Fractures occur due to trauma, osteoporosis, or other bone diseases. There are different types of fractures including closed or open, displaced or non-displaced, complete or incomplete. Fractures can occur in many bones including the clavicle, ribs, spine, scapula, and long bones. Proper evaluation with imaging such as x-rays can identify the location and pattern of the fracture to guide treatment.
Fractures occur due to trauma, osteoporosis, or other bone diseases. There are different types of fractures including closed or open, displaced or non-displaced, complete or incomplete. Fractures can occur in many bones including the clavicle, ribs, spine, scapula, and long bones. Proper evaluation with imaging such as x-rays can identify the location and pattern of the fracture to guide treatment.
Fractures occur due to trauma, osteoporosis, or other bone diseases. There are different types of fractures including closed or open, displaced or non-displaced, complete or incomplete. Fractures can occur in many bones including the clavicle, ribs, spine, scapula, and long bones. Proper evaluation with imaging such as x-rays can identify the location and pattern of the fracture to guide treatment.
Fractures occur due to trauma, osteoporosis, or other bone diseases. There are different types of fractures including closed or open, displaced or non-displaced, complete or incomplete. Fractures can occur in many bones including the clavicle, ribs, spine, scapula, and long bones. Proper evaluation with imaging such as x-rays can identify the location and pattern of the fracture to guide treatment.
Fractures Radiation protection : It is important to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure to minimize harmful effects of it. So for safety we should minimize the time we exposure to radiation, take an enough distance from the radiating source & make a shield such as ( Leads aprons, Thyroid collars, Leaded googles, leaded gloves, gonadal shields and dosimeter ). high بتاعه كبير و كمان عندهatomic number معمول من الرصاص علشان ال بالتالي هيقدر يكون عازل كويس بيننا و بين االشعةdensity Safe dose shouldn't exceeds 5000 millirems. Life time do not exceed the age X 1000millirems. Radiation weighting factor for x ray is expressed by sievert (SV) the unit for the dose of radiation that affects the human body. Lead aprons must be replaced every 5 years.
Fractures : A damage in the continuity of the bone due to an impact , stress or minimal trauma ( abbreviated FRX, Fx, or #). these occurs due to Osteopororsis, bone cancer or osteogenesis imperficta (Same as osteoporosis but occurs in children due to genetic disorder ) these are called pathologic fractures. Mechanism of fracture : Traumatic fracture ; due to sustained trauma as fall or road accident. Pathologic fracture ; fracture due to disease such as metastasis or osteopororsis wich is the most common cause of fractures Periprosthetic fracture ; fracture at the point of mechanical weakness at the end of implant. يعني الكسر بيحصل عند الجزء اللي فيه تغغير في المفصل بمسمار مثال زي الصورة كدا
Periprosthetic fracture at the
end of the femur after total knee replacement
Soft tissue involvement :
Closed fracture : fracture without skin injury Opened Fracture : involves a wound associated with fracture and it is high risk of infection.
Opened fracture of the clavicle Closed fracture of the clavicle
Fracture pattern : Linear fracture : Fracture that is parallel to bone axis.
Transverse Oblique fracture Spiral fracture :
fracture : At the : Diagonal to the One part of the right angle of the bone axis more bone has been bone axis. than 30 degrees. twisted.
Compression / Impacted fracture Avulsion
wedge fracture : Bone fragments are fracture : Usually in driven into each When a part of vertebrae as the others. the bone is body is collapsed separated from due to main mass oteoporosis Fragments : Incomplete fracture : Bone fragments are still partially attached to each other. Complete fracture : Bone fragments are completely separated. Comminuted fracture : Bone has broken into several fragments.
Incomplete fracture ( greenstick fracture that occurs in children)
Angulated comminuted fracture
Displacement : Non-displaced Displaced : Translated يعني العضمة اتكسرت و اتحركت من مكانها بس لسا الجزئين المسين من غير اي حركة تانية Rotated العضمة اتكسرت و لفت حوالين نفسها Shortened العضمة اتكسرت و طلعت فوق التانية فبانت انها قصرت Angulated العضمة اتكسرت و عملت زاوية مع التانية Anatomical location : Spinal fracture : 1- Teardrop fracture : fracture of the anterior inferior part of the vertebral body of cervical vertebrae 2- Clay-shoveler fracture : fracture of the spinous process of the lower cervical vertebrae or upper thoracic . 3- Burst fracture : fracture due to high-energy axial load on vertebrae vertebrae بالظبط بس في الcomminuted زي ال 4- Compression fracture : collapse of the vertebrae in form of wedge fracture .
