Assesments of Multidimensional Child Poverty

NeuroQuantology|November2022| Volume 20 | Issue 16 |PAGE 1016-1032| DOI: 10.14704/NQ.2022.20.16.
NQ880102
Workneh Girma et al/ Assessment of Multidimensional Child Poverty in Ethiopia: The case of Dambi Dollo town, Oromia Regional State
Assessment of Multidimensional Child Poverty

in Ethiopia: The case of Dambi Dollo town,
Oromia Regional State
Workneh Girma1, Namo Gabisa2, Mulugeta Tesfaye3, Aboma Benti4
1
Dambi Dollo University, College of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, Ethiopia.
2
Dambi Dollo University, College of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, Ethiopia.
3
Dambi Dollo University, College of Business and Economics, Department of Management, Ethiopia.
4
Dambi Dollo University, College of Business and Economics, Department of Business management
and Entrepreneurship, Ethiopia.
Corresponding author’s Email:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Multidimensional child poverty is a deprivation experienced by children. To the level of the
authors no study has undertaken using primary data as well as at the study area and studies on the
assessments of multidimensional child poverty in Ethiopia is very limited. Available literatures have 1016
focused on the comparison of urban and rural child poverty and have used traditional or one-dimension
approach which leads to a partial understanding of child poverty and ineffective policies of poverty
reduction. The purpose of this study was to assessmultidimensional child poverty inDambiDollo town
using the AF approach of 2011 with primary data sources and child as unit of analysis. The finding of the
study revealed that a school aged child of Dambi Dollo town was being deprived in housing, health,
information, care, sanitation, and education dimensions respectively with the incidence of poverty (H0 =
0.87) and the intensity (A=0.58 ) and the multidimensional child poverty adjusted head count ratio(M0)
is 0.502 at the poverty cut-off, k=2. Based on this, provision of aid programs and support, improving
access to education and health for all as the short run and directing economic resources to affected
children and their families, implementation of anti-natal policy, reduction of early age marriage,
promotion of gender equity, and mainstreaming child-targeted programs in to macroeconomic and
socialsectors development policies are the long run major forwarded recommendations.
Key words: School aged-Child, Multidimensional child poverty, Dimensions, Indicators, AF approach.
DOI Number: 10.14704/NQ.2022.20.16.NQ880102 NeuroQuantology2022;20(16):1016-1032
1. Introduction sanitation facilities, access to basic health-care

