Welcome to

Complex Numbers
 Table of contents

Session 01 𝟎𝟑 Session 03 𝟒𝟑 Session 04 𝟔𝟕

Introduction 04 Euler Form 68

Properties of Complex Number: 49
Imaginary Number 08 Vector Form (Vectorial Representation) 74
Argument (Amplitude) of a Complex Number 51
Complex Number 13 Addition of Complex Numbers 75
Principal Argument: 52
Subtraction of Complex Numbers
Geometric Representation and 75
16
Argand Plane
General Argument: 52 Multiplication of Complex Numbers 76
Algebra of Complex Numbers 18
Working rule for finding principal argument 53 Properties of Argument 77

Division Of Complex Numbers 78

Argument (Amplitude) of a Complex Number 58
Session 02 𝟐𝟑
Activity on Transformation 82
Cartesian Form / Geometrical Form 63
Algebra of Complex Numbers 24 Important Formulae 86
Properties 27 Polar Form / Trigonometric Form 64
Properties of Argument 87
Algebraic Identities: 28

Conjugate of a Complex Number 30

Properties of Conjugate 32

Modulus of Complex Number 36

Properties of Modulus 39
 Session 01
Introduction to
Complex Numbers

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 Key Takeaways

Can you think of a number whose square is negative ?

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 Key Takeaways

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑐

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 Key Takeaways

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑐

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 Key Takeaways

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑐

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 Key Takeaways

Imaginary Number

➢ An imaginary number is a number whose square is a negative real number.

➢ Square root of −1 is represented by 𝑖 (iota) i.e., 𝑖 = −1 or 𝑖 2 = −1

➢ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏 At least one of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is non-negative

➢ 𝑎𝑏 = − 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 <0&𝑏<0

Example

• 𝑥2 + 16 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥2 = −16 ⇒ 𝑥2 = 16 × −1
⇒ 𝑥 2 = 16 × 𝑖 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 = 4𝑖 2

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑖 2
=0

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⇒ 𝑥 + 4𝑖 𝑥 − 4𝑖 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±4𝑖
 Key Takeaways

Imaginary Number

Integral powers of iota For 𝑛 ∈ ℤ,

➢ 𝑖 = −1 ➢ 𝑖 4𝑛 = 1

➢ 𝑖 2 = −1 ➢ 𝑖 4𝑛+1 = 𝑖

➢ 𝑖 3 = −𝑖 ➢ 𝑖 4𝑛+2 = −1

➢ 𝑖4 = 𝑖2 ⋅ 𝑖2 = 1 ➢ 𝑖 4𝑛+3 = −𝑖

➢ Sum of any four consecutive powers of 𝑖 is zero.

𝑖 4𝑛 + 𝑖 4𝑛+1 + 𝑖 4𝑛+2 + 𝑖 4𝑛+3 = 0, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

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 1
Evaluate 𝑖 535 +
𝑖 87

Solution: A 𝑖
1
𝑖 535 + 87
𝑖
∵ 𝑖 4𝑛 = 1, B −𝑖
1
= 𝑖 4×133+3 +
𝑖 4×21+3 𝑖3= − 𝑖
1 C 0
= −𝑖 +
−𝑖

𝑖4 D 1
= −𝑖 −
𝑖

= −𝑖 − 𝑖 3

= −𝑖 − −𝑖

=𝑖 +𝑖 =0
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 Evaluate −25 + −49 − −81

Solution:

−25 = 25 × (−1)

= 5𝑖
Similarly,

−49 = 49 × (−1) and −81 = 81 × (−1)

= 7𝑖 = 9𝑖

∴ −25 + −49 − −81 = 5𝑖 + 7𝑖 − 9𝑖

= 3𝑖

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 13
Evaluate ෍ 𝑖 𝑛 + 𝑖 𝑛+1
𝑛=1

Solution:

= 𝑖 + 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 3 + ⋯ 𝑖 13 + 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 3 + 𝑖 4 + ⋯ + 𝑖 14

= 𝑖 13 + 𝑖 14 (∵ Sum of first 12 terms is 0)

= 𝑖 + 𝑖2

=𝑖 −1

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 Key Takeaways

Complex Number
➢ A number of the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is called a complex number where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑖 = −1.

➢ It is denoted by 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏. Here 𝑎 is called real part represented by Re(𝑧) and 𝑏 is called
imaginary part represented by Im(𝑧).

➢ 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is purely real, if Im 𝑧 = 0 i.e., 𝑏 = 0.

➢ 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is purely imaginary, if Re 𝑧 = 0 i.e., 𝑎 = 0.

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
Example

• −2𝑖 → purely imaginary

Purely real Purely imaginary Purely real and
If 𝑦 = 0, If 𝑥 = 0, purely imaginary • 5 → purely real
𝑥∈ℝ 𝑦∈ℝ If 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0
• −9 = 3𝑖 → purely imaginary

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 Write the real part and imaginary part of the following numbers:
𝑖 1 + −2 𝑖𝑖 1 + 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖 −1 + 2

Solution :

(𝑖) : Real Part = 1, Imaginary Part = 2

𝑖𝑖 : Real Part = 1 + 2, Imaginary Part = 0

𝑖𝑖𝑖 : Real Part = 2, Imaginary Part = 1

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 Note:

➢ Set of complex numbers ℂ can be defined as ℂ = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏: 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ, 𝑖 = −1

➢ The set of real numbers ℝ is a proper subset of ℂ.

