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Handbook-C 20

Constants in C are declared with the const keyword and assigned a value. Common conventions are to declare constants in uppercase and variables in lowercase for improved readability. Constants follow the same naming rules as variables but cannot start with a digit. Constants can also be defined using the #define preprocessor directive without specifying a type or using an equals sign. C offers a variety of operators for arithmetic, comparison, logical, compound assignment, and miscellaneous operations on data.

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34 views6 pages

Handbook-C 20

Constants in C are declared with the const keyword and assigned a value. Common conventions are to declare constants in uppercase and variables in lowercase for improved readability. Constants follow the same naming rules as variables but cannot start with a digit. Constants can also be defined using the #define preprocessor directive without specifying a type or using an equals sign. C offers a variety of operators for arithmetic, comparison, logical, compound assignment, and miscellaneous operations on data.

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yospanith
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Constants

Let's now talk about constants.

A constant is declared similarly to variables, except it


is prepended with the   const  keyword, and you
always need to specify a value.

Like this:

const int age = 37;

This is perfectly valid C, although it is common to


declare constants uppercase, like this:

const int AGE = 37;

It's just a convention, but one that can greatly help you
while reading or writing a C program as it improves
readability. Uppercase name means constant,
lowercase name means variable.

A constant name follows the same rules for variable


names: can contain any uppercase or lowercase letter,
can contain digits and the underscore character, but it
can't start with a digit.  AGE  and  Age10  are valid
variable names,  1AGE  is not.

Another way to define constants is by using this


syntax:

#define AGE 37

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In this case, you don't need to add a type, and you
don't also need the  =  equal sign, and you omit the
semicolon at the end.

The C compiler will infer the type from the value


specified, at compile time.

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Operators
C offers us a wide variety of operators that we can use
to operate on data.

In particular, we can identify various groups of


operators:

arithmetic operators
comparison operators
logical operators
compound assignment operators
bitwise operators
pointer operators
structure operators
miscellaneous operators

In this section I'm going to detail all of them, using 2


imaginary variables  a  and  b  as examples.

I am keeping bitwise operators, structure


operators and pointer operators out of this list, to
keep things simpler

Arithmetic operators
In this macro group I am going to separate binary
operators and unary operators.

Binary operators work using two operands:

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Operator Name Example
 =  Assignment  a = b 

 +  Addition  a + b 

 -  Subtraction  a - b 

 *  Multiplication  a * b 

 /  Division  a / b 

 %  Modulo  a % b 

Unary operators only take one operand:

Operator Name Example


 +  Unary plus  +a 

 -  Unary minus  -a 

 ++  Increment  a++  or  ++a 

 --  Decrement  a--  or  --a 

The difference between  a++  and  ++a  is that  a++ 

increments the   a  variable after using it.   ++a 

increments the  a  variable before using it.

For example:

int a = 2;
int b;
b = a++ /* b is 2, a is 3 */
b = ++a /* b is 4, a is 4 */

The same applies to the decrement operator.

Comparison operators

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Operator Name Example
 ==  Equal operator  a == b 

 !=  Not equal operator  a != b 

 >  Bigger than  a > b 

 <  Less than  a < b 

 >=  Bigger than or equal to  a >= b 

 <=  Less than or equal to  a <= b 

Logical operators
 !  NOT (example:  !a )

 &&  AND (example:  a && b )

 ||  OR (example:  a || b )

Those operators are great when working with boolean


values.

Compound assignment
operators
Those operators are useful to perform an assignment
and at the same time perform an arithmetic operation:

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Operator Name Example
 +=  Addition assignment  a += b 

 -=  Subtraction assignment  a -= b 

Multiplication
 *=   a *= b 
assignment
 /=  Division assignment  a /= b 

 %=  Modulo assignment  a %= b 

Miscellaneous operators
The ternary operator
The ternary operator is the only operator in C that
works with 3 operands, and it’s a short way to express
conditionals.

This is how it looks:

<condition> ? <expression> : <expression>

Example:

a ? b : c

If  a  is evaluated to  true , then the  b  statement is


executed, otherwise  c  is.

The ternary operator is functionality-wise same as an


if/else conditional, except it is shorter to express and it
can be inlined into an expression.

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