest collective
emotional enjoyment of the poor middle class, and indeed they feel most social when they form a
pack, and snarl or howl at people who are better off than they. Their most innocent exhibition of
sociability is seen when they spill out from their intolerable homes into the streets and bazaars. I was
astonished to see the milling crowds in the poor suburbs of Calcutta. But even there a group of
flippant young loafers would put on a conspiratorial look if they saw a man in good clothes passing
by them either on foot or in a car. I had borrowed a car from a relative to visit a friend in one of
these suburbs, and he became very anxious when I had not returned before dusk. Acid and bombs, he
said, were thrown at cars almost every evening in that area. I was amazed. But I also know as a fact
that my brother was blackmailed to pay five rupees on a trumped up charge when passing in a car
through one such locality.
The situation is differently inhuman, but not a whit more human, among the well-to-do. Kindliness
for fellow human beings has been smothered in them, taken as a class, by the arrogance of worldly
position, which among the Bengalis who show this snobbery is often only a third-class position.
Q13. In this passage the author is essentially
1. showing how shallow our social life is.
2. poking fun at the lower middle class people who howl at better off people.
3. lamenting the drying up of our real social life.
4. criticizing the upper class for lavish showy parties.
Q14. The author’s conception of ‘social life’ requires that
1. people attend large gatherings.
2. people possess qualities like wonder and interest.
3. people do not spend too much time in the company of intimate friends.
4. large parties consist of casual acquaintances and intimate friends.
Q15. What is the author trying to show through the two incidents in the paragraph beginning, “Their
most innocent exhibition of sociability………”?
1. The crowds in poor Calcutta suburbs can turn violent without any provocation.
2. Although poor, the people of poor Calcutta suburbs have a rich social life.
3. It is risky for rich people to move around in poor suburbs.
4. Achieving a high degree of sociability does not stop the poor from hating the rich.
Modern science, exclusive of geometry, is a comparatively recent creation and can be said to have
originated with Galileo and Newton. Galileo was the first scientist to recognize clearly that the only
way to further our understanding of the physical word was to resort to experiment. However obvious
Galileo’s contention may appear in the light of our present knowledge, it remains a fact that the
Greeks, in spite of their proficiency in geometry, never seem to have realized the importance of
experiment. To a certain extent this may be attributed to the crudeness of their instruments of
measurement. Still, an excuse of this sort can scarcely be put forward when the elementary nature of
Galileo’s experiments and observations is recalled. Watching a lamp oscillate in the cathedral of
Pisa, dropping bodies from the leaning tower of Pisa, rolling balls down inclined planes, noticing the
magnifying effect of water in a spherical glass vase, such was the nature of Galileo’s experiments
and observations. As can be seen, they might just as well have been performed by the Greeks. At any
rate, it was thanks to such experiments that Galileo discovered the fundamental law of dynamics,
according to which the acceleration imparted to a body is proportional to the force acting upon it.
The next advance was due to Newton, the greatest scientist of all time if account be taken of his joint
contributions to mathematics and physics. As a physicist, he was of course an ardent adherent of the
empirical method, but his greatest title to fame lies in another direction. Prior to Newton,
mathematics, chiefly in the form of geometry, had been studied as a fine art without any view to its
physical applications other than in very trivial cases. But with Newton all the resources of
mathematics were turned to advantage in the solution of physical problems. Thenceforth
mathematics appeared as an instrument of discovery, the most powerful one known to man,
multiplying the power of thought just as in the mechanical domain the lever multiplied our physical
action. It is this application of mathematics to the solution of physical problems, this combination of
two separate fields of investigation, which constitutes the essential characteristic of the Newtonian
method. Thus problems of physics were metamorphosed into problems of mathematics.
But in Newton’s day the mathematical instrument was still in a very backward state of development.
In this field again Newton showed the mark of genius by inventing the integral calculus. As a result
of this remarkable discovery, problems, which would have baffled Archimedes, were solved with
ease. We know that in Newton’s hands this new departure in scientific method led to the discovery
of the law of gravitation. But here again the real significance of Newton’s achievement lay not so
much in the exact quantitative formulation of the law of attraction, as in his having established the
presence of law and order at least in one important realm of nature, namely, in the motions of
heavenly bodies. Nature thus exhibited rationality and was not mere blind chaos and uncertainty. To
be sure, Newton’s investigations had been concerned with but a small group of natural phenomena,
but it appeared unlikely that this mathematical law and order should turn out to be restricted to
certain special phenomena; and the feeling was general that all the physical processes of nature
would prove to be unfolding themselves according to rigorous mathematical laws.
When Einstein, in 1905, published his celebrated paper on the electrodynamics of moving bodies, he
remarked that the difficulties, which surrounded the equations of electrodynamics, together with the
negative experiments of Michelson and others, would be obviated if we extended the validity of the
Newtonian principle of the relativity of Galilean motion, which applied solely to mechanical
phenomena, so as to include all manner of phenomena: electrodynamics, optical, etc. when extended
in this way the Newtonian principle of relativity became Einstein’s special principle of relativity. Its
significance lay in its assertion that absolute Galilean motion or absolute velocity must ever escape
all experimental detection. Henceforth absolute velocity should be conceived of as physically
meaningless, not only in the particular realm of mechanics, as in Newton’s day, but in the entire
realm of physical phenomena. Einstein’s special principle, by adding increased emphasis to this
relativity of velocity, making absolute velocity metaphysically meaningless, created a still more
profound distinction between velocity and accelerated or rotational motion. This latter type of
motion remained absolute and real as before. It is most important to understand this point and to
realize that Einstein’s special principle is merely an extension of the validity of the classical
Newtonian principle to all classes of phenomena.
Q16. According to the author, why did the Greeks NOT conduct experiments to understand the
physical world ?
1. Apparently they did not think it necessary to experiment.
2. They focused exclusively on geometry.
3. Their instruments of measurement were very crude.
4. The Greeks considered the application of geometry to the physical world more important.
Q17. The statement “Nature thus exhibited rationality and was not mere blind chaos and
uncertainty” suggests that
1. problems that had baffled scientists like Archimedes were not really problems.
2. only a small group of natural phenomena was chaotic.
3. physical phenomena conformed to mathematical laws.
4. natural phenomena were evolving towards a less chaotic future.
Q18. Which of the following statements about modern science best captures the theme of the
passage?
1. Modern science rests firmly on the platform built by the Greeks.
2. We need to go back to the method of enquiry used by the Greeks to better understand the laws of
dynamics.
3. Disciplines like Mathematics and Physics function best when integrated into one.
4. New knowledge about natural phenomena builds on existing knowledge
Q18. OOO
1. The beneficial effect of humor on experienced emotions is based on the mechanism that humorous
processing requires attentional resources so that people are distracted from negative stimuli.
2. But research on the effects of humor on later memory about negative stimuli is lacking.
3. Among various strategies to regulate emotion, cognitive reappraisal has been shown to modulate
both emotional experience and emotional memory.
4. In particular, the suggested mechanisms that may underlie the effects of humor on experienced
emotions make rather different predictions about how humor may affect later memory.
5. The effects of humor on the strength of elicited negative emotions when confronted with negative
stimuli have been examined in previous research.
Q19. OOO
1. The sheen of the steely body and the jet black hues of the hair would never go haywire, was my
belief.
2. Once, a semi-bald professor with some thin grey remnants on his head remarked in our class that
we should calmly accept the inevitable and irreversible truth of old age.
3. In our bubbly youthful days, it had never occurred to me that the army of age would invade me
too one day.
4. But one ne morning in my mid-30s, the heavens fell apart for me.
5. Without the Google devta at my disposal then, I remained unsettled for some days.
Q20. SS
Most of us agree that the presumption of innocence is an important standard. We are taught early on
that it’s essential to see all sides, to give everyone a chance to explain and to check for exculpatory
evidence that may have been missed. At a time when improper interactions between men and
women, particularly in the workplace, are part of a national conversation, we must nd a way to
ensure that everyone — the public, private and public institutions, and the accusers and alleged
accused — is given the opportunity for a swift and fair review.
1 Everyone must be treated fairly and under no circumstance should an innocent be prosecuted.
2 It is important to uphold the law of ‘presumption of innocence’ in order to check the prosecution
of an innocent man.
3 Everyone must be given a chance to prove his/her innocence and no one must be tried by media.
4 The logic behind the teaching of ‘presumption of innocence’ needs to be upheld, especially now.
Q21. SS
According to Mlodinow, the unconscious is not there as a defence mechanism against inappropriate
desires, but is "a gift of evolution that is crucial to our survival as a species". His study reveals how
the hidden structures of the unconscious mind influence our view of self and the world, from the
taste of beer (yes, price and packaging really do affect how it tastes) to how "branding a child a poor
learner will contribute to making the child exactly that". A fascinating insight into our "inner
unknown self" and its role in shaping the world we know!
1 According to Mlodinow and his study, the human unconscious mind is not a defence mechanism
but a way of building our self-confidence.
2 Mlodinow believes that with dire criticism, our subconscious mind will end up forming a poor
view of the world.
3 Mlodinow believes that the unconscious mind doesn’t simply curb our immoral tendencies but
rather helps us build our internal and external perceptions.
4 According to Mlodinow, the human subconscious mind is a proof of the brilliance of evolution
that advocates the survival of the fittest.
Q22. PJ
1. For writers like George Orwell, there is a whole honest politics in lucidity.

