Calculus - LP4 Unit 16

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UNIT XVI: SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS
16.0 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson packet, the students are expected to attain the
following intended learning outcomes:
16.0.1 Identify solutions of equations using Newton’s Method of
Approximation or Newton-Raphson Method
16.1 Introduction
In this section, we will now use the knowledge that we got

in our previous discussions. Here, we will use differentiation to
approximate the root or solution of a continuous function.
The method that we are going to tackle here is used in
numerical analysis and numerical methods. It is a little bit easy but
you need to do the process repeatedly, since this is an iterative
method, especially if you want to get a closer approximation of the
root.
16.2 Topics and Discussion
16.2.1. Newton Method of Approximation
Newton's method, also called the Newton-Raphson method, is a root-

finding algorithm that uses the first few terms of the Taylor series of a
function 𝑓(𝑥) in the vicinity of a suspected root.
The root of the equation is the value of 𝑥 that satisfies a given equation.
If we are going to graph the curve, the root is the x-intercept of the curve. It is
the value of 𝑥 where the curve passes through the x-axis. One of the methods
to get the root of the equation is Newton’s method.
In general, the Newton’s method is given by:
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 )
Where:
𝑥𝑛 = previous approximation
Initially, we will use 𝑥0 (initial guess) as our 𝑥𝑛 .
𝑥𝑛+1 =next approximation
Since Newton’s method is an iterative process, our biggest question is

when do we need to stop? Or how many times do we need to go through this
process? One of the more common stopping points in the process is to
continue until two successive approximations agree to a given number of
decimal places.
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Here are the things we need to do before starting to use the Newton’s
method:
1. Make sure that the equation is in the form 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0. If your equation is
not yet in this form, make sure you’ll convert it to this form before
using the method.
2. We need to have our initial approximation or initial guess. One of the
more common ways of getting our hands on is to sketch the graph of
the function and use that to get an estimate of the solution which we
then use as 𝑥0 . Another common method is if we know that there is a
solution to a function in an interval then we can use the midpoint of
the interval as 𝑥0 .
With these concepts, I guess we are now ready to use the Newton’s
method. Let us have these few examples.
Example:
1. Use Newton’s method to determine an approximation to the solution
to 𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 that lies in the interval [0, 2]. Find the approximation to six
decimal places. (Note: Arguments of trigonometric functions are in radians)
Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 Given equation
𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 0 Transforming into 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 0
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 This is the 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 + sin 𝑥 This is the 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑥0 = 1 Midpoint of the interval, this will be our initial 𝑥𝑛
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − Newton’s method
𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛 −cos 𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − This is the formula that we will use
1+sin 𝑥𝑛
1−cos(1)
𝑥1 = 1 − 1+sin(1)
𝑥1 = 0.750364
1−cos(0.750364)
𝑥2 = 0.750364 −
1+sin(0.750364)
𝑥2 = 0.739112
1−cos(0.739112)
𝑥3 = 0.739112 − 1+sin(0.739112)
𝑥3 = 0.739085
1−cos(0.739085)
𝑥4 = 0.739085 − 1+sin(0.739085)
𝑥4 = 0.739085
We will now stop since 𝑥3 and 𝑥4 have the same value.
Therefore, the approximate root of cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 is 𝑥 = 0.739085

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2. Use Newton’s method to determine an approximation to the solution to

2𝑥 2 + 5 = 𝑒 𝑥 that lies in the interval [3, 4].
Solution:
2𝑥 2 + 5 = 𝑒 𝑥 Given equation
2𝑥 2 + 5 − 𝑒 𝑥 = 0 Transforming into 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 0
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 5 − 𝑒 𝑥 This is the 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 This is the 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑥0 = 3.5 Midpoint of the interval, this will be our initial 𝑥𝑛
𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 ) Newton’s method
𝑛
2(𝑥𝑛 )2 +5−𝑒 (𝑥𝑛)
4(𝑥𝑛 )−𝑒 (𝑥𝑛)
2(3.5)2 +5−𝑒 3.5