➢ Complete number system is ℕ ⊂ 𝕎 ⊂ ℤ ⊂ ℚ ⊂ ℝ ⊂ ℂ

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 Key Takeaways
Geometric Representation and Argand Plane
A complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 can be represented by a unique point 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏 in
the Cartesian plane referred to a pair of rectangular axes.

➢ 0 + 𝑖0 represents the origin point 𝑂 0, 0 . Argand Plane

𝑌
➢ A purely real number 𝑎, i.e., 𝑎 + 𝑖0 is represented by the point 0, 𝑏 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏
𝑎, 0 on 𝑥-axis (called real axis).

➢ A purely imaginary number 𝑏, i.e., 0 + 𝑏𝑖 is represented 𝑋

𝑂 0, 0 𝑎, 0
by the point 0, 𝑏 on 𝑦-axis (called imaginary axis).

➢ The plane representing complex numbers as points is called

Argand Plane/ Complex Plane/ Gaussian Plane.

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 Mark these complex numbers as points on the Argand plane.
𝑖 3 + 4𝑖 𝑖𝑖 5𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖 2 𝑖𝑣 − 2 + 𝑖 𝑣 − 5 − 5𝑖 𝑣𝑖 5 − 3𝑖
Solution: 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
6

5 5𝑖

4 3 + 4𝑖

2
−2 + 𝑖
1
2
𝑂
𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-2
-3 5 − 3𝑖
-4

−5 − 5𝑖 -5
-6

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 Algebra of Complex Numbers

Equality of complex numbers:

➢ Two complex number 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 are equal

if 𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑏 = 𝑑

⇒ Re 𝑧1 = Re(𝑧2 ) and Im 𝑧1 = Im(𝑧2 )

➢ In real numbers, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0

In complex numbers, 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 = 0 ⇏ 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 = 0

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 Algebra of Complex Numbers

Note

➢ Inequalities between two complex numbers are not defined

i.e., 𝑧1 < 𝑧2 , 𝑧1 > 𝑧2 are meaningless.

➢ Positive or negative complex numbers are not valid.

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 Algebra of Complex Numbers

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 be two complex numbers.

Addition:
➢ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑖(𝑏 + 𝑑)
Re 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 Im 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

Subtraction:
➢ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 = 𝑎 − 𝑐 + 𝑖(𝑏 − 𝑑)

Re 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 Im 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

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 Algebra of Complex Numbers

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 be two complex numbers.

Multiplication:
➢ 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ⋅ 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 = 𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑) + 𝑖𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑

= 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑖𝑎𝑑 + 𝑖𝑏𝑐 + 𝑖 2 𝑏𝑑

= 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)

Re 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 Im 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2

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 If 𝑧1 = 2 + 3𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 1 − 2𝑖, then find
𝑖) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑖𝑖 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2

Solution:
𝑖) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 2 + 3𝑖 + 1 − 2𝑖
= 2 + 1 + (3𝑖 − 2𝑖)
=3+𝑖

𝑖𝑖) 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 2 + 3𝑖 − 1 − 2𝑖

= 2 − 1 + 3𝑖 − −2𝑖

= 1 + 5𝑖

𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 = 2 + 3𝑖 ⋅ 1 − 2𝑖

= 2 1 − 2𝑖 + 3𝑖 1 − 2𝑖
= 2 − 4𝑖 + 3𝑖 − 6𝑖 2

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=8−𝑖
 Session 02
Conjugate and modulus
of complex Number

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 Algebra of Complex Numbers

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 be two complex numbers.

Division:
For 𝑧2 ≠ 0,

𝑧1 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑 𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑 + 𝑖𝑏(𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑)
➢ = = × =
𝑧2 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑 𝑐 2 − 𝑖2𝑑2
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑
= 2 2 +𝑖 2
𝑐 +𝑑 𝑐 + 𝑑2

𝑧1 𝑧1
Re Im
𝑧2 𝑧2

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 If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the two roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 = 0,
𝛼 𝑛
then the least positive value of 𝑛 for which = 1 is:
𝛽

Solution:
A 5
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 1 2+1 =0

2 2
B 4
⇒ 𝑥−1 = −1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑖 2 ⇒ 𝑥 − 1 = ±𝑖

⇒ 𝑥 = 1 ± 𝑖 ⇒ 𝛼 = 1 + 𝑖, 𝛽 = 1 − 𝑖 or 𝛼 = 1 − 𝑖, 𝛽 = 1 + 𝑖 C 3
𝛼 1+𝑖 𝛼 1−𝑖
∴ = or =
𝛽 1−𝑖 𝛽 1+𝑖 D 2

𝛼 1+𝑖 1+ 𝑖 1 + 𝑖 2 2𝑖
= × = = =𝑖
𝛽 1−𝑖 1+ 𝑖 1 − 𝑖2 2

𝛼 1−𝑖 1−𝑖 1 − 𝑖 2 −2𝑖

or = × = = = −𝑖
𝛽 1+𝑖 1−𝑖 1 − 𝑖2 2
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 If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the two roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 = 0,
𝛼 𝑛
then the least positive value of 𝑛 for which = 1 is:
𝛽

Solution:
A 5
𝛼
⇒ = ±𝑖
𝛽 B 4
𝑛
𝛼 𝑛
= ±𝑖 =1
𝛽 C 3

⇒ 𝑛 = 4𝑘, 𝑘 ∈ ℕ
D 2
⇒ Least positive value of 𝑛 is 4.

