CERTIFICATE It is certified that I, Ekta kapoor student of GNIIT, Ambala Cantt ,is submitting this project on RAILWAY RESERVATION

to my faculty members.

Submitted by Submitted to Aggarwal

Ekta Kapoor Miss Aakanksha

Acknowledgement

This project would not been possible without the kind assistance and guidance of many people.

I acknowledge my ineptness to those friends who have given there valuable assistance and suggestion in making this project report. I am very thankful to Mr. Balbinder, Sir for their great efforts that hold supervision me lot in completing this project on operating system.

INDEX Ser Contents No 1. Introduction 2. 3. 4. 5. Page No operating 1 2 3-6 7-9 10

of

system. Need of operating system. History of operating system. Types of operating system. Operating system as an extended Machine. Advantages

6. 7.

of

operating 11

system. Disadvantages of operating 12 13 14 15 16 17

system. 8. Advantages of window XP. 9. Disadvantages of window XP. 10. Advantages of window vista. 11. Disadvantages of window vista. 12. Conclusion.

INTRODUCTION OPERATING SYSTEM Operating System is a Software Program which Acts an Interface between Computer user and hardware. It provides an environment in which a user can execute programs in an efficient manner. An operating system is also resource sharing and management interfaces software that helps to increase the availability of the computer resources to its user, while facilitating interaction with the hardware. The operating system is a probably the most Power full and important piece of the software in a computer system along with the hardware , the operating system and other software from complete, versatile, efficient and easy to the user. The purpose of an operating system is to organize and control hardware and software

so that the device it lives in behaves in a flexible but predictable way. In this module, we'll tell you what a piece of software must do to be called an operating system,
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NEED OF OPERATING SYSTEM This is the same question we ask to the Persons as one of them knows English and the other ones know Spanish, so we need one person who should be able to communicate between two. Same is the answer here. It is the communication pathway between the user of the machine and the machine where machine knows only machine language i.e. '1' and '0' on the other hand the man knows the alphabetic language. So operating system gets the alphabetic language from the user and changes it to the machine understandable language

It manages the hardware and software resources of the system. In a desktop

computer, these resources include such things as the processor, memory, disk space, etc. (On a cell phone, they include the keypad, the screen, the address book, the phone dialer, the battery and network the connection.)
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HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEM First generation -1940 OPERATING SYSTEMS the brief history of operating systems forms 1940-90: In the 1940's there were no operating systems were in existence. There were single users, who did ALL the machine handling. Programming was usually done in machine code, mostly done as pure binary in Punched Card images, but using switches and wires. The storage was very limited on these computers. In the late 1940's assemblers were developed for the translation of mnemonic machine code into binary. In the 1950's Operating systems for Single Stream Batch Processing were developed.

Previously, the programmer was also the operator, who could make run time decisions. In batch processing the programmer was not usually present, and therefore instructions had to be provided in the "job control language" cards loaded before the program cards and data cards. This was not good for program development, since even trivial syntax errors caused the program to be aborted.
4

Second Generation- 1950

By the early 1950's, the routine had improved somewhat with the introduction of punch cards. The General Motors Research Laboratories implemented the first operating systems in early 1950's for their IBM 701. The system of the 50's generally ran one think at a time. These were called single-stream batch processing systems because programs and data were submitted in groups or batches.

The second generation was a period of intense operating system development. Also it was a period of batch processing system. But the batch processing system of one job at a time remained a significant limitation. Thus there continued to be a low CPU utilization for input/output (I/O) bound job and low I/O devices utilization for CPU bound jobs. This was major concerns since the computers were very large and expensive machines. Resources given to experiments with multiprogramming and multiprocessing in their computing services.
5

Third Generation - 1960

The systems of the 1960's were also batch processing systems, but they were able to take better advantage of the computer's resources by running several jobs at once. So operating systems designers developed the

concept of multiprogramming in which several jobs are in main memory at once; a processor is switched from job to job as needed to keep several jobs advancing while keeping the peripheral devices in use. Another major feature in thirdgeneration operating system was the technique called spooling (simultaneous peripheral operations on line). In spooling, a high-speed device like a disk interposed between a running program and a low-speed device involved with the program in input/output (I/O). Instead of writing directly to a printer, for example, outputs are written to the disk. Programs can run to completion faster, and other programs can be initiated sooner when the printer becomes available, the outputs may be printed.
6

Fourth Generation at present With the development of LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuits, chips, operating system entered in the system entered

in the personal computer and the workstation age. Microprocessor technology evolved to the point that it becomes possible to build desktop computers as powerful as the mainframes of the 1970s. Two operating systems have dominated the personal computer scene: MS-DOS, written by Microsoft, Inc. for the IBM PC and other machines using the Intel 8088 CPU and its successors, and UNIX. Todays computer can work as multiple pc it can works so many of task at one time.