While a severe lack of goods and services, shelter, education, participation and
services hurts every human being, it is most protection. According to this definition child
threatening and harmful to children. Leaving poverty is characterized by severe deprivation
them unable to enjoy their rights, reach their of basic human needs which depends not only
full potential and to participate as full members on income but also on access to social service
of society is the worst and continues (UNGA, 2006, pp 460).
intergenerational poverty cycle. It was far that Moreover, growing up in poverty can be
the United Nations recognized child poverty as damaging to children’s physical, emotional and
children deprived of nutrition, water and spiritual development. Child poverty differs
eISSN1303-5150 www.neuroquantology.com
1
NeuroQuantology|November2022| Volume 20 | Issue 16 |PAGE 1016-1032| DOI: 10.14704/NQ.2022.20.16.NQ880102
from adult poverty in that it has different Manytown dwellers remain effectively cut off
causes and effects, and the impact of poverty from the benefits of citizenship. Because land
during childhood can have detrimental effects ownership or renting formal housing are out of
on children which are irreversible. It can cause reach for so many households, they often live in
lifelong cognitive and physical impairment, unauthorized informal settlements, under
where children become permanently bridges, along railway lines, on whatever land
disadvantaged and this in turn perpetuates the that is not already occupied, even though it may
cycle of poverty across generations (UNICEF, be hazardous or unfit for habitation. Children
2011). living with those households fail in jobs beyond
For this reason, states that ratify the their capacity and enforced to beg money and
convention on the rights of the child (CRC) had remnants of food from restaurants and mini-
agreed that children have the right to survival, cafés (Bartlett, 2011). Unplanned town
development, protection and participation and construction in the name of investment also
they agreed that they will do all they can displaces households with their large family size
progressively to realize those rights. without considering children in the calculation
Accordingly, the Ethiopian state had ratified the of compensation if applied. Moreover, any
CRC in 1991(MOFED and USAID, 2013). In children in the country reported in the extreme
addition, the revised family code proclamation need of basic necessities related health,
no.213/2000 purports to give ‘priority to the standard of living, and lack of access to
well-being, upbringing and protection of education (UNICEF, 2015). Hence, poverty is not
children in accordance with the constitution just about the capacity to afford a basic food
and international Conventions which Ethiopia basket; it is a matter of lack of access and
has ratified’ (MOLSA 2006: p71). According to exclusion in a range of areas.
article 215 of the revised family code, a minor is This implies that poverty can be seen as
a person of either sex who has not attained the multidimensional contrary to the traditional
full age of eighteen years’. The law presumes approach of income or consumption poverty
that the minor is incapable of performing a which is one-dimensional in any area.i.e. either
broad range of legally binding acts and in such it isDambi Dollo town. The difference between 1017
circumstances places him or her under the care them is that the newly developed poverty
and protection of specified organizations (ibid: analysis has direct relationship with the unit
p71-72). analysis whereas the monetary approach has
However, the accomplishment of indirect relationship with the probability of
Ethiopia in reduction of income poverty has not being poor or not (Alkire,
been accompanied by improvements in other 2015).Multidimensional child poverty measures
important areas. In 2011, 87% of provide a more direct description of povertyas
Ethiopianpopulation wasmultidimensional poor experienced by children themselves and the
as measured by MPI which means as social and family environment in which they
multidimensional poverty index (MPI) they live. They are also crucial to target policies and
were deprived in at least one third of the programs towards the most deprived and
weighted MPI indicators. This put Ethiopia as disadvantaged children in countries to ensure
the second poorest country in the world(OPHDI, they can be reached in the new sustainable
2014).With the recession of global economy development goals (SDGS) by 2030 (UNICEF,
supported by financial crisis followed by covid- 2014).
19 pandemic crisis, Ethiopian economy has also Moreover, looking at real income levels
shared downturn of the economy aggravated by or even the levels of consumption of specific
the political unrest and foreign currency commodities cannot suffice as a measure of
drainage currently. well-being(Todaro, 2012), the monetary poverty
approach is inappropriate for estimating child
2
poverty since so little is known about the Poverty in childhood can cause lifelong
income or consumption needs of children and cognitive and physical impairment, where
how these may vary by age, gender and children become permanently disadvantaged
location. For instance, children have low food and this in turn perpetuates the cycle of poverty
requirements but higher requirements in other across generation (Engilbertsdotti, 2011).
basic needs that require expenditure; whether a Children who experience poverty during their
child lives in poverty does not only depend on preschool and early school years have lower
family income but also on access to public rates of school completion than children and
goods and services such as a safe water supply, adolescents who experience poverty only in
health care and education. later years (Duncan, 1997). Moreover, children
To pursue inclusive equity and living in poverty are more likely to become
guarantee that benefits are distributed among impoverished adults and have poor children,
the population, it is crucial the country ensures creating and sustaining intergenerational cycles
that the gains achieved by high levels of of poverty. While the largest costs of child
economic growth trickle down to the most poverty are borne directly by children
vulnerable segments of the society. Even more themselves, society also pays a high price
so in light of the negative health related and through reduced productivity, untapped
socio-economic impacts caused by COVID-19 potential and the costs of responding to chronic
which have affected both monetary and poverty. Child poverty damages children’s life
multidimensional child poverty levels (UNICEF, chances and harms all society (UNICEF, 2014).
Faces of Child poverty in Ethiopia, In order to give policy incentives and
2021)Povertyin childhood is more severe than work towards not only reducing the number of
any of it as it passes to adulthood and becomes poor children, but also reducing the intensity of
intergenerational child poverty in the country. deprivations from which they suffer, identifying
In addition to becoming the most vulnerable key determinants, indicators and dimensions is
groups of a society, children are dependent on unquestionable (Plavgo, et al., 2013). Thus,
1018
their families. It also affects the mental, incorporation of child poverty into the
psychology, spirit and motivation of them at the economic policy analysis is then crucial, in order
stage which harms their future life. Moreover, to have a deeper understanding of the
children are the more deprived to poverty than country’s situation and ensure the effectiveness
any class of society (Alkire.et al, 2011). of social security and child protection policies
Growing up in poverty can have a significant implemented (UNICEF, 2015).
detrimental impact on children’s quality of life Studies focused on multidimensional
and well-being and has limiting effects on a child poverty in Ethiopia are rare in general and
child’s opportunities and future life chances. no like researches have been done on the study
Poverty can have an impact on every area of a area so far, to the knowledge of the
child’s life, from health and well-being, to researchers, in particular. Freweini (2013) on
education and employment. immediate the dynamics of child poverty and its
experiences in childhood children’s experiences determinants in Tigray region has focused on
of poverty in childhood can have concerning the determinants of nutritional child poverty on
consequences on their mental health, under six years and its dynamism or change in