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 Key Takeaways
Properties
Let 𝑧1 = 2 and 𝑧2 = 3𝑖
2 2
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 2 + 3𝑖 = (2 + 3𝑖)(2 + 3𝑖)

= 2 2 + 3𝑖 + 3𝑖(2 + 3𝑖)

= 4 + 6𝑖 + 6𝑖 + 9𝑖 2

= 4 + 12𝑖 − 9 = 22 + 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3𝑖 + 3𝑖 2

= 𝑧12 + 2𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧 2

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2= 𝑧12 + 2𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧 2

Note
All the algebraic identities in real system hold true in the complex system also.

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 Key Takeaways
Properties

For any complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2,

Algebraic Identities:

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 2𝑧1 𝑧2

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 2 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 − 2𝑧1 𝑧2

𝑧12 − 𝑧2 2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 3 𝑧13 + 3𝑧12 𝑧2 + 3𝑧1𝑧22 + 𝑧23

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 3 𝑧13 − 3𝑧12 𝑧2 + 3𝑧1𝑧22 − 𝑧23

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 3
1 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
Let −2 − 𝑖 = 𝑖 = −1 , where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are real numbers. Then 𝑦 − 𝑥 equals:
3 27

Solution: JEE Main Jan 2019

3 = 𝑧 3 + 3𝑧 2 𝑧 + 3𝑧 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 3
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 1 1 2 1 2 2
A
1 3 3 2 1 1 2 1 3 91
−2 − 𝑖 = −2 + 3 × −2 × − 𝑖 + 3 × −2 × − 𝑖 + − 𝑖
3 3 3 3

2 𝑖3 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 B 85
= −8 − 4𝑖 − 𝑖 2 − =
3 27 27

2 𝑖3
⇒ −8 × 27 − 4𝑖 × 27 − 𝑖 2 × 27 − × 27 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 C −91
3 27

⇒ −216 − 108𝑖 − 18𝑖2 − 𝑖 3 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

D −85
⇒ −198 − 107𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

⇒ 𝑥 = −198 and 𝑦 = −107

⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 91
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 Key Takeaways
Conjugate of a Complex Number

➢ Conjugate of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is denoted 𝑌

by 𝑧 and is defined as 𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏. 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏

➢ 𝑧 is obtained by changing the sign of the imaginary part of 𝑧.

𝑂 0, 0 𝑋
➢ If 𝑃 represents 𝑧 and 𝑄 represents 𝑧 in the Argand plane, then
𝑃 ≡ 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑄 ≡ 𝑎, −𝑏 .
𝑄 𝑎, −𝑏
➢ 𝑄 𝑧 is the reflection of 𝑃 𝑧 about the real axis.

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 Key Takeaways
Conjugate of a Complex Number
Examples 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
5
𝑖) If 𝑧 = 3 + 4𝑖, 4 3 + 4𝑖

then 𝑧 = 3 − 4𝑖. 3

2 2𝑖
𝑖𝑖) If 𝑧 = 𝑖 − 5,
−5 + 𝑖 1
then 𝑧 = −5 − 𝑖. 5 + 0𝑖
𝑂 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
𝑖𝑖𝑖) If 𝑧 = 5, −5 − 𝑖
-2 −2𝑖
then 𝑧 = 5.
-3
3 − 4𝑖
𝑖𝑣) If 𝑧 = −2𝑖, -4

then 𝑧 = 2𝑖. -5

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 Properties of Conjugate

For any complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏,

𝑖 𝑧 =𝑧

𝑖𝑖 𝑧 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = 2𝑎 = 2𝑅𝑒 𝑧

𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑧 − 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = 2𝑖𝑏 = 2𝑖 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑖𝑣 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 2+ 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 2

𝑣 𝑧 = 𝑧 ⇔ 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 ⇔ 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 is purely real

𝑣𝑖 𝑧 + 𝑧 = 0 ⇔ 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = 0 ⇔ 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 is purely imaginary

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 Properties of Conjugate

If 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 are two complex numbers, then

𝑖 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

𝑖𝑖 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2

𝑧1 𝑧1
𝑖𝑣 = 𝑧2 ≠ 0
𝑧2 𝑧2

𝑣 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + ⋯ + 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + ⋯ + 𝑧𝑛 , 𝑛𝑧 = 𝑛𝑧

𝑛
𝑣𝑖 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 , 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧

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 If 𝑧 is a complex number, then the conjugate of 𝑧 + 2𝑧 is:

A
2𝑧 + 𝑧

B 𝑧 + 2𝑧

C 𝑧 − 2𝑧

D 2𝑧 − 𝑧

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 If 𝑧 is a complex number, then the conjugate of 𝑧 + 2𝑧 is:

Solution:
A
2𝑧 + 𝑧
By properties of conjugates,

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 B 𝑧 + 2𝑧

∴ 𝑧 + 2𝑧 = 𝑧 + 2𝑧
C 𝑧 − 2𝑧
⇒ 𝑧 + 2𝑧 = 𝑧 + 2𝑧

ത =2
∵ 𝑧ҧ = 𝑧 and 2
D 2𝑧 − 𝑧

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 Key Takeaways
Modulus of Complex Number
𝐼𝑚 𝑧
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ≡ 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 be in the Argand plane. 𝑃 𝑧

Then modulus of complex number is represented as 𝑧 ,

𝑦
where 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑂𝑃.
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑧 represents the distance of 𝑃(𝑧) from the origin. 𝑂 𝑥
𝑧 = 0 ⇔ 𝑧 = 0.

