INTERNSHIP REPORT

on
“SDO COURT”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering

by

SAURAV KUMAR PODDAR

(19SOCE1010013)

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY
GREATER NOIDA

1
 DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others'
ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I
also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand
that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also
evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom
proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Date: SAURAV KUMARPODDAR

(19THJUNE2021) (19SOCE1010013)

2
 Acknowledgement

I am overjoyed to express my heartfelt gratitude and heartfelt gratitude to the Head and Program
Chair of the Civil Engineering Department at Galgotias University, Greater Noida, for his efforts
and technical and spiritual assistance.

Engineers and other technical and non-technical people for assisting in the comprehension
of the different features and constructional details of the job and site in the Construction S.D.O.
court at Subhas Chowk, District Araria, Bihar

Mr. Bhavesh Kumar Engineer at the Training Site, was also a great help to me. and
providing me with excellent construction advice.

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 CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Definition of SDOcourt
3. History
4. Details of theProject
5. Scope ofProject
6. Details of FieldStudy
7. Details ofStructure
8. Process of laying ofColumns
9. FieldDesign
10. Conclusions

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 Introduction

In the structure of my master studies in energy and environment, I am writing this report to share
the experience of my 2nd internship held at bagmati Construction. I started working in the
department of Engineering & Innovation on the 19th of June and I am supposed to conclude the
internship by the end of 19thjuly 2021. By the time I’m writing this report, the internship is still
ongoing. I was part of a team of 12 to 16 people who kept constantly changing in size. The
communication language in the office was hindi, but the internship report is written in English.

The office is located in the forbesganj (Araria) of Bagmati Construction in Rueil-Malmaison.

bagmati Construction is a indian construction company that operates in Nepal border.

The Engineering and Innovation Department of bagmati Construction has the mission to support
the other divisions in the development and deployment of crossfunctional innovations such as
new materials or new technologies. These innovations can help meet the challenges of climate
change but can also help optimize safety and productivity on its worksites through the use of new
tools.

The primary goal of this internship is to study the home plan of construction projects and identify
the main actors and contributors in terms of CO2 emissions. We studied many construction
projects, but not just any project. We were not interested into buildings and typical construction
sites. What interested us was larger projects, such as bridges, airports, metro lines and etc. These
projects were accomplished by the company all around the world in Egypt, Panama, Kenya,etc.

The secondary goal of this internship was to help the innovative environmental solutions in the
company to rise and become operational. It also included raising environmental awareness across
the group, sharing the environmental solutions developed by other divisions of the company, and
helping bagmati meet their environmental goals.

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 History

Court and replaced it with a chief magistrate's Court presided over by a chief magistrate as
the highest judicial officer of the British courts.

… New magistrate courts were established 7

deriving their birth entirely from the Supreme Court Ordinance of 1876. Their only link with the
…

6
 Scope of the report

The scope of this document is to identify and describe the analysis carried out, projects
completed, experience gained and focuses on the achievements as an intern at the Supreme
Court. The document highlights the major duties carried out in terms of academic and
nonacademicperspectives.

This report is made only for academic purpose and to fulfill the requirement for industrial
attachment. This report has covered the direct and indirect aspects of working and dealing with
the finance and accounts documents of the organization.

An entry diary which aggregates the various tasks or jobs undertaken at the various assigned
sections was provided for in this chapter. This chapter was organized into sections which were
drawn from the diary and an examination of any co-operation from section colleagues or
frustrations in carrying out the assigned duties. The first section looked at the duties done
through the industrial attachment period and the second section examined the overall satisfaction
with sectioncolleagues.

All my colleagues at the workstations were collaborative, supportive and greatly

educative. Their interest and contributions to my Economics program were immense. My
supervisor gave me a good orientation at the beginning of the exercise and continued offering
help

In this chapter, an outline of the tasks done and the directorates was discussed which involved;
sections and directorates worked in with a clear description of the aggregate tasks done in each
section and the procedures and processes undertaken to do the tasks assigned. The relationship
and co-ordination of the systems and sub-systems of the Judiciary are also clearly outlined i.e.
Who benefits from my work or who suffers in case anything goes wrong from my part? The
value of the tasks taken and the practicum program in general was provided for whereof it was

seen to be of benefit and in relation with the courses done in the Economics degreeprogram .
The work during internship period on following project