engagement with their education and their child poverty reduction over time using the
family life etc. children living in poverty are also longitudinal data obtained from the young live
frequently denied their rights: to survival, using young live approach. However, the study
health and nutrition, education, and protection focused on single component of indicator of
from harm, abuse and exploitation(UNICEF and multidimensional child poverty i.e., nutritional
REPOA, 2009). status. It used consumption/income poverty
approach .i.e. monetary approach to identify
3
determinants of child poverty in Tigray region Youth Affairs (2021), there are 2500 school
(Freweini, 2013). aged children in the town as of June of 2021.
These studies, mentioned above, were The sample size was determined using stratified
conducted on the nutritional status of children random sampling technique from four kebele
under five but didn’t touch other dimensions of (Dollo, Lafto, Biftu and Yabalo) kebeles of the
poverty and the school aged children.Their town. The total population of Dambi Dollo town
focus was on single deprivation and one- is 26,748. Out of which 1500 of them are school
dimensional analysis. However, one- aged children, children whose age are reached
dimensional analysis lead to a partial for school.
understanding of poverty, and often to BasedonKothari(2004),thesamplesizewascalcula
unfocused or ineffective poverty-reduction tedusingthefollowingformula.
programs and policies that fail to capture many 𝑧 2 pqN
𝑛= 2 =288
aspects of deprivation and their interactions. 𝑒 2(𝑁−1)+𝑧 pq
Where, n: is thesamplesizeofafinitepopulation,
Thus, child poverty is multidimensional and
N:totalnumber of school aged children
should be measured using multidimensional
p: population variability, where p is assumed
approaches. It is a multidimensional including
0.5 taken for unknown variability and p + q= 1,
health, education, and living standard as stated
e:margin oferror or levelof precision ,5%is
in SDG to be reached by 2030 (UNICEF, 2015).
consideredforthis study, Z=Confidencelevel,
In addition, more available literatures on
with 95%confidencelevel(0.05/2), z=1.96
the child poverty in Ethiopia are monetary
approach and their focuses were on the
The researchers have collected data from 288
measurement and patterns of deprivation on
school aged children and their families. Thus,
the comparison between urban and rural. This
using Proportional sampling technique, 74
study fills the above gaps by using multiple
children are from Dollo, 67 are from Biftu, 80
dimensions of indicators. Therefore, the main
are from Yaballo and 67 are from Lafto.Primary
objective of this study is to assess
data is collected from the respondents through
multidimensional child poverty in Dambi Dollo
questionnaires. In addition, interview with
town and the specific objectives are:
family and focus group discussion is held with
 Analyzingthe severity of multidimensional 1019
key informants from cross-cutting sector
poverty among children living in study area
leaders in the town.
 Evaluating the socio-economic
2.2. Method of Data Analysis
characteristics of children in study area
2.2.1. Measuring Poverty
 Classifying indicator/s in which children in
To identify indicators in which a given child is
Dambi Dollo are deprived off.
deprived of, the intensity of the poverty and
2. Materials and Method
percentage of children deprived in Dambi Dollo
2.1. Data Source and Sampling Technique
town, the multidimensional poverty index
This study is conducted in Dambi Dollo town,
approach of Alkire and Foster (2011a) (AF)is
the capital of Kelem Wollega zone, Oromia
used.The Alkire-Foster approach includes two
National Regional State of Ethiopia. The town is
steps: an identification method (ρk) that
located at 652 km west of Finfine, the capital
identifies ‘who is poor’ by considering the range
city of Ethiopia. It is bounded by SayoWoreda in
of deprivations they suffer, and an aggregation
all direction. In the study area there are 4
method that generates an intuitive set of
kebele administrations including Biftu, Dollo.
poverty measures (Mα) (based on traditional
Lafto and Yabalo. The target population of the
FGT measures) that can be broken down to
studycovers the town’s households with a child
target the poorest people and the dimensions
in the age of range 7-15 years old being lived
in which they are most deprived (Alkire, 2009).
only. According to the office of Women and
4
The AF method also proposes two additional headcount rate by the intensity of deprivation
measures in the same class of multidimensional and is calculated by the following formula:
poverty measures: the adjusted poverty gap ∑𝑘 𝑞𝑘 𝑐𝑘
𝑀𝑜 = 𝑖 𝑛∗𝑑 Withck = Di*yk,
and the adjusted FGT measure, which are
sensitive to the depth of deprivation in each Where k = cut-off point (number of dimensions
dimension, and the inequality among the poor. a child should be deprived in to be
Thus, to fulfill the SDG goal of ‘leaving no one Considered as multidimensional poor
behind’ it is necessary to be able to define who qk = number of children affected by at least k
the poorest of the poor are, and how their deprivations
situation is changing (Alkire, 2016). ck = number of deprivations each
As a measure, the MPI has the mathematical multidimensional deprived child i experience
structure of one member of a family of n = total number of children
multidimensional poverty measures proposed d = total number of dimensions
by Alkire and Foster (2011a). This member of considered per child
that family is called Mo or adjusted headcount Di = number of deprivations each child i
ratio. It can be calculated for different groups in experience
the population, holds for monotonicity, yk = deprivation status of a child i depending on
decomposable in to dimensions to reveal policy the cut-off point k with yk = 1 if Di >=k
makers what dimensions contribute the most to yk = 0 if Di < k
multidimensional poverty in any given unit of Furthermore, the MPI reflects both the
analysis.i.e. child in this case. Thus, it is the incidence and headcount ratio (𝐻) of poverty –
appropriate measure to be used whenever one the proportion of the population that is
or more of the dimensions to be considered are multidimensional poor – and the average
of ordinal nature, meaning that their values intensity (𝐴) of their poverty – the average
have no cardinal meaning”(Alkire.S and Santos, proportion of indicators in which poor people
M. E, 2014). are deprived. It is calculated by multiplying the
The MPIuses the multidimensional deprivation incidence of poverty by the average intensity
headcount (H), representing the children whose across the poor (𝐻 × 𝐴). The MPI is the M0
total number of deprivations is equal to or measure with a particular selection of
above a specified cut-off, as a percentage of the dimensions, indicators and weights (Alkire,
respective child population. Although it is a Jindra, Robles, & Vaz, 2016).
good indication of deprivation incidence, the Generally, steps to a multidimensional poverty 1020
head count ratio is not sensitive to the breadth measure for ordinal data includes choosing unit
of multidimensional poverty, as it remains of analysis, choosing dimensions, choosing
unchanged regardless of whether children who indicators, setting cutoff, applying cutoff,
are identified as multidimensionality poor suffer counting the number of deprivation for each
from deprivation increases simultaneously. For individual, setting the second cutoff, applying
this reason, two additional ratios will be used in cutoff “k” to obtain the set of poor children and
this analysis. The average deprivation intensity censor all non-poor data, calculating the head
among the deprived (A) measures the breadth count “h”, calculating the average poverty gap
of multidimensional deprivation. It is calculated “A”, calculating the adjusted head count “MO”,
using the number of deprivations that the and finally decomposing by group and breaking
multidimensionality deprived children counted down by dimension. These steps will be
encounter, divided by the maximum number of followed in this study (Alkire, 2009).
deprivations the deprived children experience 2.2.2. Modeling Multidimensional Poverty
(Alkire, et al., 2015). Index
The adjusted multidimensional deprivation Let y= [yij] denote the n x d matrix of
head count (Mo), adjusts the deprivation achievements, where n represents the number
5
of children, d is the number of dimensions, and deprivations (equivalent to k = 2), and as in

