GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,

AMBAD 1162
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT

A MICRO-PROJECT REPORT ON

“Description and Execution of Several Linux

Commands’’
FOR THE AWARD OF
DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING
(INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING)
2022-23

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Mrs. A.Bodhle
SUBMITTED BY

1
 Sr.no. Roll No Enrollment no. Name of student
1. 30 2011620258 Amol Asmanrav Paithane
2. 45 2011620279 Gajanan Dattatray Tope
3. 49 2011620283 Bhushan Dnyaneshwar
Khedekar
4. 53 2011620287 Karan Narayan Ghodke

CERTIFICATE
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AMBAD.1162
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING

MICRO PROJECT ON

“Description and Execution of Several Linux

Commands”

This is to certify that the Micro-project entitled "Description

and Execution of Several Linux Commands “ being submitted
herewith for the award of DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY in INFORMATIOM TECHNOLOGY
ENGINEERING of MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD&TECHNICAL EDUCATION (MSBTE), Mumbai is the
result of Micro-project work completed under my supervision and
guidance by
Mr. / Miss

To the best of my knowledge and belief, the work embodied in

this Micro- project has not formed earlier the basis for the award of
2
any diploma of this or any other Board or examining body.

Place: Ambad Prof. Mrs. A. Bodhale

Date; ---/---/----- (Micro-Project Guide )

3
 DECLARATION
We, the undesired, hereby declare that the project entitled
“Description and Execution of Several Linux Commands”is
written and submitted by us to Government Polytechnic Ambad
during Year 2021-22, Fifth Semester for partial fulfillment of the
‘Micro Project’ requirement of "Operating System (22516) "
subject under Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education,
Mumbai curriculum, under the guidance of Prof.Mrs.A.Bhodhle is
our original work.

The empirical findings in this project are based on the data collected
in this project is collected from various sources.

Sr.no. Roll No Enrollment no. Name of student

1. 30 2011620258 Amol Asmanrav Paithane
2. 45 2011620279 Gajanan Dattatray Tope
3. 49 2011620283 Bhushan Dnyaneshwar
Khedekar
4. 53 2011620287 Karan Narayan Ghodke

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have great pleasure to express my immense gratitude towards

a dynamic person and my project guide Prof.Mrs.A.Bodhale
Department of “INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
ENGINEERING “ Government Polytechnic, Ambad for giving me
an opportunity to work on an interesting topic over Fifith semester.
The work presented here could not have been accomplished without
his most competent and inspiring guidance, incessant
encouragement, constructive criticism and constant motivation
during all phases of our group Micro-project work. I am greatly
indebted to him.
I am very much thankful to, Prof. Y.B.Sanap Head,
Department of COMPUTER ENGINEERING all HODs of various
departments and Pro f. Dr. A.M. JINTURKAR, Principal,
Government Polytechnic, Ambad, for his encouragement and
providing me a motivating environment and project facilities in the
Institute to carry out experiments and complete this Micro-project
work.
I would like to extend our thanks to all our professors, staff
members and all our friends who extended their co-operation to
complete the project.
I am indeed indebted to my parents and other family members
for their immense help at all levels with moral, social & financial
support, care and support throughout my studies without which my
work would not have seen light of the day.
With warm regards,
Yours Sincerely,

Place: Ambad Mr. /Miss.

-------------------------------------------------

5
Date; ---/---/-----

6
 INDEX
SR Contents Page
No No

1] Introduction:Linux 6
2] List Of Some Linux Command We Have 11
Executed
3] Description and Output of the Commands 12

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 Introduction
Linux:

Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems

based on the Linux kernel an operating system kernel first released
on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically
packaged in a Linux distribution.
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system
software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU
Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their
name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux
to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some
controversy.
Popular Linux distributions include Debian, Fedora, and Ubuntu.
Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Desktop Linux distributions include
a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland, and a desktop
environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions
intended for servers may omit graphics altogether, or include a
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solution stack such as LAMP. Because Linux is freely
redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any purpose.
Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the
Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms
than any other operating system. Linux is the leading operating
system on servers and other
big iron systems such as mainframe computers, and the only OS
used on TOP500 supercomputers (since November 2017, having
gradually eliminated all competitors). It is used by around 2.3
percent of desktop computers. The Chrome book, which runs the
Linux kernel-based Chrome OS, dominates the US K–12 education
market and represents nearly 20 percent of sub-$300 notebook sales
in the US.
Linux also runs on embedded systems, i.e. devices whose operating
system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to
the system. This includes routers, automation controls, televisions,
digital video recorders, video game consoles, and smart watches.
Many smartphones and tablet computers run Android and other
Linux derivatives. Because of the dominance of Android on
smartphones, Linux has the largest installed base of all general-
purpose operating systems.
Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open
source software collaboration. The source code may be used,
modified and distributed— commercially or non-commercially—by
anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU
General Public License.

