CHAPTER 1 - ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW

Lesson 1
Organs - a larger combine tissues structure that
Basic Structures & perform specific functions.

Functions of the Human Organ System - a collection of organs that are all
geared towards accomplishing a specific larger
Body function within the body.

 Human Body are discrete units The Functions of the Human

within that system to attend to each of these
needs at once, functioning at their Body
designated roles but cooperating together
at the same time.

 Homeostasis - is the tendency to resist

Basic Structure of Human change in order to maintain the body stable
Body and is ability to constantly sense and correct
changes within the body.
Cell - a membrane-enclosed compartment
containing molecular machinery dedicated to
carrying out metabolic reactions and maintaining
the genetic material. Organ systems into some broad
categories based on the kinds of
Tissue - a specialized group of cells and their things they do to help us
maintain homeostasis:
products that function together.
For movement and support, the muscular
4 Types of Tissue: system and the skeletal system provide the body
with movement, support, and protection -
1. Epithelial tissue - is great for functions crucial for survival and interaction
building structures with walls and with our environment.
passageways and compartments. For protection, the body is under constant
environmental assault and also must deal with
2. Muscle tissue - has cells internal housekeeping of fluids, old cellular
organized and coordinating material, and malfunctioning cells.
The integumentary (protective layer) and
together to contract and move. lymphatic/immune systems are dedicated to
these tasks.
For maintenance, this is probably the category
3. Nervous tissue - consists of most associated with homeostasis. Nutrients
neurons linked together in vast and oxygen are brought into our bodies for fuel
networks for transmitting and (digestive and respiratory system) and waste, in
receiving information. terms of carbon dioxide and body fluids, are
disposed (urinary, digestive, and respiratory
system).
For transport, the cardiovascular system is
4. Connective tissue - provides
dedicated to moving materials around the
much of the physical structures and body, both the delivery of essential cellular
supports within the body and materials and removal of waste materials.
includes materials like cartilage, fat,
bone, and blood.

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For control, the nervous and endocrine systems Levels of Structural

Lesson 2
provide the crucial controls of all the organs
carrying out the diverse functions in the body. Organization in the
For reproduction, the reproductive system
Human Body
ensures the survival of our species and plays a
major role in our development into functioning  The levels of organization start at the most
and healthy adults complex level and end at the most basic
level, from the whole organism to the
cellular level.

ORGANIS Life form and all the

systems, organs, tissues,
M LEVEL cells, and molecules that it
contains.

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 Offers protection from the environment,

ORGAN Organ systems are made up
Lesson 3
of organs that work together provides form and individual recognition
SYSTEN to perform specific and vital characteristics and aids in temperature and
LEVEL functions within the body.
water regulation.
There are 11 organ system
in the body.
Muscular System
ORGAN A structure composed of
multiple tissue types that  Composed of skeletal muscles but excludes
LEVEL carries out a specific
function.
smooth and cardiac muscles, which are
included in other organ systems
TISSUE A group of similar cells
 Provides locomotion and support, allow the
working together to perform
LEVEL a function. There are four body to manipulate the surroundings and
tissue types within the produces heat (due to its high metabolic
human body. That means activity).
that any individual organ
can only be composed of at
most four different tissue
types.

CELLULA Cells are the smallest units

of life, and hence are often Skeletal System
R LEVEL referred to as the building
blocks of life.
 Composed of bones, joints, cartilage,
ligaments and tendons.

Organ System
 Organ system is a group of anatomical structures
that work together to perform a specific function or
task.
Integumentary System  Provides structural support and protection
for the internal organs of the body.
 In cooperation with the muscular system,
the skeletal system participates in
movement and locomotion.
 Serves as a reservoir for calcium,
phosphorus, magnesium and other

 Includes skin, hair, subcutaneous fat and nail

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minerals that are important in a wide  It conveys immune cells, electrolytes,

array of physiological processes. hormones and other vital substances
throughout the body.
 The circulatory system directly
Nervous System
communicates with the lymphatic system,
 Includes the brain, spinal cord, autonomic leading many to count these two systems
and somatic nerves and all sensory as one.
organs, including those that serve vision, Lymphatic System
smell, sensation, balance, hearing and
taste.  Made up of the lymphatic vessels, which
 Coordinates movements and controls travel with the blood vessels, and the
responses to both external and internal lymph nodes, where immune cells are
stimuli. produced.
 It serves as the storehouse and processing  Returns a clear fluid called 'lymph' from
center for memories, it regulates mood your tissues and organs to the heart.
and it provides the mechanisms for social Lymph is produced by the leakage of a
interaction and development. small amount of fluid from blood vessels
into the surrounding tissues.
 Transport’s fats absorbed from intestine
and carries immune cells from one place

Circulatory System

 Includes heart, blood vessels and blood.

 Responsible for delivering oxygen and to another in your body.
nutrients to every cell, tissue and organ in
Respiratory System
the body.
 Encompasses the organs of breathing,
which include nose, pharynx (mouth),
larynx (throat), trachea (windpipe),
bronchi and bronchioles (airways), lungs
and diaphragm.

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 Sinuses, which are lined by the same type  Includes all hormone-producing organs, or
of cells that line your upper airways, are 'glands,' such as the thyroid, pituitary,
included in the respiratory system. pancreas, adrenals, hypothalamus, gonads
 Principal site of gas exchange in body. and pineal.
The oxygen is absorbed into to your  The hormones produced by these organs
bloodstream and carbon dioxide is are released directly into the bloodstream.
removed. Air moving through the These chemical messengers travel
respiratory system also provides the throughout the body and help regulate the
person with the ability to vocalize (i.e., activities of other organ systems. Many
speak and sing). hormones, such as insulin from pancreas
and thyroxine from thyroid gland, are
essential for life.