yij ≥ 0 is the achievement of child i= 1, 2…..,nin severe deprivation those who suffer from at
dimension j=1,2,…d. each row vector yi= yi1, y least one deprivation (equivalent to k=
i2,……, yid lists child i’s achievements, while each 1).Naturally, the decision regarding the across
column vector y0j = y1j,y2j,….ynj gives the dimension cutoff depends on various factors
distribution of dimension j achievements across including the number and type of indicators
the set of children. Let zj> 0 denotes the cutoff involved in the analysis. The Alkire-Foster
below which a child is considered to be method formulates more explicitly the dual
deprived in dimension j and let z be the row cutoff method and allows us to compare the
vector of dimension specific cutoff (Alkire, results according to different cutoff values in
"Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and order to carry out sensitivity analysis.The first
Analysis", 2015). measure to consider is the headcount ratio or
The expression |v| denotes the sum of all the the percentage of children that is poor. The
elements of any vector or matrix v, and µ(v) headcount ratio H= H(Y;Z) is defined by:
represents the mean of |v|, or |v| divided by H=Q/N………………………………………………………………
the total number of elements in v. for a given ……….(1)
matrix of achievements y, it is possible to define WhereQ= Q(y;z)is the number of children in the
a matrix of deprivation g0=[g ij0 ] whose typical set zk, as identified usingρkthe dual cutoff
element gij0 is defined by g ij 0 =1 when yi<zj, method.
while gij 0 = 0 otherwise. Hence, g0 is an n x d Alkire and foster (2011) proposed a headcount
matrix whose ijth entry is 1 when child I is measure that is adjusted by the average
deprived in dimension j, and 0 otherwise number of deprivations experienced by the
according to each dimension cutoff zj. From this poor. To this end, a censored vector of
matrix, we can construct a column vector c of deprivation counts ck is defined so that if ci ≥ k,
deprivation counts, whose ith entry ci= |g0 i | then ci (k) =ci; and if ci< k, then ci(k) =0.This is 1021
represents the number of deprivations suffered to say that in c(k) the count of deprivations is
by child. Notice that the matrix and vector can always zero for those children that are not poor
be defined for any ordinal and cardinal variable according to the ρk dual cutoff method, while
from the matrix of achievements y. children that were identified as poor keep the
Following Alkire and Foster (2011a), the vector original vector of deprivation counts ci . Then, ci
c of deprivation counts is compared against a (k)/d represents the shared possible
cut-off k to identify the poor, where k = 1…d. deprivations experienced by a poor child i, and
Hence, the identification method ρ is defined as hence the average deprivations shared across
ρk (yi;z) = 1whenever ci ≥ k, and ρk(yi;z) = 0 the poor is given by:
whenever ci < k. Finally, the set of children who A =
are multidimensional poor is defined as zk= {i : 𝐜𝐢(𝐤)/𝐝
Q
………………………………………………………………
ρk(yi;z)}.Inother words, the method identifies
(2)
as poor any child who is deprived in more than
By focusing on the poor the Alkire – Foster
k number of dimensions. Alkire and Foster
approach allows computing a final adjusted
(2014) refers toρk as a dual cutoff method
headcount ratio that satisfies the properties of
because it first applies the within dimension
decomposability and poverty focus. The
cutoff zj to determine who is deprived in each
(dimension) adjusted headcount ratio M0 (y ; z )
dimension, and then the across dimension
is given by:
cutoff k to determine the minimum number of
M0 =
deprivations for a child to be considered
HA……………………………………………………………………
multidimensional poor.
…………………. (3)
They identify absolute poverty as those children
who suffer from at least two or more
6
Based on previous literatures and the recent poverty cutoff,k. The dual cutoffs in this
agreed up on agenda, sustainable development approach are quite different from one another.
goals Alkire and Santos (2010), UNICEF (2015), The choice of k could be a normative one, with
Plavgo, et al (2011), (Dr. Tassew, 2012), three k reflecting the minimum deprivation count
dimensions were included in the MPI: health, required to be considered poor in a specific
education, and the standard of living are context under consideration. There may also be
selected for Ethiopia. They have been chosen as a role for empirical evidence in the setting of
there is consensus that any multidimensional kafter determining the indicator cut-offs, the
poverty measure should at least include these Alkire-foster method attaches weights to each
three dimensions; for the ease of deprivation. The MPI weighs each dimension
interpretability; and finally for reasons of data equally (1/3) and within each dimension, each
availability. Whether a child may be considered indicator is weighed equally. The weighted
deprived in each indicator is, largely for reasons deprivations are then summed up, and the
of data availability of some of the indicators, cross dimensional cut-off is applied. The MPI
determined at the household level (Santos, uses a cross-dimensional cut-off of 1/3. Hence,
2010). For the purpose of this study, however, a school aged child is multidimensional poor, if
the researchers have added more dimensions it’s weighted deprivations sum up to 1/3 or
based on the environment and the economy of more. This study uses equal weights to all
the town. dimensions (UNICEF, 2015).
In this methodology, the researchers
considered the deprivation cutoffs zj and the
TABLE 1: DIMENSIONS AND DEPRIVATION CUT-OFFS
Dimensions Indicators Child is deprived if…… Weight 1022