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 Key Takeaways
Modulus of Complex Number
𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
Examples 5
4 3 + 4𝑖
𝑖) If 𝑧 = 3 + 4𝑖, then 𝑧 = 32 + 42 =5 3 0 + 3𝑖

2 5
𝑖𝑖) If 𝑧 = 5 = 5 + 0𝑖, then 𝑧 = 52 + 02 =5
1
5 + 0𝑖
𝑂 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
𝑖𝑖𝑖) If 𝑧 = 3𝑖 = 0 + 3𝑖, then 𝑧 = 02 + 32 =3 -2 -1
-1
1 2 3 4 5 6

-2
𝑖𝑣) If 𝑧 = 0 = 0 + 0𝑖, then 𝑧 = 02 + 02 = 0

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 Let 𝑧 be a complex number such that 𝑧 + 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑖 (where 𝑖 = −1).
Then 𝑧 is equal to:
Solution: JEE Main Jan 2019

𝑧 +𝑧 = 3 +𝑖⋯ 𝑖
∴ 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 A 5 B 5
3 4
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
4 2 2
From equation 𝑖 , =
3
+ 1 C 34 D 41
3 4

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 3 + 𝑖
16 2
= + 1
9
⇒𝑦=1

∴ 𝑥 2 + 12 + 𝑥 = 3 25 5
= =
9 3

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 12 = 3 − 𝑥

4
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 ⇒ 𝑥 =
3
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 Key Takeaways
Properties of Modulus
𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
𝑖 For any complex number 𝑧,
−𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 = −𝑧 = 𝑧 = −𝑧
𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
𝑖𝑖 Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑂

𝑥2 ≤ 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2
−𝑧 𝑧

⇒ 𝑥 ≤ |𝑥| ≤ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

⇒ 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 ≤ |𝑧|

And − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑥 ⇒ − 𝑧 ≤ 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)

− 𝑧 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧

Similarly, − 𝑧 ≤ 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧
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 Key Takeaways
Properties of Modulus
𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
𝑖𝑖𝑖 Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2
−𝑧 𝑧
1 1 𝑧
If 𝑧 is unimodular i.e., 𝑧 = 1, then 𝑧 = . = 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧2
𝑂
𝑖𝑣 Let 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 , ⋯ , 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑖𝑦𝑛
−𝑧 𝑧
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2

In general, 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 ⋯ |𝑧𝑛 |.

𝑛 times
𝑣 |𝑧 𝑛 | = 𝑧 𝑛

𝑧1 𝑧1
𝑣𝑖 = , 𝑧2 ≠ 0
𝑧2 𝑧2

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 Find 𝑧 if
1+𝑖 1+2𝑖
𝑖 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖 1 + 2𝑖 1 + 3𝑖 𝑖𝑖 𝑧 =
1+3𝑖
3𝜋
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑧 = 1 + cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃 , 𝜃 ∈ 𝜋,
2

Solution:

𝑖 𝑧 = | 1 + 𝑖 1 + 2𝑖 1 + 3𝑖 = 1 + 𝑖 1 + 2𝑖 1 + 3𝑖 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 10 = 10

1+𝑖 1+2𝑖 1+𝑖 ⋅ 1+2𝑖 2⋅ 5

𝑖𝑖 |𝑧| = = = =1
1+3𝑖 1+3𝑖 10

𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑧 = 1 + cos 2𝜃 2+ sin 2𝜃 2 = 1 + 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1 2+ 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 2

= 4 cos 4 𝜃 + 4 sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃

= 2 cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃

3𝜋
= −2 cos 𝜃 ∵ 𝜃 ∈ 𝜋,
2
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 If 2 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 ⋯ 2 + 𝑛𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then 5 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 13 ⋯ 4 + 𝑛2 is equal to ______.

Solution:

2 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 ⋯ ⋯ 2 + 𝑛𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

⇒ 2 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 ⋯ ⋯ 2 + 𝑛𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

⇒ 2 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 ⋯ ⋯ 2 + 𝑛𝑖 = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦|

⇒ 22 + 12 22 + 22 22 + 32 ⋯ ⋯ 22 + 𝑛2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

Squaring both sides, we get

5 . 8 . 13 ⋯ 4 + 𝑛2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

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 Session 03
Argument of complex
numbers

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 𝑧−1
If 𝑧 is a complex number such that is purely imaginary, then 𝑧 is equal to ______.
𝑧+1

Solution:

𝑧−1
is purely imaginary
𝑧+1

𝑧−1 𝑧−1
⇒ + =0
𝑧+1 𝑧+1

𝑧−1 𝑧−1
⇒ + =0
𝑧+1 𝑧+1

𝑧𝑧+𝑧−𝑧−1+𝑧𝑧−𝑧+𝑧−1
⇒ =0
𝑧+1 𝑧+1

⇒ 2 𝑧𝑧 − 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑧𝑧 = 1

⇒ 𝑧2=1⇒ 𝑧 =1

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 50
3 𝑖 3
If + = 324 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , then the value o f 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 is ______.
2 2