Clay shoveler's fracture Teardrop fracture
Distal radius fracture :
1- Colle's fracture : with posterior displacement of the wrist. 2- Smith's fracture : with anterior displacement of the wrist. 3- Barton's fracture : Intra-articular fracture with radiocarpal joint dislocation Clavicle fracture : It is often occur due to fall on outstretched arm ( FOOSH ), fall on shoulder or direct blow on it.
او ايclavicle بعد ما تتكسر سواء، بتاعهاX-ray ارجع للصور فوق عشان تشوف ال proper union to fractured كسر تاني بيحتاج ارجعه مكانه طبعا عشان يحصل يعني ارجع العضم المكسور مكانهclosed reduction ف عندي حاجة اسمهاbone و ممكن اعمله.من غير جراحة و ده بيبقا الزمه راحة عشان ما يتحركش من مكانه تاني و هو اني ارجعه مكانه بعملية و هركب مسامير و شرايح و ده مشopen reduction طبعا بحدد ده علي اساس طبيعة الكسر و شكله و طبيعة، بيحتاج راحة كبيرة زي االوالني .شغل المريض و حاجات تاني كتير
Allman classification to the sites of clavicle fracture :
Group I : Middle third injuries Group II : Distal third injuries Group III : Medial third injuries
Clavicle fracture is often associated with subclavian artery injury
which have some complications : Brachial plexus injury venous stasis Skin discoloration and swelling Decreased pulse Sternal fracture : Occurs in some people who are exposed to chest trauma. It can interfere with breathing and may associated with rib fracture which causes lung injury.
Viewed in : Lateral sternal view
Signs & symptoms of the fracture :
crepitus (cracking sound at the site of the fracture), pain, tenderness, bruising, and swelling over the fracture site. Most fractures occurs at upper and middle parts of the sternum but the most occurs below sternal angle may cause X ray of sternal fracture (lateral view) non-union, pectus excavatum (funnel chest), pseudoarthroses (a false joint that forms when there is nonunion of bone fragments ).
Rib fracture : Commonly due to trauma Superior rib fractures : 1st to 3rd commonly associated with brachial plexus injury. Middle rib fractures : 4th to 9th Inferior rib fracture : 10th to 12th commonly associated with visceral injury
Signs & symptoms : Pain on inhalation, Swelling in chest area,
Bruise in chest area, Increasing shortness of breath, Coughing up blood in case of lung damage Types of rib fracture : 1- Simple rib fracture : Sharp pain and tenderness at the point of injury, Inability to breathe deeply, have a stabbing pain, discoloration or deformity around the chest area, the rate of respiration will be the elevated, shallow breathing to minimize the pain with each breath.
2- Severe rib fracture : The most important sign of severe fracture in
the chest is distress in respiration, rapid or shallow breathing, elevated heart rate will be there, cyanosis around the mouth and nose. It means that the lungs are punctured. Also notice the movements of the chest. In case the one part of the chest rises while the other falls during inhalations فعملlung و دخل جواfracture displacement بيكون حصلهrib علشان ال pneumothorax, haemothorax, atelectasis ( a complete or partial ) و بالتالي مش هنشوف الcollapse of the entire lung or area of the lung بيتحرك و العيان بيتنفس في الناحية المصابةchest
Viewed by : Oblique view and P-A lordotic view
Floating ribs fracture : 2 ribs are fractured.
Flial chest or Buckle rib fracture : 3 ribs or more are fractured
X ray of Rib fracture P-A
view Scapular fracture : It is a rarely bone fracture as it is in a protected place. High speed vehicle accidents is the most common cause. same signs and symptoms of other fractures but they take couple of days to appear. Viewed by : A-p view, Axial view, Axillary view
X-ray of scapular fracture
Vertebral fracture : Flexion fracture : Compression fracture. While the front of the vertebra breaks and loses height,it is usually stable and is rarely associated with neurologic problems and commonly occur in patients with osteoporosis. بالظبطteardrop fracture زيه زي Extension fracture : Flexion/distraction (Chance) fracture. The vertebra is pulled apart (distraction). This type of fracture can occur in a head-on car collision when the upper body is thrown forward while the pelvis is stabilized by a lap seat belt. ده بيحصل لما الواحد يبقا راكب عربية و حاطط حزام االمان و فجأة يفرمل ف جسمه هيروح لقدام بنفس سرعة العربية و الجزء اللي تحت عنده متثبت في الكرسي ف هيروح من فوق و من تحت و بروح شاققها زي الصورة كداvertebrae ضاغط علي Mechanism of the Chance fracture chance fracture
Rotation fracture : It is a transverse process fracture occurs due
to extreme rotation ( so it occurs to ballerina mostly ) and it's a rare type of vertebral fracture
Ct scan for vertebrae showing
fracture of the transverse process ( rotation fracture ).