1. Water(Wi) Safe drinking water …she/he is living in the household whom source of 1/6
Hi1) drinking water is unprotected, river/dam/pond
and time to get drinking water source is more than
30 minute (SDG 6 Clean water and sanitation)
1. Education (Ei) School attendance …she/he is not attending primary school/no 1/12
education (SDG 4 Quality of education)
Years of education ….no household member of the considered child 1/12

has no at least five years of education(SDG4
Quality of education)
2. Housing (Hi) Main floor material …she/he is living in the family where the house is 1/12
(Hsi1) made of dung ,mud, sand dirt its number per room
is greater than or equal to three( SDG11
Sustainable cities and Communities)
Type of roof of the …the roof of the house is non- 1/12

house (Hsi2 corrugated/cement(SDG11 Sustainable cities and
Communities)
7
3. Sanitation (Si) Toilet facilities ….she/he is living in the household where the type 1/6
of toilet is not flush/ventilated and it is shared
with another households(SDG 6 Clean water and
sanitation)
4. Information (Ii) Access to …..she/he is living in the household who has no at 1/6
information least radio, television, and telephone
5. Asset Access to use asset …….she/he is not living in the household who has 1/6
no more than one refrigerator, bicycle, motorcycle
or a car( SDG1 No poverty)
6. Freedom Free from child labor
...she/he is doing business beyond his/her age 1/6
limit
3. Result and Discussion townschool aged-children are in adult age
3.1. Demographic characteristics of School group. Out of the total children considered for
aged children this analysis the average age of a child is 11
According to the primary data we have years old during collection of the survey. And
collected, the majority of Dambi Dollo town the size of household in Dambi Dollo town
household heads in where children between 7 where the school aged-children were dwelling is
and 15 years old are dwelling is male and their 6 members, on average. For more see figure 2
average age is 44 years old. This shows that the and table 3 below
average age of the heads of households of the
Figure 1: Child distribution by its sex
child distribution by sex

1023
Female ,
Male, 52.37% 47.63%,
Female Male
Source: Authors calculation from the survey, June 2021

TABLE 2: SUMMARY STATISTICS OF MAIN VARIABLES
Variable Mean Std. Dev. Min Max
Age of head of household 44.15351 13.29505 14 99
Age of child 10.9557 2.612398 7 15
Household size 6.086303 2.549122 1 21
2
3.2. Distribution of School Aged-Child and “Multidimensional child deprivation trend

dimensions they have experienced Analysis in Ethiopia” using under five child as a
Out of the total 288 observations of Dambi unit of analysis and employing the multiple
Dollo town school aged-children, majority of overlapping deprivation (MODA) approach
them ,35 percent , are deprived in 3 dimensions which found that a very few percentage of
followed in 4, 1, 2, 5, and 6 out of six selected under five children in Ethiopia were deprived in
dimensions accounting for 27,13,12, 9, and 1 none of selected dimensions identified by them
percent of respectively. And only 3percent of and 75 percent of them are deprived by more
the total children taken into account for this than two dimensions. From the following table
analysis are not deprived in any dimensions or one can observe that majority of school aged-
by zero dimensions. This is similar with the children in Dambi Dollo town are deprived by
previous finding by Plavgo.et al. (2013) on the more than two dimensions. See figure 4 below
FIGURE 2 : PROPORTION OF DEPRIVED CHILD IN DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS
7 1.15 6
number of dimensions
6 5 8.91
5 4 26.78
4 3 34.75
3 2 12.25
2 1 12.68
1 0 3.49
0 10 20 30 40
1024
percentage of children deprived in specified dimensions
percentage of children dimension

