PRESENTED BY SOFOLABO OLUWOLE (21010131002)

ON
OPERAND AND OPCODE
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING (HND II)
OCTOBER, 2022
 OPRAND

1. WHAT IS OPERAND? In computers, an operand is the part of a computer

instruction that specifies data that is to be operating on or manipulated and, by
extension, the data itself. Basically, a computer instruction describes an operation
(add, subtract, and so forth) and the operand or operands on which the operation is
to be performed.

2. APPLICATION OF OPERAND

(a) Due diligence experts: Operand enables due diligence experts to prepare and
work collaboratively on complex sets of questions, to conduct interviews (even
in parallel), and write advisories and reports.
(b) Researchers: With Operand researchers and scientists can conduct qualitative
interviews using standardized sets of questions. They can score or rank
answers, and export reports to various formats.
(c) HR specialists: Human resources specialists use Operand to conduct naturally
flowing interviews. Operand helps asking all important questions, to capture all
answers, and to quickly write candidate summaries.

TYPES OF OPERANDS
• Register. These operands come from registers within the CPU.
• Immediate. These are plain constants that are embedded in the
instruction stream.
• Direct. These are operands stored in memory. The direct address is part
of the instruction—much like an immediate—and it tells the CPU where
to fetch the data from.
• Indirect. These operands actually have two parts: The first part gives a
register or memory location that holds an address, and the second part is
the actual data that’s at the address pointed to by the first part.
• Implied. The operand isn’t explicitly stated as part of the instruction, but
rather used implicitly by the instruction. This could either be a fixed
register usage (such as using %ecx for the LOOP instruction), or a
concept like “top of stack.”

ADVANTAGES OF OPERAND

• It is the simple way of addressing method in a system.

• In this process, the operand is present in the instruction of the field.
• It doesn't require the reference of other memory and save I'm a memory.
 DISADVANTAGES OF OPERAND

• It lacks immediately value instruction

• Not assembled in the instruction.
• The immediate operand has the advantage that the operand is in the instruction and
the literal operand has the disadvantage that it is not in the instruction.

OPCODE

1. WHAT IS OPCODE? In computing, an opcode (abbreviated from operation

code, also known as instruction machine code, instruction code, instruction
syllable, instruction parcel or opstring) is the portion of a machine language
instruction that specifies the operation to be performed. Examples are “add
memory location A to memory location B,” or “store the number five in memory
location C.” “Add” and “Store” are the opcodes in these examples. Because virus
scanners try to detect and remove malicious patterns of machine instructions, virus
writers have now turned to metamorphic viruses that rewrite themselves using
equivalent opcodes, or that re-order the machine instructions to achieve the same
computational result while at the same time avoiding detection.

APPLICATIONS OF OPCODE
(a) An opcode identifies which basic computer operation in the instruction set is
to be performed.
(b) It is used when writing machine code. It tells the computer to do something.
Each machine language instruction typically has both an opcode and
operands. The opcode is like a verb in a sentence, and the operands are like
the subject in a sentence. Operands are typically memory or registry
addresses.
(c) Opcodes are used in machine code for a number of functions, including Float
Addition of registers, Two's compliment addition of registers, shifting
register values to memory, or to a hard drive, stopping a program, etc. There
are quite literally hundreds of common opcodes employed in modern
computers.
 TYPES OF OPCODES
There are two types of opcodes:

• an opcode that tells the circuitry which operation to carry out

• an opcode along with some data to be processed

ADVANTAGES OF OPCODE
• It easy to provide a large repertoire of opcodes, with different opcode lengths.
Addressing can be more flexible, with various combinations of register and
memory references plus addressing modes.

DISADVANTAGE OF OPCODE
• It increases the complexity of the CPU