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Creation :
In 1991, while attending the University of Helsinki, Torvalds
became curious about operating systems. Frustrated by the licensing
of MINIX, which at the time limited it to educational use only, he
began to work on his own operating system kernel, which
eventually became the Linux kernel.
Torvalds began the development of the Linux kernel on MINIX and
applications written for MINIX were also used on Linux. Later,
Linux matured and further Linux kernel development took place on
Linux systems. GNU applications also replaced all MINIX
components, because it was advantageous to use the freely available
code from the GNU Project with the fledgling operating system;
code licensed under the GNU GPL can be reused in other computer
programs as long as they also are released under the same or a
compatible license. Torvalds initiated a switch from his original
license, which prohibited commercial redistribution, to the GNU
GPL. Developers worked to integrate GNU components with the
Linux kernel, making a fully functional and free operating system

10
Naming of Linux:
Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention "Freax", a
portmanteau of "free", "freak", and "x" (as an allusion to Unix).
During the start of his work on the system, some of the project's
makefiles included the name "Freax" for about half a year.
Torvalds had already considered the name "Linux", but initially
dismissed it as too egotistical.
In order to facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the
FTP server () of FUNETin ftp.funet.fi September 1991. Ari
Lemmke, Torvalds' coworker at the Helsinki University of
Technology (HUT), who was one of the volunteer
administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that
"Freax" was a good name. So, he named the project "Linux" on the
server without consulting Torvalds. Later, however, Torvalds
consented to "Linux".

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Design:
A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system,
deriving much of its basic design from principles established in
Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Such a system uses a monolithic
kernel, the Linux kernel, which handles process control,
networking, access to the peripherals, and file systems. Device
drivers are either integrated directly with the kernel, or added as
modules that are loaded while the system is running.
The GNU user land is a key part of most systems based on the
Linux kernel, with Android being the notable exception. The
Project's implementation of the C library functions as a wrapper for
the system calls of the Linux kernel necessary to the kernel-user
space interface, the tool chain is a broad collection of programming
tools vital to Linux development (including the compilers used to
build the Linux kernel itself), and the core utiles implement many
basic Unix tools. The project also develops a popular CLI shell. The
graphical user interface (or GUI) used by most Linux systems is
built on top of an implementation of the X Window System.More
recently, the Linux community seeks to advance to Wayland as the
new display server protocol in place of X11. Many other open-
source software projects contribute to Linux systems.

12
 List Of Some Linux Command We Have
Executed..
1) Cal
2) Date
3) History
4) Hostname
5) Id
6) Man
7) Ls
8) Netstat

9) Banner
10) Passwd
11) Pwd
12) Sty
13) Time
14) Uname
15) Users
16) Who
17) Who am i

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 *Description and Output of the Commands*

1] Cal :
cal command is a calendar command in Linux which is used to
see the
calendar of a specific month or a whole year. Rectangular bracket
means it is optional, so if used without option, it will display a
calendar of current month and year. cal : Shows current month
calendar on the terminal.
Syntax : $ cal
Ex. $ cal
Output:

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2] Date ;
date command is used to display the system date and time. date
command is also used to set date and time of the system. By default
the date command displays the date in the time zone on which
unix/linux operating system is configured. You must be the super-
user (root) to change the date and time.
Syntax : $ date

Ex:$ date

Output:

3] History :
History command is used to view the previously executed
command. This feature was not available in the Bourne shell. Bash
and Korn support this feature in which every command executed is
treated as the event and is associated with an event number using
which they can be recalled and changed if required. These
commands are saved in a history file. In Bash shell history
command shows the whole list of the command.
Syntax:$ history

Ex. $ history

Output:

15
 4] Hostname :
Hostname command in Linux is used to obtain the DNS(Domain
Name System) name and set the system's hostname or NIS(Network
Information System) domain name. A hostname is a name which is
given to a computer and it attached to the network. Its main purpose is
to uniquely identify over a network
Syntax : hostname -[option] [file]
Ex : $ Hostname

Output:

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5]Id :
id command is command which can print real and effective
User ID (UID) and Group ID (GID). An UID is a single identity for
a user. While Group ID (GID) can consist of more than one UID.
By default, id command is installed on most of Linux system. To
use it, just type id on your console. Typing id without no options
will result as below. The result will use the active user.
Syntax:$ id

Ex. $ id

Output:

6]Man :
man command in Linux is used to display the user manual of
any command that we can run on the terminal. It provides a
detailed view of the command which includes NAME,
SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION, OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS,
RETURN VALUES, ERRORS, FILES, VERSIONS,
EXAMPLES, AUTHORS and SEE ALSO..

Every manual is divided into the following sections:

• Executable programs or shell commands
• System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
• Library calls (functions within program libraries
• Games
• Special files (usually found in /dev)
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 • File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd
• Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g.
groff(7)
• System administration commands (usually only for root)
• Kernel routines [Non standard]

Some ‘Man’ Command Examples:

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19
7] Ls :

Ls is a Linux shell command that lists directory contents of files and

directories.The ls command is one the most commonly used
commands in daily Linux/UNIX operations. The command is used
in listing contents inside a directory and is one of the few commands
beginners learn from the onset. In this guide, we will discuss
Common ls commands in Linux and other parameters as well that
may be used alongside the command.

The ls command without any options lists files and directories in

a plain format without displaying much information like file types,
permissions, modified date and time to mention just but a few.