3.3. Child Characteristics by Their Deprivation focus is on these who are multidimensionally
Status poor based on 33percent of the poverty cut-off
From the following figure it is shown that 25 to estimate the incidence, intensity and breadth
percent of the Dambi Dollo town school aged- of their multidimensional poverty. Estimate
children are non-deprived from the six selected results of these MDP indices are presented in
dimensions and the remaining 75 percent are next the sub-section of this chapter.
identified as deprived. After this ward, our
1
Figure 3: Identifying the non-deprived and deprived percent of school aged-child
deprivation status of the children
25%
75%
non-deprived deprived
3.4. Multidimensional Dambi Dollo town one to six followed by two to six, three to six, 1025
School-Aged Child Poverty Estimate four to six and five to six with the head count
The multidimensional child poverty estimate is ratio of 97%, 87%, 76%, 40%, and 11%
based on the six selected dimensions as health, respectively. From table 4, one can observe that
education, access to basic information media, the incidence of child poverty decreases with
housing (shelter), sanitation , and care (child is the level of poverty cut-off. Based on the AF
not living either with mother or father). Equal methodology, a child is considered to be
weights are applied to each indicators and dual multidimensionally poor if its deprivation score
cut-off poverty used and all the AF (2011, 2011) is more or equal to one third of weighted
steps are followed to identify the selected total dimensions (Alkire.et al, 2015).
multidimensionally poor child. Child here and The result of MDP estimate of the proportion of
after wards refers to a child whose age is children that is multidimensionally poor is 87%.
between 7 and 15 residing in the Dambi Dollo However, the head count ratio does not reflect
town regions of Ethiopia. The minimum the extent of poverty among the deprived
number of dimensions (Poverty cut-off, k) by rather than counting the percentage of children
which a child should be deprived to be who are multidimensionally poor. We could not
identified as multidimensionally poor. Incidence know that whether all poor children are
(H0), the intensity (A) and breadth (M0) of child deprived in all considered dimensions or the
poverty are indices presented in this sub- degree of their deprivation with this index. This
section.. question is answered by the average
The head count ratio shows the proportion of deprivation ratio which is presented in the 3rd
poor children that are multidimensionality poor column of table 4. The results suggest that a
based on the poverty cut-offs. Out of the total poor child is deprived by 58% of the weighted
identified deprived children in Dambi Dollo dimensions, on average. This revealed that the
town Ethiopia, majority of them are deprived in average poor child is deprived by more than
2
half of the considered weighted dimensions, Thus, the head count ratio must be adjusted to
about 4 dimensions. This child may be the average deprivation ratio to show the
deprivation in health, education, sanitation and breadth of multidimensional child poverty.
access to basic information media Column 4th of table 4 represents the
simultaneously or care, housing (shelter), multidimensional poverty index of Dambi Dollo
health, and information dimensions or the town school aged-children in Ethiopia. It reveals
other combinations of dimensional deprivation that the multidimensionally poor children in
together. Column 5th of table 4 shows that the Dambi Dollo town Ethiopia, on average,
average deprivation of weighted indicators is experiences 50percent of the weighted
increasing with the level of poverty cut-off. deprivations out of the six selected dimensions.
Moreover, the intensity of multidimensional One can note from table 4 that the MPI is
school aged-child poverty in Dambi Dollo town decreasing with k level but the intensity of
regions of Ethiopia is also increasing with the poverty is increasing. This is due to the effect
level of poverty cut-off and it is 100% when k = that the percentage number of poor child is
6 .i.e. the child is multidimensionally poor in all decreasing at an increasing rate while the
the considered dimensions. intensity of child poverty is increasing at a
decreasing rate relatively.
TABLE 3: ESTIMATES OF CHILD MDP INDICES
K H0 A M0=A*H0 Average deprivation
K=1 0.971 0.535 0.519 3.21
K=2 0.868 0.582 0.502 3.492
K=3 0.759 0.614 0.466 3.684
1026
K=4 0.395 0.719 0.284 4.314
K=5 0.110 0.855 0.094 5.13
6 0.014 1.00 0.014 6.00
Decomposition of multidimensional adjusted ranking is also similar for the proportion of
head count ratio of Dambi Dollo town Ethiopian multidimensionally poor child in respected
school aged-children by the dimensions made dimensions which is represented by the head
as it helps to identify the sector to be targeted count ratio (H0) under the column 2nd of the
by the policy makers to eradicate child poverty table. This shows that among the selected
and cutting its transfers to the next age group in dimensional deprivations, the Dambi Dollo
the future. Table 5 below implies the town school aged-children are being deprived
contribution of each dimension to the mostly from these three dimensions.
aggregate multidimensional poverty index. The The housing dimension includes overcrowding
multidimensional poverty index of Dambi Dollo and appropriate type of roof of the house
town’s children whose age is between the range indicators. As the result of the H0, it is indicated
of 7 and 15 is 0.502. that from the total multidimensionally poor
The decomposition of this index is represented children in Dambi Dollo town Ethiopia, 48% of
under column 4th of table 5 both in absolute them are deprived in health and housing, and
and relative contribution. The highest 23% are deprived in access to basic information
multidimensional deprivation out of the media, and the remaining 16% are deprived in
selected variable is estimated for the housing, other dimensions. The decomposition of
health, and access to basic information media multidimensional child poverty adjusted head
followed by care, sanitation and education count ratio estimate revealed that an average
dimensions. They account for 27%, 26%, 26%, multidimensional poor child is deprived by 39%
and 9%, 7%, and 5% relative contribution for (each equally) of housing, health and
the multidimensional child poverty index. This information dimensions and by 11% of the
2
remaining three. Thus, housing, health and multidimensional child poverty in Dambi Dollo
access to basic information media, are the town. See table 5 below.
policy target dimensions to reduce the
TABLE 4: DECOMPOSITION OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHILD POVERTY INDICES

- H0 index - M0 index
Sources Absolute Relative Contribution Absolute Relative contribution
Contribution contribution
1: health 0.235 0.271 0.132 0.263

