Module 5

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION/
DIVERGENCE FROM NORMALITY

PSY 002
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS

This is your 5th module!

This module is a combination of

synchronous & asynchronous learning
and will last for two weeks

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND

SCIENCES C

GINA T. MONTALLA
Instructor

Gina T. Montalla SMMC

[email protected]

09176147214

March 21, 2022

Date Initiated
San Mateo Municipal College April 2, 2022
Gen. Luna St. Guitnang Bayan I, San Mateo, Rizal Date of Completion
Tel. No. (02) 997-9070
www.smmc.edu.ph
 SAN MATEO MUNICIPAL COLLEGE (PSY 002) PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS
General Luna St., Guitnangbayan I, San Mateo, Rizal MRS. GINA T. MONTALLA
Tel. No. (02) 997-9070

MODULE 5:

MODULE SCHEDULE:
Synchronous Meeting: schedule per
class (once a week)
Asynchronous Meeting: 5hrs.
/week

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completing this module, you should be able to:
1. describe the characteristics of a normal curve;
2. transform raw scores to z-scores;
3. compute the z-score for a raw score, given the raw score, the mean and standard deviation of
the distribution;
4. compute the z-score for a raw score, given the raw score, the mean, and the distribution of raw
scores;
5. use z-scores to find (a) percentage of scores falling below a given raw score (b) percentage of
scores falling above any raw score (c) percentage of scores falling between any two raw scores
in the distribution; and
6. compute for skewness and kurtosis

INPUT INFORMATION

TOPICS:
➢ Properties of Normal Distribution
➢ Standard Normal Distribution
➢ Areas Under the Normal Curve
➢ Application of a Normal Distribution
➢ Divergence from Normality
o Skewness
o Kurtosis

Properties of Normal Distribution

Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian distribution, is a probability distribution that
is symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than
data far from the mean. In graph form, normal distribution will appear as a bell curve.
Normal distribution, also called Gaussian distribution, the most common distribution function for
independent, randomly generated variables. Its familiar bell-shaped curve is ubiquitous in statistical
reports, from survey analysis and quality control to resource allocation.

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Tel. No. (02) 997-9070

Consider the grades of students in Economics. Examining the distribution of the grades, the frequency
distribution is shown below:
Table 1
Grades of Students in Economics
Grades Number of Students
90 – 92 3
87 – 89 6
84 – 86 11
81 – 83 12
78 – 80 10
75 – 77 8
72 - 74 2
Total 52

Let us look at the frequency polygon for this distribution:

GRADES OF STUDENTS IN
ECONOMICS
14
12
NO. OF STUDENTS

10
8
6
4
2
0
73 76 79 82 85 88 91
GRADES

Fig. 1: Frequency Polygon for Table 1

The solid segments represent the frequency polygon. If the segment are smoothened so that there are no
corners, then the resulting graph is a curve which has highest point approximately at the middle. The
curve rises from the lowest classmark until it reaches the highest point. Beyond this point, the curve
tapers off down to the last classmark. In effect, the resulting curve is more or less bell-shaped. Thus, the
distribution is called the normal distribution and the graph is called the normal curve.

Properties of a normal distribution

❖ The normal distribution is a mathematical model represented by a bell-shaped curve which
is symmetric with respect to the mean.
❖ The normal curve does not intersect or touch the horizontal axis
❖ The mean, median, and mode of the normal distribution are equal
❖ The area under the curve is 1 or 100%
❖ The standardized normal distribution has a mean 0 and standard deviation of 1.

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Fig 2. The Normal Curve

The horizontal axis are the scores or observations which increase in value from left to
right, and the height of the curve at any given value is the frequency of that value. At the mean, the
frequency is highest, which implies that the mean of the distribution is also the mode. Because the
curve is symmetric with respect to the mean, the curve to the right of the mean is just a mirror image of
the curve to the left of the mean. This suggest that the mean is the middle score and, hence, the median.
The curve does not touch the horizontal axis.

Let us look at the normal curves of the 3 distributions with different means and standard
deviations, and verify if the area for the intervals 70 – 90 are the same for all curves.

