UNIX LAB EXEPERIMENT
SOME BASIC UNIX COMMNDS
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MR. RAJNEESH JAIN
INTRODUCE BY-
SATISH CHANDRA
MCA IInd sem
R.N. 0703614094
1
passwd:-
TO CHANGE YOUR PASSWORD.
$Passwd<enter>
(Current) unix password:********<enter>
new unix password: *******<enter>
retype new unix password:*******<enter>
2
who am i:-To know about your login.
$who am i<enter>
mca093 pts\5 feb 16 11:37 (172.16.2.109)
(user name) (terminal) (current date) (current time) .
3
who or w:
Know the users
$w<enter>
11:50:48 up 2:10 5 users load average: 0.04, 0.01, 0.00
user tty from login idce jcpu pcpu what
mca052 pts/1 172.16.101 11:20 0:00s 0.14s 0.03s vim leap
mca055 pts/2 172.16.102 11:20 1:20 0:11s 0:02s vim pg 277d-c
mca056 pts/3 172.16.104 11:20 3:55 0:17s 0.02s vim cgff
mca012 pts/4 172.16.103 11:24 1:00s 0.16s 0.00s sh sp5
mca113 pts/5 172.16.109 11:37 0:00s 0:00s 0:00s 0:00s w
4
man
Online help about commands
$man (command name)<enter>
suppose we want to know about “cat” .
$man cat <enter>
show all information about cat.
5
tty
To know your terminal
$tty<enter>
/div/term/2.
6
lock
Lock your terminal
we have to away from our terminal for a while ,but don`t want to logout.
$lock<enter>
password:******
re-enter password:******
terminal locked by mca093 0 minutes ago
*The $ prompt disappear, system will remain lock in this condition for 30 minutes*
7
stty
Set Terminal characteristics
Terminal is divice with which a user communicates with system.
Stty use enormous number of keywords.
-a option display the curret setting.
$stty –a<enter>
speed 43820 boud; row=25; columns=80; ypixels=0;
xpixels=0; intr=del; quit=^\;erase=^h;kill=^u;
8
clear
To clear the screen
$clear<enter>
*the screen clears and the cursor is positioned at the top left corner of the screen*
9
tput
Use to clear argument
Use to highlight text
$ tput clear<enter>
$tput cup 10 10<enter>
*use cup argument to position the cursor to row no. 10 and column 10*
10
uname
Tells the machine in a network
$ uname -n
unix
11
date
Display the system date
$date<enter>
sat feb 16 11:30:45 ist 2008
we can also use in different wayes
$date + %m<enter>
02
or month name
$date +%n<enter>
feb
//also combine them in one//
$date+”%n(%m)” <enter>
feb(02)
$date`+DATE:%d-%m-%y%n TIME:%H:%M:%S`<enter>
DATE:16-02-08
TIME:11:37:45
12
cal
To see calender
$cal<enter>
display current month calender
$cal 2008
display whole year calender
$ cal 05 2007
display may 2007 calender
13
bc
The calculator
$bc<enter>
calculate whatever you want.
*to quit use ctrl-d *
14
expr
$expr 100+50<enter>
150
$expr 3\*2 (the \ just take away this special meaning of *)
6
//why the \ preceding the `*` in the second expression//
15
facter
Facterise the no. & print its prim facters
$facter<ent>
30
2
3
5
q<ent>
$
*type in positive number less than 2^46(7.2e13)*
16
units
It converts quantities in one scale to other scale
$units
you have:inch
you want:cm
17
ps1
To change prompt sign
$ps1=”unix”<ent>
unix (our new prompt is “unix”)
//by default our promt is “$”
18
type
To know the location of a command file
$type ls
ls is /bin/ls
19
pwd
To know present working directory
$pwd
/home/mca093/satish:>$
20
mkdir
To make a directory
$mkdir satish<ent>
$ (one directory is created by satish)
$mkdir manish<ent>
$
21
ls
Listing files and directories
$ls<ent>
satish manish file1 file2 file3 file4 taj
//directory show in colored form
$ls –a (shows all files including all hidden files)
$ls –l (listing files in long format)
$ls –i (shows inode number)
$ls –d (forces listing of a directory)
22
cd
To change directory
home/mca093/:>$cd satish
home/mca093/satish:>$
//now your current directory name is satish
23
cat
To creat &display files
Concatenation of files
$cat > file1
- hi I am pursuing M.C.A IInd sem . //(creating file)
- I am introducuing unix commands.
<ctrl-d>
$ cat file1
hi I am pursuing M.C..A IInd sem.
I am introducing unix commands. $ //(display all contents of file)
$ cat > file2
- unix operating system provides :-
- open source code
- cooperative tools and utility
- multiuser and multitasking
- excellent networking environment
- portability.
<ctrl-d>
$cat > file3
-ram
-mohan
<ctrl-d>
$cat >> file3
-sohan // (display file in append mode)
<ctrl-d>
$cat > taj
-symbol of love.
-include with seven wonders of world.