2: housing 0.236 0.27 0.133 0.265
3: education 0.040 0.046 0.026 0.052
4:information 0.231 0.267 0.131 0.261
5: sanitation 0.048 0.055 0.033 0.066
6: care 0.077 0.089 0.047 0.093
Total 0.868 1.000 0.502 1.000|
Source: Authors calculation from the 2021survey
4.2.2.1. The relative contribution of basic information media (information) relative
dimensions to the Alkire and Foster (2011) to the other selected dimensions respectively.
1027
MDP index estimated at population level While 79percent is funded by these dimensions
(results in percent). ranked above, the remaining 21percent of the
More than half of multidimensional school-aged MPI is contributed from care (partial orphan
child poverty index in Dambi Dollo town is hood or full), sanitation, and education (no
contributed by housing, health, and access to education).
FIGURE 4: DECOMPOSITION OF MPI
relative contrbution in%

30
25
20
15
26.26 26.5 26.09
10
5 9.29
5.22 6.63
0
health housing Education Information Sanitation Care
Source: Authors calculation from the 2021survey

The multidimensional child poverty indices are child and their respective deprivation incidence
also decomposed between male and female and intensity is estimated. Table 7 below
2
represented population share, the proportion children are identified as multidimensionally

of child poverty by their sex, the level or extent poor and deprived, on average, in 3.468
of their deprivation and the average dimensions dimensions. This shows that an average school
deprived in. Among the total number of female aged-male and female child in Dambi Dollo
children observations considered for this town are almost equally deprived in
analysis, 87% of them are multidimensionally multidimensional poverty. Thus, both are the
poor and deprived, on average, in 3.474 target because no difference is observed from
dimensions. Whereas, out of the total female the estimated result. See table 7
child observation undertaken, only 86% of male
TABLE 5: CHILD MDP INDICES’ DECOMPOSITION BY SEX
Group Population H0 A M0=H0*A Average
share deprivation
Female 0.478 0.874 0.579 0.506 3.474
Male 0.522 0.863 0.578 0.499 3.468
population 1.00 0.868 0.578 0.502 3.468
Relative contribution of children by their sex to the AF 2011 MDP indices
Group Female 0.481 Female 0.482
Male 0.519 Male 0.518
Source: Authors computation fromthe primary data, June 2021 1028
Table 8 represented the multidimensional child dimension .i.e. in 3.432 dimensions. Whereas,
poverty by the sex of Dambi Dollo town 86percent of children living household headed
household head where the child is dwelling. by male are multidimensionality poor and
Accordingly, out of the total observations in deprived, on average, in 3.54 dimensions.
Dambi Dollo town children living in the Therefore, school aged-children in Dambi Dollo
household headed by the female, 87percent of town living with male headed household are
them are multidimensionally poor and an more multidimensionality poor than these living
average child in this household is deprived, on with the female head household, as indicated
average, in 57percent of the total selected by M0. See table 8
TABLE 6: AF (2011) MDP INDICES DECOMPOSITION BY SEX OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD

Group Pop. Share H0 A M0
Female head 0.686 0.870 0.572 0.498
Male head 0.314 0.863 0.590 0.510
Population 1.000 0.868 0.578 0.502
Absolute contribution Female 0.596 Female 0.342