𝑥1 = 3.5 − 4(3.5)−𝑒 3.5
𝑥1 = 3.310862
2(3.310862)2+5−𝑒 3.310862
𝑥2 = 3.310862 − 4(3.310862)−𝑒 3.310862
𝑥2 = 3.276614
2(3.276614)2+5−𝑒 3.276614
𝑥3 = 3.276614 − 4(3.276614)−𝑒 3.276614
𝑥3 = 3.275602
2(3.275602)2+5−𝑒 3.275602
𝑥4 = 3.275602 − 4(3.310862)−𝑒 3.275602
𝑥4 = 3.275601
2(3.275601)2+5−𝑒 3.275601
𝑥5 = 3.275601 − 4(3.275601)−𝑒 3.275601
𝑥5 = 3.275601
Therefore, the approximate root of 2𝑥 2 + 5 = 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑥 = 3.275601
3. Use Newton’s method to determine an approximation to the solution to

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 3, 𝑥0 = 5.
Solution:
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 3 This is the 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 8 This is the 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑥0 = 5
𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 ) Newton’s method
𝑛
(𝑥𝑛 )3−7(𝑥𝑛 )2+8(𝑥𝑛 )−3
3(𝑥𝑛 )2 −14(𝑥𝑛 )+8
(5)3 −7(5)2 +8(5)−3

𝑥1 = 5 − 3(5)2 −14(5)+8
𝑥1 = 6
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(6)3 −7(6)2 +8(6)−3

𝑥2 = 6 − 3(6)2 −14(6)+8
𝑥2 = 5.71875
(5.71875)3−7(5.71875)2 +8(5.71875)−3
𝑥3 = 5.71875 − 3(5.71875)2 −14(5.71875)+8
𝑥3 = 5.686202
(5.686202)3 −7(5.686202)2+8(5.686202)−3
𝑥4 = 5.686202 − 3(5.686202)2 −14(5.686202)+8
𝑥4 = 5.68578
(5.68578)3−7(5.68578)2 +8(5.68578)−3
𝑥5 = 5.68578 − 3(5.68578)2 −14(5.68578)+8
𝑥5 = 5.68578
Therefore, the approximate root of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 3 is

𝑥 = 5.68578
👉 Exercise 1: Use Newton’s method to approximate the root of the following

functions.
1. 𝑥 4 − 18𝑥 2 + 45 = 0 in the interval [1, 2]

2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = tan 𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 − 6 in the interval [0, 1]
3 1
3. 𝑥 − 6 − 2 sin(2𝑥) = 0, 𝑥0 = 5
2
4. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥0 = 2
3
5. 𝑥 = √13
16.3 References
1. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/NewtonsMethod.html
2. https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/newtonsmethod.aspx
3. https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/newtonsmethod.aspx
4. http://www.maths.dit.ie/~dmackey/lectures/Sheet1_Num.pdf

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4 | Calculus 1

UNIT XVI: SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS

16.0 Learning Outcomes

In this section, we will now use the knowledge that we got

16.2 Topics and Discussion

16.2.1. Newton Method of Approximation

Newton's method, also called the Newton-Raphson method, is a root-

In general, the Newton’s method is given by:

Since Newton’s method is an iterative process, our biggest question is

𝑥0 = 1 Midpoint of the interval, this will be our initial 𝑥𝑛

We will now stop since 𝑥3 and 𝑥4 have the same value.

Therefore, the approximate root of cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 is 𝑥 = 0.739085

2. Use Newton’s method to determine an approximation to the solution to

𝑥0 = 3.5 Midpoint of the interval, this will be our initial 𝑥𝑛

2(3.5)2 +5−𝑒 3.5

We will now stop since 𝑥4 and 𝑥5 have the same value.

Therefore, the approximate root of 2𝑥 2 + 5 = 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑥 = 3.275601

3. Use Newton’s method to determine an approximation to the solution to

(5)3 −7(5)2 +8(5)−3

(6)3 −7(6)2 +8(6)−3

We will now stop since 𝑥4 and 𝑥5 have the same value.

Therefore, the approximate root of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 3 is

👉 Exercise 1: Use Newton’s method to approximate the root of the following

1. 𝑥 4 − 18𝑥 2 + 45 = 0 in the interval [1, 2]

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