Solution:
50
3 𝑖 3
+ = 324 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
2 2

50
3 𝑖 3
⇒ + = 324 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
2 2

50
2
3 2 3
⇒
2
+
2
= 324 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ∵ |𝑧 𝑛 | = 𝑧 𝑛

50
⇒ 3 = 324 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

⇒ 3 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2

⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 9

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 If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 are complex numbers such that
1 1 1
𝑧1 = 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 = + + = 1, then find 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 .
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3

Solution:

Given: 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 = 1

⇒ 𝑧1 2 = 𝑧2 2 = 𝑧3 2 =1

⇒ 𝑧1 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 𝑧3 = 1
1 1 1
⇒ 𝑧1 = , 𝑧2 = , 𝑧3 =
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3

1 1 1
Also given, + + =1
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3

⇒ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = 1

⇒ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = 1

⇒ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = 1
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 If 𝑧1 = 1; 𝑧2 = 2; 𝑧3 = 3; 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = 1, then the value of
𝑧2 𝑧3 + 4𝑧1 𝑧3 + 9𝑧1 𝑧2 is ______.

Solution:
2 2
𝑧1 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ1 = 1 𝑧2 = 4 = 𝑧2 𝑧ഥ2 𝑧3 = 9 = 𝑧3 𝑧ഥ3

𝑧2 𝑧3 + 4𝑧1 𝑧3 + 9𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ1 𝑧2 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧ഥ2 𝑧1𝑧3 + 𝑧3 𝑧ഥ3𝑧1 𝑧2

= 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3

= 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3

= 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ∵ |𝑧|ҧ = |𝑧|

= 1⋅2⋅3⋅1

=6

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 Prove that 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2
= 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑧2 2
+ 2 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2

Solution:

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

= 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧⋅𝑧= 𝑧 2

= 𝑧1 𝑧1 + 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧2

= 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 + 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧 + 𝑧 = 2𝑅𝑒 𝑧

2
⇒ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 + 2 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1𝑧2

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Complex Number:

Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be any two complex numbers.

2 2 2
➢ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 2𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2

2 2 2
➢ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 − 2𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2

2 2 2 2
➢ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Complex Number:

Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be any two complex numbers.

2 2
➢ 𝑎𝑧1 − 𝑏𝑧2 + 𝑏𝑧1 + 𝑎𝑧2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑧2 2
, where 𝑎, 𝑏 are real numbers.

2 2
Proof: 𝑎𝑧1 − 𝑏𝑧2 + 𝑏𝑧1 + 𝑎𝑧2

= 𝑎 2 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑏2 𝑧2 2
− 2𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑏2 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑎 2 𝑧2 2
+ 2𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2

= 𝑎 2 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑏2 𝑧2 2
+ 𝑏2 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑎 2 𝑧2 2

= 𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑧2 2

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 Key Takeaways

Argument (Amplitude) of a Complex Number:

𝐼𝑚 𝑧
Let 𝑃 ≡ 𝑎, 𝑏 be a point representing a non-zero 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏
complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 in the Argand plane.
𝑏
If 𝑂𝑃 makes an angle 𝜃 with the positive real axis, 𝜃
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
then 𝜃 is called the argument or amplitude of 𝑧 and 𝑂
𝑎
written as arg 𝑧 = 𝜃.

𝑏
tan 𝜃 =
𝑎

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 Key Takeaways

Principal Argument:

➢ The unique value of 𝜃 such that −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 is called principal argument.

➢ Unless otherwise stated, arg 𝑧 refers to the principal argument of 𝑧.

General Argument:

➢ General values of argument of 𝑧 are given by 2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

where 𝜃 is the principal argument.
➢ Any two consecutive arguments of the same complex number differ by 2𝜋.

➢ If 𝑧 = 0 + 0𝑖, then arg 𝑧 is not defined.

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 Working rule for finding principal argument

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ − {0} 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑏
First compute acute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 = 𝑎, 𝑏
𝑎
CASE I: 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0

𝑧 lies in First Quadrant. 𝜃 𝑅𝑒 𝑧

arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝛼 𝑂

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 Working rule for finding principal argument

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ − {0} 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑏 𝑎, 𝑏
First compute acute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 =
𝑎

CASE II: 𝑎 < 0 , 𝑏 > 0 𝜃

𝑧 lies in Second Quadrant. 𝑅𝑒 𝑧

𝑂
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝛼

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 Working rule for finding principal argument

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ − {0} 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑏
First compute acute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 =
𝑎 𝑂
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
CASE III: 𝑎 < 0 , 𝑏 < 0
𝜃
𝑧 lies in Third Quadrant.
𝑎, 𝑏
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝛼 − 𝜋

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 Working rule for finding principal argument

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ − {0} 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑏
First compute acute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 =
𝑎
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑂
CASE IV: 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑏 < 0 𝜃

𝑧 lies in Fourth Quadrant.