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(P.O Quarter G+3 S.D.O Court forbisganj (Araria) problem under the guidance of Mr.Bhavesh
kumar

This type of project exmlain abut picture in process of

Explation

8
Types of figure/ Details of the Project

1.Layoute

2.Foundation

3.Sand filling

4.B.F.X Soling

5.P.C.C

6.Raft

7.TyeBeam

8.Brick Work

9.Plinth Beam

10.Column

11.Stairs

12.Column Casting

13.Roof Slab Casting

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 Defination

A figure of speech is a deviation from the ordinary use of words in order to increase their
effectiveness. Basically, it is a figurative language that may consist of a single word or phrase. It
may be a simile, a metaphor or personification to convey the meaning other than the literal
meaning.

Importance of Figure of Speech-

1. It enhances the beauty of the writing. It makes the sentence deeper and leaves the reader
witha sense of wonder. It brings life to the words used by thewriter.

2. The figure of Speech not only shows the writers intent but also his purpose of using such
language.

3. It adds flavour to the writing and makes it so much more enjoyable for the reader, when he/she
i

Foundation is the lowermost structure in any building, it will transfer the

loadfrom superstructure to thesoil(substructure). But column punches ( settles or goes
insidesoil)
because of a small perimeter.So, the foundation is provided just to increase perimeter so that load
is distributed over a large area.

Site layout planning involves four basic processes:

1. Identifying the site facilities that will berequired.

2. Determining the sizes, and other constraints of thosefacilities.

3. Establishing the inter-relationships between thefacilities.

10
4. Optimising the layout of the facilities on thesite.

11
Layout plan in construction

A site layout plan, sometimes called a block plan, shows a detailed layout of the whole site and
the relationship of the proposed works with the boundary of the property, nearby roads, and

neighbouring buildings .
Layout inconstruction

Construction Layout, also known as construction staking or site layout survey, is the process in
which the contractor reads the building plans (blueprints) and then marks with stakes the
locations of all elements on the build site. ... The building corners are staked, as well as the
interior grid lines.
Site visit in construction
Construction site visits are interactive experiences that enhance students' understanding of real
construction practices. Site visits create an interactive learning environment for students and
provide exposure to a real-world spatiotemporal experience of a construction project
A good site layout

Goal-Oriented: The ideal website layout is symmetrical, clear, and orderly. Most importantly, top
layouts make it clear what's expected of visitors once they land. You can do this with negative
space and prominent calls-to-action that can't be missed.

Layout planning

Layout planning is deciding on the best physical arrangement of all resources that consume space
within a facility. These resources might include a desk, a work center, a cabinet, a person, an

entire office, or even adepartment .

Layout important inconstruction

The purpose of a good site layout is to provide a safe and economical flow of materials and
people around a plant which is socially acceptable to workers and neighbors to produce a

specified product reliably and cost-effectively .

12
Difference between site layout and site plan

The site layout is the part of the site plan. The site layout is the part of the construction plan that
focuses mainly on the physical space of the construction site and the layout plan includes

physical management of the things .

Mean by layout

(Entry 1 of 2) 1 : the plan or design or arrangement of something laid out: such as. a : dummy
sense 5b. b : final arrangement of matter to be reproduced especially by printing.

Layout of a building called

A floor plan is a two-dimensional architectural drawing that shows the design of a house or other
construction project from above. It is drawn in what's called a plan view, as if you're looking
down through an invisible roof into the building.
Site plan scale

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A site plan is a large-scale drawing that shows the full extent of the site for an existing or
proposed development. Typically, depending on the size of the project, site plans are likely to
be at a scale of 1: 500 or 1: 200.
Importance of site visit
Site visits are important because they reveal details that can affect the installation or performance
of the solar system. One example is solar access, or how much sunlight the site receives year-
round. This information is critical since the more time a solar panel spends in the shade, the less
energy it produces.
Use of layout

A layout defines the structure for a user interface in your app, such as in an activity. All elements
in the layout are built using a hierarchy of View and ViewGroup objects. A View usually draws
something the user can see and interact with.

Layout example

The definition of a layout is an arrangement, plan or design. An example of a layout is a drawing

of how a house will be built. An arrangement or plan, especially the schematic arrangement of
parts or areas. The layout of a factory; the layout of a printed circuit.