1. 𝑥̅ = 80 and 𝑠 = 5

2. 𝑥̅ = 80 and 𝑠 = 10

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3. 𝑥̅ = 75 and 𝑠 = 5

Standard Normal Distribution

The table for areas under the normal curve should
be constructed based on its mean (𝝁) and
standard deviation (𝝈). The normal distribution
is then converted to standardized normal
distribution whereby its original measurements in
the x-scale are converted to Z-score

Standard normal distribution is a distribution

with 𝝁 = 𝟎 and 𝝈 = 𝟏.

Z-score measures how many standard deviations a particular value is above or below the mean.

𝑋− 𝜇
Formula: Z = 𝜎
where : X is the raw score
𝜇 is the mean
𝜎 is the standard deviation

𝑋− 𝜇
The standardized normal distribution is composed of the values of Z where Z = 𝜎 , obviously,
for every value of X, there is a value of Z, hence the standardized normal distribution is also
referred to as the Z-distribution.
Let us take the case when 𝜇 = 80 and 𝜎 = 5
By the application of the formula for Z, it is easy to see that
For X = 𝜇 = 80 Z=0
For X = 85 Z=1
For X = 75 Z = -1

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81−80
If X = 81, then Z = = 0.2
5
74−80
If X = 74,then Z = 5 = -1.2
Given a distribution of scores of 40 students in Algebra with 𝜇 = 80 and 𝜎 = 5 and in English with
𝜇 = 75 and 𝜎 = 5, If Hazel is a member of the said class, and he got 85 in Algebra and 82 in
English, in which test did he performed better? The given information is shown in the table below,
where X represent hazel’s score
Algebra English
𝝁 80 75
𝝈 5 5
X 85 82

Although Hazel got 85 in Algebra and 82 in English, we cannot conclude at once that she performed better
in Algebra. We have to determine her performance in the subject relative to the performance of the other
member of the class. This can be done by getting the Z-score in both subjects.
85−80
• Hazel’s Z-score in Algebra: Z = 5 = 1.0
82−80
• Hazel’s Z-score in English Z= = 1.4
5
These results are interpreted as follows:
Hazel’s score in Algebra is 1 standard deviation above the mean, while her score in English is 1.4
standard deviation above the mean. Therefore, Hazel performed better in English than in Algebra.

Areas under the Normal Curve

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Z-TABLE
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Tel. No. (02) 997-9070

The Z-table shows the areas under the standard normal curve from Z = 0 to Z = ± Z. But the
negative Zs are no longer written because the normal curve is symmetrical about the mean. Remember
that the area to the left and to the right of Z = 0 is equal to 0.5000.

Here are the steps in finding the area with use of z-table
1. Draw the normal curve.
2. Shade the required region
3. Use the table to get the area.
a. The entries in the leftmost columnare the Z’s in one decimal places from 0.0 to 3.9
b. The entries on the top represents the column re the hundreth’s place in the z-score
4. Problems in finding the area can be stated in two forms as enumerated below.
a. Find the area to the right of Z =0 can be written as P(Z≥0), read as “The probability that
Z will take the value greater than or equal to zero.
b. Find the area to the left of Z =0 can be written as P(Z≤0), read as “The probability that Z
will take the value less than or equal to zero.
c. Find the area from Z = -2.41 to Z = 1.98 can be written

▪ Example 1: Find the area from Z = 0 to Z = 1.35

Since the desired region is from Z = 0, the area can be obtained
from the table. From the column of Z’s get 1.3, then go to column
5 which will give us 0.4115

▪ Example 2: Find the area from Z = 0 to Z = -2.0

Since the desired region is from Z = 0, the area can be obtained from the table. Remember that
the negative sign simply tells us that Z is on the left of Z = 0From
the column of Z’s get 2.0,then go to column 0 which will give us
0.4772.

▪ Example 3: Find P(-2.0 <Z<2.5)

Since Z = -2.0 is on the left of Z = 0 and Z = 2.5 is on the right of
Z = 0, we have to add the two areas

Area from Z = 0 to Z = -2.0 is 0.4772

Area from Z = 0 to Z = 2.5 is 0.4938
Adding the areas , we obtain 0.9710
Therefore, the area from Z = -2.0 to Z = 2.5 is 0.9710

▪ Example 4: Find P(Z ≥ -2.5)

Since Z = -2.5 is on the left of Z =0, and we are asked to find the
area to the right , we have to add the area from Z = ) to Z = -2.5
and the area to the right of Z = 0.