𝑎, 𝑏
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = −𝛼

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 Working rule for finding principal argument

Coordinates Angle

𝑥 +ve , 𝑦 +ve 𝛼

𝑥 −ve , 𝑦 +ve 𝜋−𝛼

𝑥 −ve , 𝑦 −ve − 𝜋−𝛼

𝑥 +ve , 𝑦 −ve −𝛼

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 Argument (Amplitude) of a Complex Number

Note 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

➢ 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 > 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on +ve imaginary axis

𝜋
⇒ arg 𝑧 =
2 Purely 𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑂
Imaginary
➢ 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 < 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on −ve imaginary axis
𝜋
⇒ arg 𝑧 = −
2

➢ 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on +ve real axis

⇒ arg 𝑧 = 0
Purely Real
➢ 𝑎 < 0, 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on −ve real axis

⇒ arg 𝑧 = 𝜋

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 Find the argument of the following complex numbers:
𝑖 −1−𝑖 𝑖𝑖 1 − 3𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖 −7 𝑖𝑣 4𝑖

Solution:
𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
𝑖) − 1 − 𝑖 1

Let 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖 ⇒ 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = −1 𝑂
𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
−2 −1 1
3𝜋
∴ 𝑧 lies in third quadrant. −
4
−1
−1, −1
𝑏 −1 𝜋
tan 𝛼 = = =1⇒𝛼= arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝛼 − 𝜋
𝑎 1 4 −2

𝜋 3𝜋
arg 𝑧 = −𝜋 =−
4 4

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 Find the argument of the following complex numbers:
𝑖 −1−𝑖 𝑖𝑖 1 − 3𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖 −7 𝑖𝑣 4𝑖

Solution:
𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
𝑖𝑖) 1 − 3𝑖 1

Let 𝑧 = 1 − 3𝑖 ⇒ 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = − 3 𝑂
𝜋
𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
−2 −1 − 1
3
∴ 𝑧 lies in fourth quadrant.
−1

𝑏 − 3 𝜋 1, − 3
tan 𝛼 = = = 3⇒𝛼= arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = −𝛼
𝑎 1 3 −2
𝜋
arg 𝑧 = −
3

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 Find the argument of the following complex numbers:
𝑖 −1−𝑖 𝑖𝑖 1 − 3𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖 −7 𝑖𝑣 4𝑖

Solution: 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
𝑖𝑖𝑖) − 7 7
𝜋
Let 𝑧 = −7 ⇒ 𝑎 = −7, 𝑏 = 0 −7, 0
𝑂
𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
∴ 𝑧 lies on the negative real axis. −7 7

arg 𝑧 = 𝜋 ∵𝑎<0 −7

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 Find the argument of the following complex numbers:
𝑖 −1−𝑖 𝑖𝑖 1 − 3𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖 −7 𝑖𝑣 4𝑖

Solution: 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
4 4, 0
𝑖𝑣) 4𝑖
𝜋
2
Let 𝑧 = 4𝑖 ⇒ 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 4 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
𝑂
−4 4
∴ 𝑧 lies on the positive imaginary axis.
−4
𝜋
arg 𝑧 = ∵𝑏>0
2

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 Different Forms of a Complex Number

𝑖) Cartesian Form / Geometrical Form 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ≡ 𝑎, 𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑖 = −1 is
known as cartesian form of complex number. 𝑏
Here 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑎 and 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 𝑏
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑂
𝑎

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 Different Forms of a Complex Number

𝑖𝑖) Polar Form / Trigonometric Form 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏
Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, 𝑧 = 𝑟 and arg 𝑧 = 𝜃
𝑟
𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑏

𝜃
Proof 𝑎 𝑀
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑂
𝑎
In ∆𝑂𝑃𝑀, cos 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑟

𝑏
sin 𝜃 =
𝑟

⇒ 𝑏 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃

∴ 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
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 Express the complex number −1 − 𝑖 3 in polar form.

Solution: 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
1
Let 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖 3 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏

⇒ 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = − 3 → 3𝑟𝑑 quadrant 𝑂 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)

−2 −1 1
2𝜋
𝑟 = 𝑧 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 + 3 = 2 −
−1 3

𝑏 − 3
tan 𝛼 = ⇒ tan 𝛼 = = 3
𝑎 −1 −1, − 3 −2

𝜋
⇒𝛼=
3

arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝛼 − 𝜋 (∵ 𝑧 lies in 3𝑟𝑑 quadrant)

𝜋 2𝜋
⇒𝜃 = −𝜋 =−
3 3

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 Express the complex number −1 − 𝑖 3 in polar form.

Solution: 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
𝑟=2 1

2𝜋
𝜃=− 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
3 𝑂
−2 −1 1
2𝜋
∴ −1 − 𝑖 3 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 −
−1 3
2𝜋 2𝜋
= 2 cos − + 𝑖 sin −
3 3
−1, − 3 −2

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 Session 04
Euler and vector form of
complex numbers

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 Key Takeaways
Euler Form
𝐼𝑚 𝑧
For complex number, 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏

Euler’s form is 𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑒𝑖𝜃 𝑟

𝑏
where 𝑒𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 where 𝜃 = arg 𝑧
𝜃
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
Taylor Series expansion of cos 𝑥 , sin 𝑥 & 𝑒𝑥 are as follows: 𝑂 𝑎 𝑀

𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8
cos 𝑥 = 1 − + − + − ⋯
2! 4! 6! 8!

𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥9
sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − + − ⋯
3! 5! 7! 9!