14
 Fig.1. Layout example SDO Court

SOLING

Soling is the process of hand packing rubble stones one adjacent to another, to provide a stable
base to the foundation and footing, before concreting work. Rubble or boulder soling is done to
enhance the bearing capacity of the soil, where hard strata are not available

Soling should be laid in one layer of 230mm or 150mm depth or specified thickness of soling
with a tolerance of 25mm. After packing the stones properly in position, the interstices between

15
them should be carefully filled with quarry spoils or stone chips of larger size possible to obtain
a bard, compactsurface

Soiling materials

Absorbent materials soiled by eco-toxic substances (paint, glue, varnish, hydrocarbons, oils,

etc.): rags, cardboard, paper, protective clothing, earth,etc .

Soling layer

Soling should be laid in one layer of 230mm or 150mm depth or specified thickness of soling
with a tolerance of 25mm. After packing the stones properly in position, the interstices between
them should be carefully filled with quarry spoils or stone chips of larger size possible to obtain
a bard, compactsurface
Soiling means

To make unclean, dirty, or filthy, especially on the surface: to soil one's clothes. to smirch,
smudge, or stain: The ink soiled his hands. to sully or tarnish, as with disgrace; defile morally: to
soil one's good name.
Soiling losses

Soiling losses: Soiling losses refer to loss in power resulting from snow, dirt, dust and other
particles that cover the surface of the PV module.

How calculate quantity of Soling

From the above drawing, depth of excavation = 2.5 ft., depth of soling = 0.75 ft. The volume of
soling for the footing. = (0.75 ft ÷ 2.5 ft.) × 140 cu ft.

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 Fig.2,.Soling Of SDO Court

CONCRETE DETAILS OF PCC

PCC Ratio. PCC concrete mix ratio is 1:5:10, which Means 1 part of cement, 5 parts of sand, and
10 parts of aggregate. PCC in construction is used to make a level bed for footing.

The Grade of the PCC used is M15 grade. IN M15 Grade, The mix ratio is 1:2:4. (1
cement,2 sand , 4 aggregates). Applications: M15 grade plain concrete cement is used for
levelling courses,bedding for footing, beams and columns etc.

Specification of PCC

Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) contains Cement, Coarse sand/Dust and Coarse Aggregate that
vary from 40mm-12.5mm as per the Need . If we go by the Engineering Norms then their are
two types of mix ratio i.e. Nominal Mix and DesignMix
Cement is used for PCC

Cement: Normally, the Portland cement is utilized as bonding material in PCC. Fine Aggregate:
Sand is employed as fine aggregate. The fineness modulus (FM) of sand should remain 1.2 to
1.5.

Size of PCC

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The size of the aggregate used for PCC varies from 10-12 mm to 40 mm depending on where
they are to be used. If the size of the aggregate is more, it results in the reduction of cement
consumption

PCC in civil construction

The term PCC stands for plain cement concrete. The mixture of cement, sand and coarse
aggregate are generally called plain cement concrete (PCC). . It is also defined as Cement
Concrete or Blinding Concrete

Fig.3.PCC In SDO Court

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 Fig.4.PCC In SDO Court

RCC

Reinforced Cement Concrete is a Reinforced Cement Concrete(RCC) combination of concrete

and steel It is used in storage structures like Dams, Water Tanks, Tunnels etc.It is used in the
construction of Columns, Beams, Footings, Slabs etc. to build a structure instead of using only
concrete Uses of RCC

Lets take example of RCC Column, where reinforcement required is 2.5% of concrete
volume, weight of steel required will be: =196.25kg.

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 Estimation of Reinforced Steel:

1. For slabs = 1.0 % of concrete volume.

2. For Beam = 2 % concretevolume.

3. For column = 2.5 % of concretevolume.

4. For RCC Roads, 0.6% concretevolume.

Fig.5.RCC Roof In SDO Court

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 Fig.6.Column of SDO Court

 Square or Rectangular Column. They are commonly used in the construction of buildings and
heavy structures....

 Circular Column....

 L and T shaped Column....

 Tied Column....

 Spiral Column....

 Composite Column....

 Axially Loaded Column....

 Uniaxial Eccentrically LoadedColumn.