Urinary/Excretory System

 Consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a

urinary bladder and a urethra.
 Body's mechanism for eliminating
metabolic wastes and excess water.
 It normally Anatomical abnormalities
sometimes lead to duplication or
elimination of one or more of these
organs.
 In addition to producing urine, kidneys are
intimately involved in maintaining the
fluid and mineral balance in bloodstream.
They also participate in a number of
important physiologic processes, such as
producing vitamin D and controlling

Endocrine System
blood pressure.

Reproductive System

 unlike other organ systems, is structurally

quite different in human males and
females.

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 In males, the reproductive organs include  Includes the lips, teeth, mouth, tongue,
Lesson 4
the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus,
prostate, seminal vesicles and penis. The stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas,
purpose of the reproductive system is to small and large intestines, rectum and
produce and deposit sperm anus
 In females, the reproductive system is  Responsible for receiving, digesting and
composed of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, absorbing nutrients.
uterus (including the cervix), vagina and  Following absorption of the useful
labia. The mammary glands of the female substances from the food, the remaining
breast are usually included in the waste material is excreted.
reproductive system as well. In females,  Digestive system plays a role in
the reproductive system is responsible for maintaining proper fluid balance, and the
nourishing and protecting the developing trillions of microorganisms living within
infant as well as producing ova (eggs). the intestine are essential for regulating
the immune response

Homeostasis in the
Human Body
 Homeostasis is the term we use to
describe the reasonably stable internal
environment of the body.
Digestive System  Is the regulation of condition inside the
body to maintain a stable internal

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 The human body original state is restored

Key Terms due to a response that opposes a change.
 Basically, negative feedback is a loop of
homeostasis: term that refers to the action in which the body will restore the
ability to maintain a reasonably stable body to its stable internal environment.
internal condition regardless of (i.e., body temperature and blood
surrounding factors glucose regulation)
nervous system: body system that uses
electrical signals traveling along nerves POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS
to communicate with each other  amplify their initiating stimuli, they move
endocrine system: body system that the system away from its starting state. (i.e.,
uses hormones that travel through the labor contractions)
blood to convey messages
negative feedback loop: used to
maintain homeostasis; the original
state is restored due to a response that
opposes that change
A
hypothalamus: portion of the brain
that acts as the body's thermostat and
helps regulate body temperature
diabetes: disease that causes the body
to be unable to regulate blood glucose
levels
environment in response to both
internal and external condition.

Communication Systems

 Communication within your body is

accomplished through the nervous
system, which uses electrical signals
traveling along nerves, and the
endocrine system, which uses
hormones that travel through the blood
to convey messages.
 The body have a receptor to detect the
change, a control center to determine
how to respond to that change, and an
effector to carry out the orders and
return the body to homeostasis.

Negative Feedback Loop

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Lesson 5 6
Lesson
Superficial and deep

Anatomical Directional  Superficial: closer

to the skin or body
Term surface

 Deep: further
away from the skin
or body surface
inology
STANDARD ANOTOMICAL
 Anatomical Direction POSITION:
describe location of
features more o Standing upright
precisely. o Arms at the side
o Palms forward
o Feet together
LEFT AND RIGHT

 Sides of person in
anatomical position
(not the person as observer)

Anteri
Anterior and posterior
or
 Anterior: towards the front of the body.
Other Term: Ventral Posteri
 Posterior: towards the back of theorbody.
Other Term: Dorsal

Superior and inferior

 Superior: above, towards the head

 Inferior: below, towards the feet

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Anatomical
Lesson 7 Directional Anatomical Lesson
Directional
8

Terminology: Terminology:

Lateral, Medial & More Def

Lateral and Medial

Proximal and Distal

 Only use when describing 2 points on the

SAME
limb (arm or leg)
 Proximal: closer to where arm or leg inserts
into body.
 Distal: further away from where arm or leg
inserts into the body.
Lateral: Something that is farther away from the midline
Medial: something that is closer to the midline
Palmar, Dorsal and Plantar

 Contralateral and Ipsilateral

Palmar: aspect
of your
hand,
which,
again, is a term that describes something
located in, on or pertaining to the palm of
the hand.
 Dorsal: aspect of the hand, the term refers
to something that is towards the back of Ipsilateral: something that's affecting, or on, the same side
something. In this case, it's the back of our of the body
hand. Contralateral: that something is affecting, or on, the
 Palmar: surface refers to the sole of the opposite side of the body.
foot. The sole of the foot is like the palm of
the hand while the back-side, so to speak, of
the foot is known as the dorsal surface, just
like the back of the hand.

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Planes of the Human  Transverse Plane: plane that divides the body

Body:

The Median and Sagittal Plane

into superior and inferior portions and is

sometimes called the 'horizontal plane' as
well.

The OBLIQUE PLANE



  Medial Plane: This is a vertical

plane that divides the body into equal
right and left halves.
 Sagittal Plane: Any vertical plane that is
parallel to the median plane

The Coronal Plane/Frontal

Oblique Plane: plane that divides from any diagonal
section

 Coronal Plane: plane that separates the body

into anterior and posterior parts.

The Transverse Plane

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