Male 0.271 Male 0.160
Relative contribution Female 68.72 Female 68.04
(in percent) Male 31.28 Male 31.96
The incidence of multidimensional Dambi Dollo Table 9 shows this in detail. The following table
town’s child increases from young to adult and shows that out of all the Dambi Dollo town
decreases from adult to old head of household school aged-children dwelling in the household
age group accounting for 89, 88 and 85 percent whose head is young, 89 percent of them are
of poor children in each category respectively. poor in multiple dimensions and among these,
2
the average child is deprived, on average, by household in Dambi Dollo town are
the 60 percent of considered weighted multidimensional poor experiencing 53 percent
dimensions or in 3.570 dimensions out of the of all the selected dimensions. Here, the
selected. This is followed by the children who population share of the child headed household
are living in the household headed by the adult is very small (almost zero) but the intensity of
age category who are deprived, on average, in their poverty extent is high relatively.
3.522 dimensions. In contrary, 85percent of the Moreover the result suggests that as the age of
Dambi Dollo town school aged-child living in the household head increases from young to old,
household headed by old age are poor in many the breadth of multidimensional poverty (the
dimensions and deprived, on average, in 3.414 adjusted head count ratio) decreases from 53%
dimensions out of the total considered for this to 48%.
analysis. Thus, children with the young head of
TABLE 7: DECOMPOSITION OF AF (2011) CHILD MDP INDICES BY THE HOUSEHOLD HEAD AGE GROUP
Group H0 M0 =H0*A A Average
deprivation
1: Child 0.667 0.222 0.3320 1.992
2: Young head 0.885 0.527 0.595 3.570
3: Adult head 0.883 0.518 0.587 3.522
4: Old head 0.850 0.484 0.569 3.414
Population 0.868 0.502 0.578 3.468
Source: own calculation from the survey, June 2021 1029
4. Conclusion and Recommendation male children estimated being multidimensional
This research is entitled in the assessments of poor. Their average age is 11 years old and
multidimensional child poverty Dambi Dollo most of them are living with adult household
town, with the objectives of assessing the main head of 44 years old, on average.
deprived dimension, the incidence, According to the estimation results of the
intensity/breadth of multidimensional school incidence of multidimensional poverty index,
aged-child poverty employing the 87% of the total school aged-children in the
multidimensional poverty index (MPI) of the town are identified as multidimensional poor,
Alkire and Foster (2011a) methodology. on average. An average multidimensional poor
Based on the MPI estimation, 87% of the total child in the town is being deprived in 58% of six
school aged-children are multidimensionality selected dimensions, identified by intensity.
poor in Dambi Dollo town. However, the Adjusting the incidence, an average
estimated multidimensional child poverty index multidimensional poor child in Dambi Dollo
in Dambi Dollo town (M0) is 0.502. Showing town is deprived in 50.2% of the total selected
that average school aged-child is deprived in dimensions. This implies that MDP child is
50% the total six selected dimensions. The deprived in 3.48 dimensions out of six selected.
estimated intensity of their poverty is 0.58 The highest (27%) relative deprivation for these
which implies that a multidimensionality poor children is contributed by the housing
child in Dambi Dollo town is deprived in 3.48 dimension which includes an inappropriate type
dimensions out of the total considered roofing material (no-corrugated/non-cement)
dimensions, on average. Among the total school and overcrowdings (a child is living with
aged-child considered for this analysis, majority household where the number of household
of them are male and 48% of them are females. member per sleeping room is more than three)
Out of total female children in Dambi Dollo followed by the health dimension (26%) with
town, 87% of them are identified as indicators of unprotected source of drinking
multidimensionality poor whereas 86% of total water and indoor air pollution or child is
2
dwelling in the household who has no safe influence parental fertility and marriage
kitchen and prepare food in room using wood, so that the early marriage reduced and
shrubs, animal dung and has no electric mitad. household size which increases the
The third (26%) dimension that a Dambi Dollo likelihood of child being poor be reduced
town school aged-child in Dambi Dollo town to less than the average. All concerned
being deprived in is access to information media bodies shall work on the provision of
which implies that an average MDP child is basic need services to decrease a
living in the household that has at least no likelihood of the next child being
access to radio, TV, and telephone. deprived in these dimensions.
Unable to get care/love contributed the fourth  Provision of aid and supportive
relatively which is measured by the relationship development programs that focuses on
to the household head. Deprived in care implies affected children in general and street
that the child is either partially orphan or have children and orphan hoods in particular
no both mother and father. It is common sense may be the way out for some in the short
here that mother and father are the care for run period of time. We highly
their children assuming it is their responsibility. recommend that all concerned body shall
Generally, a school aged child of Dambi Dollo establish rehabilitation center for those
town is being deprived in housing, health, children.
information, care, sanitation, and education  Moreover, promoting gender equity both
dimensions respectively with the incidence of in household head and children in access 1030
poverty (H0 = 0.868) and the intensity (A=0.58 to resources may be important aspects of
) and the multidimensional child poverty antipoverty policy for children and to
adjusted head count ratio(M0) is 0.502 at the address the likelihood of being
poverty cut-off, k=2. multidimensional poor observed in
Based on obtained findings, the following policy gender difference. In order to achieve
implications are forwarded. this strong leadership and commitment
 Effective understanding of child poverty across the whole public sector is highly
needs to consider poverty in itself and recommended.
the main drivers of multidimensional  Developing public early years (Pre-school)
child poverty. Actions which lift children educationin the town so as the poor will
out of poverty by giving their families get access to it.
access to resource and basic needs  Thus, child rights need to be addressed
through increasing welfare support and through specified child-targeted
increasing employment shall be programs as well as mainstreamed into
undertaken by the concerned bodies. macroeconomic and social sector
 Actions targeted both at the children development policies.
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NeuroQuantology|November2022| Volume 20 | Issue 16 |PAGE 1016-1032| DOI: 10.14704/NQ.2022.20.16.

Assessment of Multidimensional Child Poverty

1. Introduction sanitation facilities, access to basic health-care

of children, d is the number of dimensions, and deprivations (equivalent to k = 2), and as in

Dimensions Indicators Child is deprived if…… Weight 1022

Years of education ….no household member of the considered child 1/12

Type of roof of the …the roof of the house is non- 1/12

child distribution by sex

Source: Authors calculation from the survey, June 2021

3.2. Distribution of School Aged-Child and “Multidimensional child deprivation trend

FIGURE 2 : PROPORTION OF DEPRIVED CHILD IN DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS

percentage of children dimension

Figure 3: Identifying the non-deprived and deprived percent of school aged-child

deprivation status of the children

TABLE 4: DECOMPOSITION OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHILD POVERTY INDICES

1: health 0.235 0.271 0.132 0.263

relative contrbution in%

Source: Authors calculation from the 2021survey

represented population share, the proportion children are identified as multidimensionally

TABLE 6: AF (2011) MDP INDICES DECOMPOSITION BY SEX OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD

Male head 0.314 0.863 0.590 0.510

Population 1.000 0.868 0.578 0.502

Absolute contribution Female 0.596 Female 0.342

analysis: chapter 10-Some regression models Critical Case Study Of Children In

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