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Process of laying of Columns

Fig.7.laying column

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 Construction Process of RC Column

Reinforced Concrete column is a structural member of RC frame structured building. It’s a

vertical member which transfers loads from slab and beam directly to subsequent soil.

A whole building stands on columns. Most of the building failure happens due to column
failure. And most of the column failure happens not for design fault but for the poor construction
practice. So, it is very important to know the construction process of the RC column properly.

Constructing Concrete Column involves following four stages of works –

1. Column layoutwork
2. Column reinforcementwork
3. Column formwork,and
4. Pouring concrete intocolumn.

Fig.8.laying side support

Column layout work:

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In this stage of works the location of columns are determined practically in field. It is done by
laying rope according to grids shown in the drawing and then mark the location of columns
related to rope.In drawing, column locations are shown related to grid-line with dimension.
Practicaly, in field, ropes are our grid-line. So we place columns related to rope-line by
measuring dimension shown in thedrawing.

Column Reinforcement work:

After marking the column locations, we then start to place reinforcement as instructed in the
structural drawing.

This is normally described in the drawing like

C1-12#16 mm⌀and stirrup-10 mm⌀ @ 15 cm c/c.

That means column C1 will have 12 numbers of 16 mm diameter bar as vertical bar and 10 mm
diameter steel should be placed 15 cm center to center asstirrup.

or

C2-8#20 mm⌀ + 10#16 mm⌀ and stirrup-10 mm⌀ @ (10 cm+15 cm) c/c.

This C2 column’s reinforcement specification means that it’ll have 8 numbers of 20 mm

diameter bar as well as 10 numbers of 16 mm diameter bar as vertical reinforcement and (10
cm+15 cm) center to center of stirrups placement means middle-half portion of clear height of
column will have 15 cm center to center spacing of stirrups and upper one-fourth as well as
bottom one-fourth height of column’s clear height will hold stirrups at 10 cm center to center
spacing.

24
 There is a sheet in structural drawing which contains structural notes from structural
designer. In that drawing sheet, you’ll find suggested lap length for column’s steel of different
diameter bar and other important notes. You should read those before column reinforcement
work.

Column formwork:

In building, floor height is normally kept 3 m. If the slab has beam then we have to pour
concrete up to beam bottom level. Suppose, beam height specified in drawing is 0.45 m. So, the
casting height of our column will be 2.65 m. And our formwork height will be 2.65 m. But one
thing should be considered here is that dropping concrete from above 1.5 m height isn’t
suggested during pouring. Because it leads concrete segregation. So we shouldmake

one-side of column formwork within 1.5 m height range. After casting 1.5 m of column, we just
lift the short side up to full-casting height of column next day.

Another way to cast column without segregation is to keep a small

window at 1.5 m level of full-height formwork. After casting up to that level, close the window
and cast the rest of the column.

4. Pouring concrete into column: Casting column is easy. For small quantity of concrete volume
we normally depend on machine-mix concrete and for large concrete quantity we order ready-
mix concrete. I would suggest machine-mix concrete. Because, if you use moving pump with
ready-mix concrete and if you want not to exceed 1.5 m height range for dropping concrete that
would be difficult.

If you don’t use moving pump, yet there are some problems. Suppose, you have decided to use
ready-mix concrete without pump. In that case, you have to manually unload concrete on job site
from ready-mix concrete truck and have to manually pour into column. That’ll take long time

25
and you’ll exceed initial setting time of concrete. As a result, concrete will lose its quality. So it
is better to cast column with machine-mixconcrete.

Fig.9 Tepping column of SDO court

Slab centering

26
Centering is a temporary arrangement & part of formwork which is arranged to support
horizontal members. In a technical point of view, the formwork for floor beams & Slabs is called
as a Centering.

Fig.10.Slab Cenctring

Centering in formwork

Centring, centre, centering, or center is a type of formwork: the temporary structure upon which
the stones of an arch or vault are laid during construction. Until the keystone is inserted an arch
has no strength and needs the centring to keep the voussoirs in their correct relative positions.
We use centering in construction

27
 Centering is the formwork, usually made from wood, that is used to support the masonry on an
arch or barrel vault before the masonry is placed and before it has gained sufficient strength to
support its own weight. Centering will support the masonry and form the curvature of the arch or
vault.
Mean by centering

Definitions of centering. the concentration of attention or energy on something. synonyms:

direction, focal point, focus, focusing, focusing
Steel reinforcing and welded wire reinforcement should be supported and sufficiently tied
together to minimize movements during concrete placing and finishing operations. Otherwise,
reinforcement may not be properly located in the slab. Support reinforcement with chairs or
precast-concrete bar supports.