<ctrl-d>
$cat > file4
- tiger
- lion
- zebra
<ctrl-d>
$cat file1 file4 > taj here
$cat taj (in concatenation if third file is not exit then
-hi I am pursuing M.C.A. IInd sem. Created.if exit then contents of Ist and IInd
-I am introducing unix commands. Overwrite to object f ile)
-tiger
-lion
-zebra
$cat file1 file4 >> file3 (concatenation with appending contents)
$cat file3
-ram
-mohan
-sohan
-hi I am……………
-I am intro. ……………
-tiger
-lion
-zebra$
24
touch
Changing the time stamps
$touch option expression filename
//file not exit then creat it creat empty files not read or write mode
25
rmdir
To remove directories
$rmdir manish(directory name)
26
cp
Copying files
$cp file1 file2
// if we copy file present in other dir then give path
27
rm
Deleting files
$rm file3 file4
28
mv
To rename files
$ taj file5
29
df
To find uot the free disk space
$df
30
du
To find out your own consumption
$du
76
31
chmod
To change file permission
Category operation permission
u-user + - assign permission r-read (-4)
g-group - -remove permission w-write (-2)
0-others = -assign permission x-execute (-1)
a-all
$chmod u+x file1 (user can only execute file1)
$chmod a+x file2
$chmod ugo+w file3
$chmod o-rwx file4 (others can read,write,execute file4)
$chmod ugo=r file1 (assign only read permission and remove all other permission)
$chmod 777 file2 (all permission for ugo)
32
umask
Default file permission
Default permission
For files rw-rw-rw- (octal 666)
For directories rwx rwx rwx (octal 777)
This default is transformed by substracting the user mask from it remove one or more
permission.
$umask
022
substracting this value from default permission
666-022=644 (permission for regular file)
777-022=755 (permission for directory)
(The umask setting can be changed only by administrater)
33
chown and chgroup
Changing file ownership
$chown sachin file1
$chgrp sachin file2
34
ln
A file to have more then one name and yet maintain single copy in disk
$ln file4 file8
(file4 have other file name file8)
35
more
Paging output
$more file1
--more—(35%)
{press q to exite}
INTERNAL COMMANDS OF MORE
More action
Spacebar one page forward
Enter one line forward
b one page back
15b 15 page back
20f 20 page forward
= display current line number
q quit
h help
It also work for multiple files
$more file1 file2 fole3
36
wc
Line word & character counting
$wc file1
5 30 192 file1
$wc –l file1
5 file1 (show no. of lines)
$wc –w file1
30 file1 (number of words)
$wc –c file1
192 (no. of characters)
we also use with command
$ls | wc –l
$who | wc –l
37
pr
Paginating files
Prepares a file for printinge
$pr file1
Feb 16 11:38 2008 group1 page1
$pr –l 30 file2 (page set to 30 lines)
$pr +15 file2 (start printing from page 10)
Pr option
OPTION DISCRIPTION
-ln set lenth of page to n line
-wn sets width of page to n characters
-n numbers lines in output
-on offsets output by n spaces
-d double space output
-k produce output in k colomns
+k starts printing from page k
-t elements header,footers&margin totally
-h stg sets header for every page to string stg
38
cmp
Comparing two files
$cmp file1 file2
Cmp (when mismatch)
$ (matched)
39
diff
Converting one file to other
To display file difference
$diff file1 file2
40
Comm
What is common
$comma file1 file2
41
head
Displaying the beginning of a file
$head -5 file1 (display contents first 5 lines)
42
tail
Displaying the end of a file
$tail -3 file1 (display contents last five)
43
cut
Cutting a file vertically
$cut –c1-8 file1 (cutting by column)
$cut –d : -f 2,5 file1 (cutting fields)
44
paste
To past files
Cut can be pasted back with this
$bc<file3 | paste –d= file3
bc:- display output
45
sort
Ordering file
Short recorders a line in ASCII collating sequence starting from begning of the line.
$sort file3
(sort the contents of file and display sorted output)
$sort file1 file2 file3
(sort contents of several files)
$sort –otaj file1 file2
(sorted output on the screen can stor other file)
$sort –u –o taj file1 file2
(lines should occure only once in the output)
$sort –m file2 file3
(merges sorted files)
$sort –n file3
(sort numerically)
$sort -3 file2
(stop sort after 3rd field)
$sort +3 file3
(start sort after skipping 3rd field)
46
greap
Search a regular expression and print it
$greap lion file3
lion (find then print)
$greap rat file3
$ (not found)
GREAP OPTION
OPTION DESCRIPTION
-c display count of no. of occurrence
-l display list of filenames only
-n display line no. along with lines
-v don`t display lines matching exp.o
-i ignore case when matching
-w match complete word
47
banner
To print message in large letters
$banner satish
49
lp
To send the user`s print job to print queue
$lp file1 file2
reqest id is lp-24(2files)
$lp –w file3 file4
request id is lp-44 (2 files)
(send message when file is printed)
50
dd
To converts and copies a file allowing plenty of choices
$dd if=input file(report) of=outputfile(document) conve=ucase
51
ps
To show processes status
$ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
4126 pts/5 00:00:00 sh
4244 pts/5 00:00:00 ps
$ps
4126 pts/5 00:00:00 sh
4255 pts/5 00:00:00 ps
// each time a process is initiated , the kernel assigns to it a unique PID.
//sh process is called the parent.
//ps process spawned by the shell are the children.
OPTION TO ps
Option significance
-f full listing showing PPID of each process
-e all processes including user and system ..
-u user process for user only
-a processes of oll user execluding process not
associated with terminal
-l long listing showing memory related information
-t term processes running on terminal