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5
𝑒 =1+ + + + + +⋯
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

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 Key Takeaways
Euler Form

Euler’s form is 𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑒𝑖𝜃

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5
𝑒𝑥 = 1 + + + + + +⋯
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

Let 𝑥 = 𝑖𝜃

𝑖𝜃 𝑖𝜃 2 (𝑖𝜃)3 𝑖𝜃 4 𝑖𝜃 5
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 1 + + + + + +⋯
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

𝑖𝜃
𝜃 𝜃2 𝜃3 𝜃4 𝜃5
⇒𝑒 = 1+𝑖 − −𝑖 + +𝑖 +⋯
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

𝜃2 𝜃4 𝜃3 𝜃5
⇒ 𝑒𝑖𝜃 = 1 − + −⋯ +𝑖 𝜃− + −⋯
2! 4! 3! 5!

cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
⇒ 𝑒𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
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 The Euler form of 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖 is:

A 𝑖𝜋
2𝑒− 4

B 𝑖3𝜋
2𝑒− 4

C 𝑖3𝜋
2𝑒 4

D 𝑖𝜋
2𝑒 4

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 The Euler form of 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖 is:

Solution:
A 𝑖𝜋
𝑧 = 12 + 12 = 2 2𝑒− 4

1 𝜋
tan 𝛼 = =1⇒𝛼=
1 4
B 𝑖3𝜋
3𝜋 2𝑒− 4
𝑧 lies in the third quadrant, so arg 𝑧 = 𝛼 − 𝜋 = −
4

𝑖3𝜋
∴ Euler form of 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖 is 2𝑒 − 4 C 𝑖3𝜋
2𝑒 4

D 𝑖𝜋
2𝑒 4

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 𝑖𝜋
If 𝑧 = −2𝑒 −
3 , then which of the following is true?

Solution:
A
𝑖𝜋 𝑧 = −2
Given: 𝑧 = −2𝑒 −3

= −2 cos −
𝜋
+ 𝑖 sin −
𝜋 B
3 3 𝑧 =2

1 3
= −2
2
−𝑖
2
C arg 𝑧 = −
𝜋
3

1 3
=2 − +𝑖
2 2 D arg 𝑧 =
2𝜋
3
𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 𝑧 = 2 cos 𝜋 − + 𝑖 sin 𝜋 −
3 3

2𝜋
2𝜋 2𝜋
= 2 cos + 𝑖 sin = 2 ⋅ 𝑒𝑖 3
3 3

2𝜋
∴ 𝑧 =2 arg 𝑧 =
3

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 cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin𝜃 4 𝐴
If = 𝐴 + 𝑖𝐵, then is equal to _________.
sin 𝜃+𝑖 cos 𝜃 𝐵

Solution:

cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin𝜃 4

𝐴 + 𝑖𝐵 =
sin𝜃+𝑖 cos 𝜃

cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃 4

=
𝑖4 cos 𝜃−𝑖 sin 𝜃 4

4
𝑒𝑖𝜃
= 4
𝑒−𝑖𝜃

4
= 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃

= 𝑒𝑖8𝜃

⇒ 𝐴 + 𝑖𝐵 = cos 8𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 8𝜃

𝐴 cos 8𝜃
∴ = = cot 8𝜃
𝐵 sin 8𝜃

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 Key Takeaways

Vector Form (Vectorial Representation)

𝐼𝑚 𝑧
Every complex number can be considered as the position
vector of a point. 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏

If the point 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏 represents the complex number 𝑧,

⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
Then 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑧 and 𝑂𝑃 = |𝑧| 𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑂

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 Key Takeaways
𝐼𝑚 𝑧 𝑅 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
Vector Form (Vectorial Representation) 𝑄 𝑧2 ≡ 𝑎2 , 𝑏2

𝑖 Addition of Complex Numbers

Let 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑧1 = 𝑎1 + 𝑖𝑏1 , 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑧2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑖𝑏2
𝑃 𝑧1 ≡ 𝑎1 , 𝑏1
𝑂𝑅 = 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑂𝑄(Parallelogram law)
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑂
∴ 𝑂𝑅 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑖 𝑏1 + 𝑏2
𝐼𝑚 𝑧
𝑄 𝑧2
𝑖𝑖 Subtraction of Complex Numbers
𝑃 𝑧1
Let 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑧1, 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑧2
𝑂
⇒ 𝑂𝑄 ′ = −𝑧2 𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑆 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
𝑂𝑆 = 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑂𝑄′ (Parallelogram law)

∴ 𝑂𝑆 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 𝑄 ′ −𝑧2

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 Geometrical Representation of Fundamental Operations

𝑖𝑖𝑖 Multiplication of Complex Numbers 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑅 𝑧1 𝑧2
Let 𝑧1 = 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑟2 𝑒𝑖𝜃2 be complex 𝑄 𝑧2
numbers represented by 𝑃 and 𝑄.
𝑟2
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑒𝑖 𝜃1 𝑟2 𝑒𝑖 𝜃2 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝜃1 + 𝜃2
⇒ 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒𝑖 (𝜃1 +𝜃2 ) = 𝑂𝑅
𝑟1 𝑃 𝑧1
⇒ arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 + 2𝑛𝜋 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ 𝜃2
𝜃1
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
For principal argument, 𝑂
𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 2𝑛𝜋 ∈ −𝜋, 𝜋

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 Properties of Argument

Note

➢ arg(𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 … 𝑧𝑛 ) = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 + arg 𝑧3 + ⋯ + arg 𝑧𝑛 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

➢ If 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 = ⋯ = 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧, then arg 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑛 arg 𝑧 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

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 Geometrical Representation of Fundamental Operations

𝑖𝑣 Division Of Complex Numbers 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑄 𝑧2

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒𝑖 𝜃1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒𝑖𝜃2 be complex numbers 𝑟2

represented by 𝑃 and 𝑄. 𝜃2
𝑟1 𝑃 𝑧1
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝜃1
= 𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2
𝑂
𝜃1 − 𝜃2
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑖 (𝜃1 −𝜃2 )
⇒ = 𝑒 𝑟1
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑧1
𝑅
𝑧2
𝑧1
arg = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 2𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
𝑧2

For principal argument, 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 2𝑛𝜋 ∈ −𝜋, 𝜋

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 If arg 𝑧1 = 160° and arg 𝑧2 = 80° , then arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 is equal to _________.