Calculate centering

Important Formulae for Calculating Shuttering Area:

1. Perimeter of Square : 4S (S = Length ofSide)

2. Perimeter of Rectangle : 2[L+B] (L=Length & B =Breadth)

3. Perimeter of Circle : 2πr (r = Radius ofcircle)

4. Area of Rectangle = Length xBreadth.

5. Area of Square = Side xSide.

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 Fig.11.support slab setting

A slab foundation is made of concrete that is typically 4"–6" thick in the center. The concrete
slab is often placed on a layer of sand for drainage or to act as a cushion. Houses built on a slab

lack crawlspaces, and there is no space under thefloor .

Slabs

Slabs. Slab is an important structural element which is constructed to create flat and useful
surfaces such as floors, roofs,andceilings........Commonly, slabs are supported by beams,columns
(concrete or steel), walls, or the ground. The depth of a concrete slab floor is very small
compared to its span.

29
 Fig.12.support column

A slab is a structural element, made of concrete, that is used to create flat horizontal surfaces
such as floors, roof decks and ceilings. A slab is generally several inches thick and supported by

beams,columns, walls, or the ground .

Stairs: It consists of a flight of steps and one or more intermediate landing slabs between the
floor levels. Stairs can be defined as series of steps suitably arranged for the purpose of
30
 connecting different floors ofabuilding........Stairs can be made of concrete, stone, wood, steelor
combination of any of these.

Difference between shuttering and centering

Or Vertical formwork is known as shuttering. Formwork for columns, retaining walls, footings
are known as shuttering. Centering is a part of formwork. ... Formwork for slabs and floor
beams is known ascentering.

Calculate stair shuttering

Estimation of the shuttering area required for construction of the staircase:

1. Area of rectangle = Length xbreadth.

2. Perimeter of rectangle = 2 (Length xbreadth)

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3. Area of square = Length xLength.

4. The perimeter of square = 4 x SideLength.

5. Area of Triangle = 1/2 x Base xHeight.

Fig.13 .stairs
Floor Slab:

The term 'floor slab' usually refers to a floor that has been formed using concrete (and generally
steel reinforcement) and may form part of the structure of a building. It may form the floor of a
basement, at ground level or at upper levels.

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 Fig.14.Roof slab

Reinforcement details of roof slab

Minimum reinforcement is 0.12% for HYSD bars and 0.15% for mild steel bars. The diameter of
bar generally used in slabs are: 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12mm and 16mm. The maximum diameter

of bar used in slab should not exceed 1/8 of the total thickness of slab .
reinforcement placed in slab
Structural reinforcement is typically placed in the bottom portion of the slab thickness to increase
the slab's load capacity. Most structural slabs-on-ground have both top and bottom layers of
reinforcement for controlling crack-widths and increasing load capacities.

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 Fig.15.full view

1. The founding (shallow foundation / deep foundation) Depending on the subsoil, the firstdecision
is which type of foundation to use....
2. The drainage....
3. Formwork and installation of the spacers....
4. The reinforcement....

5. Theconcreting .

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According to work arrangement laying of RCC slab can be done in 3 stages such as formwork or
centering and shuttering, bending and binding MS steel bars and laying of concrete. A.
Formwork or Centering and Shuttering The formwork should be asper

1907.1General. The thickness of concrete floor slabs supported directly on the ground shall
Centering and shuttering as per specification

For slabs and beams, small camber shall be given in the shuttering. Camber of 1cm per 2.50m
with a maximum of 4cm should be provided. Centering and shuttering shall not be
removed before 14 days in general (4 days for R.C.C. columns, 10 days for roof slab and 14 days
forbeams).
E not less than 31/2 inches (89 mm).

Rentering in RCC

Centring, centre, centering, or center is a type of formwork: the temporary structure upon which
the stones of an arch or vault are laid during construction. Until the keystone is inserted an arch

has no strength and needs the centring to keep the voussoirs in their correct relative positions .
Centering in survey

Centering means bringing the vertical axis of the theodolite exactly over the station mark. Exact
centering is done by using the shifting head of the instrument.