Area from Z to -2.5 is 0.4938

Area from Z = 0 to the right is 0.5000
Adding the areas, we obtain 0.9938
Threfore the area to the right of Z = -2.5 is 0.9938

▪ Example 5: Find the area to the left of Z = -1.53

Since the area reflected are the areas f rom Z = 0 to Z = -1.53 is
on the left of Z = -1.53, we have to subtract the area from Z = 0
to Z = -1.53 from 0.5000 which is the total area to the left of Z =
0

Area from Z = 0 to the left is 0.5000

Area from Z = 0 to Z = -1.53 0.4370
Subtracting the area we get 0.0630
Therefore t he area to the left of Z = -1.53 is 0.0630
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▪ Example 6: Find P(0.5 < Z < 2.5)

We have to first get the area from Z = 0 to Z = 2.5 which includes
the area from Z = 0 to Z = 0.5, the portion we do not need. To get
the required area, we have to subtract the two areas.

Area from Z = 0 to Z = 2.5 is 0.4938

Area from Z to Z = 0.5 is 0.1915
Subtracting the areas, we get 0.3023
Threfore, the area from Z = 0.5 to Z = 2.5 is 0.3023

▪ Example 7. Find Z if the area to the right of –Z is 0.7611

We know that –Z is on the left of Z = 0, and the area to the entire right
of –Z is 0.7611 which includes 0.5000, the area to the right of Z = 0.
Threfore, to find Z, we have to get the area from Z=0 to –Z as follows:

Area to the right of –Z is 0.7611

Area to the right of Z = 0 0.5000
Subtracting the areas, we get 0.2611
Therefore the area from Z = 0.2611. Look for it in the table. It falls on Z = 0.7 at column 1. Thus,
Z = - 0.71.

Application of a Normal Distribution / Curve

▪ Example 8: The IQ of 300 students in a cetain college is approximately normally distributed with
mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15
a. What is the probability that a randomly selected students will have an IQ of 115
and above?
b. How many students have an IQ between 85 and 120?
To answer the problem, the following steps should be followed:
a. To find the probability that a randomly selected students will have an IQ of 115 and
above…
115−100
• Find the Z corresponding to 115: Z = 15 = 1.0
•Since the required IQ is 115 and above, we have
to find P(Z ≥ 1.0)
Area to the right of Z = 0 is 0.5000
Area from Z = 0 to Z = 1.0 is 0.3413
Subtracting the areas, we get 0.1587
• Since the area is 01587, then the probability that
a randomly selected students will have an IQ of 115 and above is 15.87%
b. To find the number of sudents who have an IQ between 85 and 120…
• Find the Z-score corresponding to 85 and 120:
85−100 120−100
Z = 15 = -1.0 Z = 15 = 1.33
• Since the required IQ is between 85 and 120, we
have to find P(-1.0 ≤ Z ≤ 1.33)
Area from Z = 0 to Z = 1.33 is 0.4082
Area from Z – 0 toZ = -1.0 is 0.3413
Adding the areas, we obtain 0.7495
• Since the area is 0.7495, then the number of
students with IQ falling between 85 and 120 is 0.7495 x 300 students = 225
students

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▪ Example 9: The final grade of 100 third year students approximate a normal distribution with a
mean of 85 and a standard deviation of 12. What is the grade od Donna if 30% of the students got
grades lower than her?
• Find Z
• Since 30% got grades lower than Donna’s,
then the area to the left of –Z is 0.3000
• We have to find Z , when the area from Z = 0
is 0.2000, the result after subtracting 0.3000
from 0.5000
• Locating the value of Z in the table, we fin Z = -0.53
• To find Donna’s grade, we have to solve for X in the fomula
𝑋− 𝜇
Z =
𝜎
𝑋−85
-0.53 = 12
X – 85 = -0.53 (12)
X = 79
Threfore, Donna’s grade is 79.