Syntax $ ls [options][file/dir]
Ex : $ ls
Output;

8] Netstat
Netstat Command Usage on Linux. netstat (network statistics)
is a command-line tool that displays network connections (both
incoming and outgoing), routing tables, and a number of network
interface statistics. It is available on Unix, Unix-like, and Windows
NT-based operating systems. Netstat command displays various
network related information such as network connections, routing
tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, Netstat prints
information about the Linux networking subsystem
Syntax $ netstat
Ex : $ netstat
Output:
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] 9] Banner
banner command in Linux is used to print the ASCII character string
in large letter to standard output.
Banner Command In Linux Is Used To Print The Ascii Character
String In Large Letter To Standards Output. Example 2: Printing
“osy Project” In Large Letters. There Are Two Things: First, All
The Letter Will Be Displayed In Capital Letters In Standard Output
Banner' Is A Command Which Prints A High Resolution Text
Banner On The System Console Or If You Have A Printer
Connected To Your Machine. The Banner Program On Unix And
Unix-like Operating Systems Outputs. A Large Ascii Art Version Of
The Text That Is Supplied To It As Its Program Arguments.

Syntax: banner text Installing :- Basically it is available in linux but

is not active or Install to work. First we have to install it using the
following command after trying banner command. sudo apt-get
install sysvbanner Steps of installing Banner Command: 1) GO to
Terminal In Any Linux.
2) Now ENTER Command “banner [text]”.
3) Then it will show banner command is not installed. You have to
install it
4) Then just after the trying banner command, just type the installing
command of banner –“ sudo apt-get install sysvbanner”.
5) Now it will ask for your user password. Just enter it.
6) And the installing process get started. And then it will work
fluently. Example: banner OSY PROJECT

Example: banner OSY PROJECT

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Output :

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10] Passwd :

The passwd command changes passwords for user accounts.

A normal user may only change the password for his/her
own account, while the superuser may change the password
for any account. passwd also changes the account or
associated password validity period. the passwd command is
used to change the password of a user account. A normal
user can run passwd to change their own password, and a
system administrator (the superuser) can use passwd to
change another user's password, or define how that account's
password can be used or changed.
Syntax passwd [options] [LOGIN]
EX:$ passwd
Output:

11] Pwd :

The pwd command is a command line utility for printing the

current working directory. It will print the full system path
of the current working directory to standard output. By
default the pwd command ignores symlinks, although the
full physical path of a current directory can be shown with
an option

Syntax : $ pwd

Ex : $pwd

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 Output

12] Stty :

stty command in Linux with Examples. stty command in

Linux is used to change and print terminal line settings.
Basically, this command shows or changes terminal
characteristics. Example: It will display the characteristics of
the terminal.

Syntax stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]...

stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] stty [-F
DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save]

Ex: $ stty
Output

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13] Time :

The time command is used to determine how long a given

command takes to run. It is useful for testing the
performance of your scripts and commands. For example, if
you have two different scripts doing the same job and you
want to know which one performs better you can use the
Linux time command to determine the duration of execution
of each script
Syntax: $ time [-option]
Example : $ time
Output :

14] Uname :

The uname Command. The uname command reports basic

information about a computer's software and hardware. When used
without any options, uname reports the name, but not the version
number, of the kernel (i.e., the core of the operating system) The -a
(i.e., all) option tells uname to provide the following information:
the name of the kernel, network node host name (e.g.,
localhost.localdomain), kernel version number and release level
(e.g., 2.4.20-6), kernel release date, machine hardware name, CPU
(central processing unit) type, hardware platform and operating
system name (e.g., GNU/Linux). Options are available to allow each
25
of these pieces of information to be reported individually: -s for
kernel name (i.e., the default action), -n for network node host name,
-r for kernel version number and release level, -v for date of release
of the kernel version, -m for machine hardware name, -p for CPU
type (not available on some systems), -i for general hardware
platform and -o for operating system.
Syntax uname [OPTION]
Example : $ uname
Output :

15] Users :

users command in Linux system is used to show the user names of

users currently logged in to the current host. It will display who is
currently logged in according to FILE. If the FILE is not specified,
use /var/run/utmp. /var/log/wtmp as FILE is common. Display login
names of users currently logged in on system Syntax: $ users
[OPTION]... [FILE]
Syntax The basic syntax is as follows:
$ users
$ users [fileNameHere]
$ users --help
$ users --version
Example : $ uname
Output :

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27
16] Who :
The Linux who command. The Linux "who" command lets you
display the users that are currently logged into your Unix computer
system. The basic who command with no command-line arguments
shows the names of users that are currently logged in, and
depending on which Unix/Linux system you are using, may also
show the terminal they're logged in on, and the time they logged in.
Syntax : $ who
Ex : $ who
Output :

17] Who Am I :
Who am i command is used both in Unix Operating System
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and as well as in Windows Operating System. It is basically
the concatenation of the strings “who”,”am”,”i” as whom. It
displays the username of the current user when this
command is invoked. It is similar as running the id
command with the options un.
Syntax : $ who am i [OPTION]
Example: $ who am i
Output:

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