2. When it comes to the English language, long words are a clear enemy, say most of the style
guides.

3. They remind you that concrete words like ‘stony’ evoke the thing itself, while abstract words like
‘lapidarian’ convey nothing unless you know them.

4. They tell you to take out every extra word, starve your sentences, murder your pet phrases.
Q23. PJ

1. The British Empiricists, following Locke, subscribed to a tabula rasa theory, denying innate ideas
and maintaining that our knowledge must ultimately be based on sense experience.

2. Descartes and his followers were convinced that a priori knowledge of the existence of God, as an
infinitely perfect Being, was possible and favored (what Kant would later call) the Ontological
Argument as a way to establish it.

3. The Continental Rationalists, following Descartes, subscribed to a theory of a priori innate ideas
that provide a basis for universal and necessary knowledge.

4. By contrast, Locke and his followers spurned such a priori reasoning and resorted to empirical
approaches, such as the Cosmological Argument and the Teleological Arguments or Design
Arguments.

5. Before Kant, modern European philosophy was generally split into two rival camps.
Q24. PJ
1. In some fields, however, Japan still allows itself some swagger: it is, for example, happy
to describe itself as a “robotics superpower”.
2. The robotic exoskeleton can add strength and stamina to healthy limbs, restore movement
to enfeebled ones and aptly serves as a symbol of Japanese ingenuity in overcoming debility.
3. Japan’s economic pride has suffered many years of deflation, a form of macroeconomic
self-deprecation, in which firms and workers continuously discount what they do.
4. In a speech early this year Shinzo Abe, the Prime Minister, praised a “dream robot suit”
made by Cyberdyne as a prime example of the country’s technological advances.
5. Japan is not, by nature, a boastful country: its opportunities for bombast have shrunk
along with its population.