SECTION- I

ACTIVITY NO. 1
AIM:-To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of a given circuit
using multimeter.

APPARATUS:-Three carbon resistors, one standard resistance coil, a battery eliminator with tapping
(2 V, 4 V and 6 V), a step down transformer (6-0-6 V) with two tapping (2 V and 4 V), a resistor of 100
ohm, a plug key and multimeter.

THEORY:-Multimeter. It is a single measuring device acting as an Ammeter, a Voltmeter and an

Ohmmeter. With this reason, it is also called AVO meter.It can measure alternating as well as direct
current and alternating as well as direct voltage in addition to resistance. For this purpose its panel is
divided into five different sections. There are many ranges in each section so that it can measure from
micro (10-6) to mega (106) units. Rotation of a knob changes the section and the range in one section.

1. Rotation of knob for change in ammeter range, brings shunt resistances of different values in circuit in
parallel with the coil.

2.Rotation of knob for change in voltmeter range, brings series resistances of different values in circuit
in series with the coil.

3.Rotation of knob for change in ohmmeter range, brings different resistances in circuit in series with the
multimeter cell.

DIAGRAM:-

PROCEDURE:-
(a)For measuring resistance

1. Plug out a key from resistance box of resistance, say 200 ohm.
2. Select appropriate range in multimeter by rotating the knob of multimeter.
3. Now put red and black probes on two terminal of resistance box.
4. Read the value of resistance in multimeter.

(b) D.C. Voltage

1. Select a D.C. source of potential difference, 6 V battery eliminator or a battery.
2. Plug the probes black in com and red in +ve.
3. Select D.C. volt, by turning the selector switch to range 10 V D.C. volts,
4. Touch and press other ends of probes such that red is on battery terminal marked +ve and black
on -ve and note the reading.

(c) A.C. Volts

1. Turn the selector A.C. (more than 230 Volts).
2. Touch and press the probes other ends to two terminals of A.C. source of potential
drop and note the reading.

(d) Continuity of given circuit 

1. Set the selector switch to ohm, range MΩ.
2. Touch and press the ends of probes at A and B, if multimeter shows no reading that means there
is discontinuity and if it shows some finite value of resistance it indicates continuity.
3. Similarly check in succession the continuity between terminals B and C and terminals C and D.
Never place the probes ends between terminals connected with the terminals of the battery.

NOTE:-In digital electronic multimeter for continuity test rotor is set to mark 0 and a buzzer , sounds
when probes are connected to ends of components tested.

OBSERVATION:-

Parameter to be measure Original values Multimeter values

resistance 200 ohm 198 ohm
AC voltage 220 volts 232 volts
DC voltage 6 volts 6 volts

CONCLUSION:-
1. The measured values by multimeter match with resistance box values.
2. A.C. and D.C. voltages marked on voltage sources match with voltage measured by multimeter.
3. Continuity of Circuit also checked.
PRECAUTION:-
1. Instructions for handling the multimeter should be gone through thoroughly as it is a very handy
instrument and is likely to get damaged if carelessly or ignorantly used.
2. Select the appropriate parameter current, voltage or resistance to the measured and set it on
appropriate range.
3. If range of the parameter measured is not known, start with maximum. For measuring V, never
connect more than maximum 600 V.
 ACTIVITY NO. 2
AIM:-To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.

APPARATUS:- A fully charged 4.5 V battery or battery eliminator, a low resistance rheostat, a
voltmeter of range (0-3.0 V), a one way key, a jockey, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.

THEORY:-
For a potentiometer with wire of uniform material density and thickness (cross-sectional area) carrying a
steady current, potential drop is proportional to the length of the wire. where K is the drop of potential
per unit length. It is called the potential gradient.
i.e., Vα L
V = KL
V
K = = constant ,where K is the drop of potential per unit length. It is called the
L
potential gradient.

DIAGRAM:-

PROCEDURE:-
1. Draw a circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections as in figure.
2. Remove the insulation from the ends of the connecting copper wires with a sand paper.
3. Connect the positive pole of the battery (eliminator) (a battery of constant e.m.f.) to the zero end
(P) of the potentiometer and the negative pole through a one-way key, and a low resistance
rheostat to the other end (Q) of the potentiometer.
4. Connect the positive terminal of the voltmeter to the end P of the potentiometer and the negative
terminal to the jockey.
5. Touch the end of the jockey to the end Q of the potentiometer.
6. Touch the jockey at end P at 0 (zero) cm. The voltmeter will give zero deflection.
7. Touch the jockey at marks separated by 50 cm length of wire. Note the voltmeter reading in each
case.
8. Record your observations in tabular form as given ahead.
OBSERVATIONS:- 

L.C. of voltmeter - 0.05V

Range of voltmeter - 0-3V

S.No. Potentiometer wire length L (in Voltmeter reading (in Volt)

cm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
GRAPH:- Plot graph Length v/s potential drop

CALCULATIONS:-

Graph of Length v/s potential drop will be a straight line and its slope will provides value of potential
gradient k =V/L
Calculation from Graph –
Slope = dy/dx = 0.6-0.4/150-100 = 0.2/50 =0.004 V/cm

RESULT:-

(i) The graph between V and L is straight line. Therefore, potential drop along the length
of wire is directly proportional to its length
Vα L
V = KL
(ii) The potential drop per unit length of wire is 0.004V/cm

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. The positive terminal of the voltmeter and positive terminal of battery must be connect at same
end of potentiometer.
2. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire gently.
3. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
 ACTIVITY NO. 3
AIM:-To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key,
ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the
circuit and also the circuit diagram.

APPARATUS:-A battery eliminator or a battery (0 to 12V), rheostat, resistance box (0 to 1000Ω),

two or one way key. D.C. ammeter (0-3) A and a D.C. voltmeter (0-3) V.

THEORY:-An ammeter is always connected in series and voltmeter always connected in parallel in
circuit.

DIAGRAM:-

PROCEDURE:-
Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.
Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with the battery eliminator.
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).
One way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.
Correct circuit diagram: (Components connected in proper order)
OBSERVATIONS:-

Incorrect position Correct position

Ammeter is placed in parallel to resistor Ammeter is placed in series to resistor
Voltmeter connected in series with resistor Voltmeter connected in parallel with resistor

RESULT:-Electric components are connected correctly in the circuit.

PRECAUTION:-
1. End of connecting wire should be cleaned by sand paper before use.
2. Positive terminal of battery should be connect with +ve terminal of voltmeter and ammeter.