▪ Example 10: In a test in Statistics, a class of fifty students obtained a scores which are normally
distributed with mean 30 and whose standard deviation is 5.
• How many students are expected to get scores between 30 – 36?
• Find the number of students who are expected to get scores lower than 25.
• Find the number of students who are expected to get scores between 22 – 41.
• What score bounds the 19.5% below the mean?
• Find the score that bounds the uppermost 5%.
To answer the problem, the following steps should be followed:
a. To find the number of students who are expected to get scores between 30 – 36…
The term “expected means that we are looking for the probability that the students would
get scores between 30 and 36. What we are going to
determine is the area under the curve bounded by X = 30
and X = 36, indicated by the shaded region
• Find the Z-value of X =36
36−30
Z = 5 = 1.2 (Look at the Z-table)
Find the area from Z = 0 to Z = 1.2
Area fro Z = 0 to Z = 1.2 is 0.3849
• Since the area is 0.3839, then the number of students who are expected to get the
score between 30 to 36 is 0.3849 x 50 is 19 students

b. To find the number of students who are expected

to get the scores lower than 25…
• The shaded area is what we are interested in.
We get the Z-value corresponding to X = 25
25−30
Z = 5 = -1.0
Area to the left of Z = 0 0.5000
Area from Z = 0 to Z = -1.0 is 0.3413
Subtracting the area, we got 0.1587
• Since the area is 0.1587, then the number of students who are expected to get the
scores lower than 25 is 0.1587 x 50 = 8 students
c. To find the number of students who are expected
to get scores between 22 – 41…
• We get the Z-value corresponding to X = 22
and X = 41
22−30
Z= = -1.6
5
41−30
Z= 5 = 2.2
Area from Z = 0 to Z = -1.6 is 0.4452
Area from Z = 0 to Z = 2.2 is 0.4861
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Adding the areas, we obtained 0.9313

•`Since the area is 0.9313, then the number of students who are expected to get
score between 22 – 41 is 0.9313 x 50 = 47 students.
d. To find the score bounds the 19.5% below the mean..
• 19.5% is 0.195, finding the Z-score in the table…
• Z = -0.5 (the score is to the left of Z = 0)
• Solve for the X
𝑋− 𝜇
Z = 𝜎
𝑋− 30
-0.5 =
5
(-0.5)(5) = X – 30
X – 30 = -2.5
X = -2.5 – 30
X = 27.5 or 28
• The score that bounds the 19.5% below the mean is 27.5 or 28
• To find the score that bounds the uppermost 5%...
• Find the Z-score
Area to the right of Z is 0.5000
Area given is 0.0500
Subtracting the areas, 0.4500
Find the Z-score in tha table, Z = 1.65
• To find the score, apply the formula
𝑋− 𝜇
Z = 𝜎
𝑋− 30
1.65 = 5
(1.65)(5)= X – 30
X – 30 = 8.25
X = 38.25 or 38
• The score that bounds the uppermost 5% of the distribution is 38.25 or 38

DIVERGENCE FROM NORMALITY

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SKEWNESS (Sk)

Skewness is the lack of

symmetry in a distribution. It
refers to the degree of symmetry
and asymmetry of a distribution.
A distribution is skewed
to the left if the mean is less than
its median. The bulk of the
distribution is on the right. This is
otherwise known as negatively
skewed.
A distribution is skewed
to the right if the mean is greater
than its median. The bulk of the distribution is to the left. This is otherwise known as positively
skewed.

𝟑 (𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏− 𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏) 𝟑 (𝒙 ̃
̅− 𝒙)
Sk = or Sk =
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔

Take note that if:

• Sk = 0, the distribution is normal
• Sk < 0, the distribution is skewed to the left
• Sk > 0, The distribution is skewed to the right

Example 1: Find the coefficient of skewness and indicate if the distribution is normal, skewed to
the left or skewed to the right.

72 71 67 97 61 75 78 82 67 91

▪ Put the distribution into an array: 61, 67, 67, 71, 72, 75, 78, 82, 91, 97
▪ Find the mean = 76.1
▪ Find the median = 73.5
▪ Find the standard deviation =10.65
𝟑 (𝒙 ̃
̅− 𝒙) 𝟑 (𝟕𝟔.𝟏− 𝟕𝟑.𝟓)
▪ Find Sk = == = 0.73
𝒔 𝟏𝟎.𝟔𝟓
▪ Since Sk is positive, then is skewed to the right

KURTOSIS (K)

Kurtosis is the is peakedness or flatness of a

distribution
• MESOKURTIC is a normal distribution
• LEPTOKURTIC is more peaked than a normal
distribution. The curve is highly peaked and
the scores are certainly concentrated on a very
narrow range.
• PLATYKURTIC is flatter than the normal
distribution. The curve is lower than the
normal distribution and is relatively flat distribution
𝑸
K=
𝑷𝟗𝟎 − 𝑷𝟏𝟎