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM Single task

As the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. The Palm OS for Palm handheld computers is a good example of a modern singleuser, single-task operating system.

Multi user

In computing, an operating system that enables several users to access centrally stored data and programs simultaneously over a network. Each user has a terminal, which may be local (connected directly to the computer) or remote (connected to the computer via a modem and a telephone line). The growth of the internet has given rise to new forms of application level multi-user systems. Multi-user online games and meeting software are examples of a growing range of collaboration and interaction systems.

Multi-access is usually achieved by time-sharing: the computer switches very rapidly between terminals and programs so that each user has sole use of the computer for only a fraction of a second but can work as if she or he had continuous access. Multi-user systems are becoming increasingly common in the workplace, and have many advantages such as enabling employees to refer to and update a shared corporate database

Multi tasking

Multitasking, in an operating system, is allowing a user to perform more than one computer task (such as the operation of an application) at a time. The operating system is able to keep track of where you are in these tasks and go from one to the other without losing information. Microsoft Windows 2000, IBM's OS/390, and Linux are examples of operating systems that

can do multitasking (almost all of today's operating systems can).

When you open your Web browser and then open word at the same time, you are causing the operating system to do multitasking. Being able to do multitasking doesn't mean that an unlimited number of tasks can be juggled at the same time. Each task consumes system storage and other resources. As more tasks are started, the system may slow down or begin to run out of shared storage.

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OPERATING SYSTEM AS AN EXTENDED MACHINE The computer has a complex structure (C.P.U and other different components). Small set of primitive commands (changing from one computer to another.)

The operating system is answering these problems by adding a new abstract layer (it's actually hiding non important or primitive elements).

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ADVANTAGES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating system computer without any knowledge of coding. Without an operating system, your hardware would not work at all, until you wrote your own code for the hardware to do what you want. Operating system provides a software platform on top of which other programs, called application programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS and Windows, but others are available, such as LINUX

Software, hardware, data and operators. The function associated with operating system Includes scheduling, loading, initiating and supervising the execution of programs, multitasking, multiprocessing etc.
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DIS-ADVANTAGES OPERATING SYSTEM 1 The more software components that comprise a system the greater chance of errors occurring. 2 Providing easy distributed access increases the risk of a security breach occurring 3 The underlying network can saturate or cause other problems.

13 ADVANTAGES OF WINDOW {XP} Practically universal hardware support (done by vendors, not Microsoft).

2 Support almost everyone has experience with it, so they will be able to offer support for it, and help you with problems. 3 It supports most of the hardware without need of external drivers. 4 It supports wireless networking

14 DISADVANTAGES OF WINDOW XP 1 It is expensive to purchase. 2 Comes with single user license so it cant be loaded on multiple PCs. 3 It is very heavy hardware cant run it. system and old

4 Older DOS programs may not run on this version. 5 It has no inbuilt chipset drivers making the install time consuming.

15 ADVANTAGES OF WINDOW VISTA 1 Surf the net, without much worry about security browsing the net, without any security measures invites a major danger. Play multimedia contents using latest media player. The latest version of Windows Media Player bundled with Windows Vista.

Date and time, know the difference in time across the world

16 DISADVANTAGES OF WINDOW VISTA 1 It consumes a lot more resources than its predecessor windows XP. For vista Aero to work, you need to invest something more than what you would have expected to invest before 2 Regarding price, sucking your hard earned money: 3 If one decides to install windows vista in the old system, then they should check the compatibility of system components, checking whether Vista supports them or

not. Some manufacturers will still provide Vista support for the oldies by providing the latest drivers for the same.

17 CONCLUSION In this presentation we had learned about the Operating system. How does operating system works, the history of operating system, Need of operating system, operating system as an extended machine, advantages of operating system, disadvantages of operating system, advantages of window XP, disadvantages of window XP, advantages of window vista, and disadvantages of window vista . You may understand the operating system By this project

Thank you