Shuttering is best for slab

Steel shuttering plate is the best type of shuttering because this is water tight shuttering which
can bear the load of cement concrete placed onit.

35
 Fig.16.Slab shurrering

Centering of slab
Centring, centre, centering, or center is a type of formwork: the temporary structure upon which
the stones of an arch or vault are laid during construction. Until the keystone is inserted an arch
has no strength and needs the centring to keep the voussoirs in their correct relative positions.
Centering in formwork

Centering is a temporary arrangement & part of formwork which is arranged to support

horizontal members. or. In a technical point of view, the formwork for floor beams & Slabs is
called as aCentering.
Propping and Centering:

The props used for centering may be of steel, timber posts or bullies. ... Double wedges are
essentiallyprovidedbetweenthesoleplatesandthetimberpropswithaviewtopermitaccurate

36
 adjustment of the shuttering prior to concreting operation and to allow easy removal of shuttering
afterward.

Important Formulae for Calculating Shuttering Area:

1. Perimeter of Square : 4S (S = Length ofSide)

2. Perimeter of Rectangle : 2[L+B] (L=Length & B =Breadth)

3. Perimeter of Circle : 2πr (r = Radius ofcircle)

4. Area of Rectangle = Length xBreadth.

5. Area of Square = Side xSide .

Centering in survey

Centering means bringing the vertical axis of the theodolite exactly over the station mark. Exact
centering is done by using the shifting head of the instrument
.
Soffit of beam

Thedefinitionofasoffitistheundersideofapieceofarchitecture....................(architecture) Thevisible

underside of an arch, balcony, beam, cornice, staircase, vault or any other architectural element .
Calculate slab shuttering

Let's get started. The length of the slab = 50 feet. The width of the slab = 30 feet. Total
covered area = Length x Width = %0 x 30 = 1500 sft.

37
 Fig.17.Slab Shuttering

Footings are an important part of foundation construction. They are typically made of concrete
with rebar reinforcement that has been poured into an excavated trench. The purpose of footings
is to support the foundation and prevent settling. Footings are especially important in areas with
troublesome soils.

38
Details of footing reinforcement

Concrete cover of Reinforcements. According to IS 456-200, the minimum thickness to main

reinforcement in footing should not be less than 50mm if footing is in contact with earth surface

directly, and 40mm for external exposed face such as surface levelling PCC .
Footing details

A footing detail includes reinforcing steel, strong concrete all placed on strong soil.

Fig.18. footing

Reinforcement details of beam

39
Generally a beam consists of following steel reinforcements: Longitudinal reinforcement at
tension and compression face. Shear reinforcements in the form of vertical stirrups and or bent
up longitudinal bars. Side face reinforcement in the web of the beam provided when the depth of
the web in a beam exceeds 750mm
Main components of steel reinforcement for beam

Rebar is commonly manufactured using mild or high yield steel of grade 250 or 250 N/mm2
characteristic tensile strength. The constituents of both of these grades are around 99% iron,
along with manganese, carbon, sulphur andphosphorous.

40
Generally a beam consists of following steel reinforcements: Longitudinal reinforcement at
tension and compression face. Shear reinforcements in the form of vertical stirrups and or bent
up longitudinal bars. Side face reinforcement in the web of the beam provided when the depth of
the web in a beam exceeds 750mm.

Fig.19.T-Beam

41
Design

to create, fashion, execute, or construct according to plan : devise, contrive design a system for
tracking inventory. 2a : to conceive and plan out in the mind he designed the perfect crime. b : to
have as a purpose : intend she designed to excel in her studies.

Fig.20.design field

42
AutoCAD plan

AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application.

Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 as a
desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers. AutoCAD is also
available as mobile and web apps.

Fig.21.Structure

43
Conclusions

A technician must possess not only academic but also practical skills, and as a result, every
student is required to participate in a practical training session after two years, during which I
gained knowledge of building, foundation, and design, as well as the associated economic
concerns.

During our 30-day training course, we learned about S.D.O COURT, as well as the S.D.O
COURT foundation and design.

Finally, I'd like to mention that the practical training I had at the Subhas Chowk, District Araria,
Bihar P.O Quarter G+3 S.D.O COURT has increased my knowledge and broadened my thinking
as a professional

44