Solution:
Given: arg 𝑧1 = 160° and arg 𝑧2 = 80°

arg 𝑧1𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

∴ arg 𝑧1𝑧2 = 160° + 80° + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

Here, 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ∉ −𝜋, 𝜋

⇒ arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 240° − 2𝜋 ( 𝑘 = −1 for principal argument)

⇒ arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = −120°

2𝜋
∴ arg 𝑧1𝑧2 = −
3

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 If 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖, then arg 𝑧 50 equals ________.

Solution:

Given: 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖
1 1
𝑧= 2 + 𝑖
2 2

𝜋 𝜋
= 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
4 4

𝜋
∴ arg 𝑧 =
4

𝜋
∴ arg 𝑧 50 = 50 ⋅ + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
4

Take 𝑘 = −6 for principal argument

25𝜋
⇒ arg 𝑧 50 = − 12𝜋
2

𝜋
∴ arg 𝑧 50 =
2

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 Let 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = −1 + 𝑖. Then compute:
𝑧1
𝑖 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑖𝑖 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 𝑖𝑣
𝑧2

Solution:

𝑖 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 1 + 𝑖 + −1 + 𝑖 𝑖𝑣
𝑧1 1+𝑖
𝑧2
=
−1+𝑖

= 2𝑖 1+𝑖 −1−𝑖
= ×
−1+𝑖 −1−𝑖
𝑖𝑖 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 1 + 𝑖 − −1 + 𝑖
−1−𝑖−𝑖−𝑖2
=
1−𝑖2
=2
−1−2𝑖+1
=
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 = 1 + 𝑖 ⋅ −1 + 𝑖 2

= −𝑖
= 𝑖2 − 1

= −2

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 Key Takeaways
Activity on Transformation

𝐼𝑚
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 & 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 are the
2 two diagonals of the
parallelogram.
𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖
𝑧2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
𝑧2 = −1 + 𝑖 𝑧1
1
𝑧1 + 𝑧2
135°
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 45° 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 𝑅𝑒

−1
−𝑧2

−2
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 Key Takeaways
Activity on Transformation

𝐼𝑚
On multiplying 𝑧1& 𝑧2
2 arg 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg(𝑧2 )
𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖
𝑧2 = −1 + 𝑖 𝑧2 𝑧1
1
𝑧1 + 𝑧2
135°
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 180° 45°

𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 𝑅𝑒

−1

−2
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 Key Takeaways
Activity on Transformation
𝐼𝑚
On dividing 𝑧1& 𝑧2
𝑧1
2 arg = arg 𝑧1 − arg(𝑧2)
𝑧2
𝑧1 𝑧1
=
𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖 𝑧2 𝑧2

𝑧2 = −1 + 𝑖 𝑧2 𝑧1
1
𝑧1 + 𝑧2

𝑧1 − 𝑧2

𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 𝑅𝑒
90°
𝑧1
𝑧2
𝑧1
−1 𝑧2

−2
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 Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be two complex numbers with arguments 𝜃1 and 𝜃2
respectively. Then prove that 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2

Solution:

𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑒𝑖𝜃1 ⋅ 𝑧2 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃2

= 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑒𝑖 𝜃1 −𝜃2

= 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2 {cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 }

= 𝑧1 𝑧2 cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2

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 Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be two complex numbers such
that 𝑧1 = 𝑧1 𝑒𝑖𝜃1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 𝑒𝑖 𝜃2 , then

2 2 2
➢ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 2𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2

2 2 2
➢ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 − 2𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2

2 2 2
➢ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 2 𝑧1 𝑧2 cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2

2 2 2
➢ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 − 2 𝑧1 𝑧2 cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2

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 Properties of Argument

Note
➢ arg 𝑧1 = arg 𝑧2 ⟺ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 , 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

➢ arg 𝑧 = − arg 𝑧

Proof

𝐼𝑚 𝑧

+𝜃
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑂 −𝜃

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 If 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 are two non-zero complex numbers satisfying the equation
𝑧1 = 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 , then which of the following is/are true ?

Solution:

𝑧1 = 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ⇒ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 A Im
𝑧1
=0
𝑧2

Squaring both the sides,

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 2 B
Im 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 0

⇒ 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 − 2 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 − 2 𝑧1 𝑧2 cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ,
Where 𝜃1 , 𝜃2 represents argument of 𝑧1, 𝑧2 respectively. C
arg 𝑧1𝑧2 = 0
⇒ cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 = 2𝑛𝜋 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

⇒ arg 𝑧1 − arg 𝑧2 = 2𝑛𝜋 D arg

𝑧1
=0
𝑧2
𝑧1
⇒ arg = 2𝑛𝜋 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
𝑧2

𝑧1
is purely real. ⇒ arg 𝑧1
= 0 ⇒ Im
𝑧1
=0
𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑧2

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 THANK
YOU

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