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Take note that if:

▪ K = 0.263, then the distribution is NORMAL / MESOKURTIC
▪ K > 0.263, then the distribution is LEPTOKURTIC
▪ K < 0.263, then the distribution is PLATYKURTIC

Example: Find the coefficient of kurtosis in the given distribution. Interpret the result.
2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6

▪ Find Q1 = 3
▪ Find Q3 = 4
▪ Find Q = 0.5
▪ Find P90 = 5
▪ Find P10 = 1.6
𝑄 0.5
▪ Find K = =
𝑃90 − 𝑃10 5−1.6
= 0.147
▪ Since K < 0.263, that is, 0.147 < 0.263, then the distribution is PLATYKURTIC

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1. In an examination, the mean grade is 81 and the standard deviation is 6. Find the Z-score of the
grades of the following students.
a. Arman, 75
b. Luiz, 90
c. Clara, 62
d. Marlon, 80
e. Almira, 96
2. Using problem 1, find the grades of each students whose Z-score are given.
a. Martha, Z = 1
b. Alberto, Z = -3
c. Lorna, Z = -2.5
d. Martin, Z = 1.25
e. Bernardo, Z = 2.33
3. Draw the normal curve, shad the given area, then find Z-score
a. If the area to the right of +Z is 0.0329
b. If the area to the left of -Z is 0.4522
c. If the area to the left of +Z is 0.9925
d. If the area to the right of -Z is 0.8289
e. If the area from Z = 0.5 to +Z(right of 0.5) is 0.2010
4. Given the normal distribution with mean = 160 and standard deviation = 15, find the area
a. Above 170
b. Below150
c. From 140 – 165
d. From 175 – 180
e. To the left of 180
5. Solve the following problems
a. In an examination in Statistics, the mean grade is 72 and the standard deviation is 6. Find
the probability that the particular students will have a score:
i. Higher than or equal to 75
ii. From 65 – 80
iii. Lower than or equal to 60
b. The scores of 400 applicants who took the examination in a certain company approximate
normal distribution, with a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 5.
i. How many applicants got a score of 80 and above?
ii. How many applicants got a score of 70 and below?
iii. How many applicants got a score from 70 – 80?
iv. What is the lowest score of applicants for interview if only 15 % will be
considered?
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c. Armando has determined that the average length of time it takes him to travel from his
home to school is 50 minutes with the standard deviation of 5 minutes. What is the
probability that on a particular day, his travel time will be:
i. Less than or equal to 45 minutes
ii. Greater than or equal to 1 hour
d. The mean age of students in a particular college is 14.5 with the standard deviation of 3.
If the total enrolment in the school is 500, how many students have ages:
i. Greater than or equal to 16?
ii. Below 13
iii. From 14 to 16?

ASSESSMENT/ EVALUATION
Quiz using Google form (link)

ASSIGNMENT
1. The following are the number of minutes used by 13 students in answering a particular problem
in Statistics: 58, 24, 31, 28, 27, 27, 38, 23, 18, 29, 20, 24, 21. Determine the value of the following.
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Standard deviation
d. Skewness (Interpret the result)
e. Q1
f. Q3
g. Q
h. P90
i. P10
j. Kurtosis ( Interpret the result)
2. The table shows the score obtained by 80 applicants for secretarial position in a certain
manufacturing company. Determine the value of the following
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Standard deviation
d. Skewness (Interpret the result)
e. Q1
f. Q3
g. Q
h. P90
i. P10
j. Kurtosis (Interpret the result)
Scores Frequency
82-90 3
73-81 9
64-72 18
55-63 15
46-54 22
37-45 37
28-32 1
19-27 3
10-18 2
c = ___ n = _____

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Tel. No. (02) 997-9070

LEARNING RESOURCES
Textbooks:

Myers, A. & Hansen, C. (2017) Experimental Psychology. Pasig City: Cengage Learning.
McGuigan F.J. (2004). Experimental Psychology: Methods of Research (7th ed.). Singapore:
Pearson Education South Asia Pte. Ltd.

Online Resources:
https://prezi.com/htvok70eidre/chapter-1-experimental-psychology-and-the-scientific-
method/

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