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FAC1001

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Dr Ahmad Syafadhli Bin Abu Bakar
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Level 3, Kompleks PASUM, No. 18
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INTRODUCTION

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Scalar
Physical quantities that can be expressed

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in magnitudes only
Eg: mass, temperature, time

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Vector
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Physical quantities that can be expressed
in magnitudes and directions
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Eg: displacement, velocity, force

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VECTOR

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Scalar
Adam leaves his house and walks a distance

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of 10 km

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Vector
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Adam leaves his house and walks a distance
of 10 km eastwards.
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VECTOR

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Q

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head

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P
tail

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A vector can be written as
i) P � or P �
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ii) a (written in a small letters in bold)
a (written in a small letters with a squiggle
iii) ~
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bellow)
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iv) a (written in a small letters with underline)

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VECTOR

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Example

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(a) 4 m s-1 eastwards

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4 m s-1
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(b) 3 m s-1 northwards
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3 m s-1
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VECTOR

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Example

Suppose an airplane is descending at a

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constant speed of 100 mi/hr and the line
of flight makes an angle of 200 with the

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horizontal. IL
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200
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v 100 mi hr-1
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v = velocity vector
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FORMS OF VECTORS

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Consider the two points A(1, 2) B(3,5)

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5
and B(3, 5).
3

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In moving from A to B, x 2
increases by 2 units and y 2
A(1,2)
increases by 3 units.

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3
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Or in component form, in Or in component form,
column form, in angle brackets,
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A� = 2 , 3
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2 x-component
A� = 3
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y-component
FORMS OF VECTORS - Con't

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B(3,5)

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5

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2
2
A(1,2)

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Do points A and B are
considered position vectors?
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MAGNITUDE VECTOR

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Magnitude

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Vector PQ PQ

OR

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Vector a a
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UNIT VECTOR

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Definition
A vector that has a magnitude of one unit

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is called a unit vector.

If r is a vector, then the unit vector in the

direction of r
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is given as
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r=
r
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∴ r =r r O
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1 unit
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MAGNITUDE & UNIT VECTOR

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Example

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Let point A = (2 , 8) , B = (6 , 24) and

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C = (-14, -16). Find the magnitude and unit
vector for position vectors A, B and C.

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Solution IL
Magnitude of position vector A
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 2   8   2 17 units
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2 2
A 
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MAGNITUDE & UNIT VECTOR

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Example (Con't)

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Unit vector of position vector A

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ˆ 1
A A
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1
 2 i  8 j 
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2 17
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 2 i  8 j 
A

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MAGNITUDE & UNIT VECTOR

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Example (Con't)

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Can you find the magnitude

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and unit vector for position
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vectors B and C ?
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MAGNITUDE & UNIT VECTOR

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Example 2

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MAGNITUDE & UNIT VECTOR

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Example 2 - Solution

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MAGNITUDE & UNIT VECTOR

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Example 2 - Solution

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VECTOR ADDITION

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If two vectors are added, then another

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vector is obtained.
HEAD-TO−TAIL RULE (Method for Vector Addition)

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head
b

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a tail
head b
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tail
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tail
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∴c=a+ b
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c is also called the RESULTANT of a and b

VECTOR ADDITION - Con't

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The addition of two vectors can also be

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conducted as follows.
Start with vector b

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head
a
head b

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a
tail
c
tail IL head b
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tail
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∴c=a+ b
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c is also called the RESULTANT of a and b

VECTOR ADDITION - Con't

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Example 1

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VECTOR ADDITION - Con't

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Example 1 - Solution (a)

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VECTOR ADDITION - Con't

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Example 1 - Solution (b)

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VECTOR ADDITION - Con't

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Example 2

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VECTOR ADDITION - Con't

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Example 3

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VECTOR ADDITION - Con't

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PARALLELOGRAM LAW

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1. Let the start of a coincide with the start of b
2. Draw a parallelogram with a and b as sides

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3. The resultant, c is the diagonal containing the starts
of a and b

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PROPERTIES

c
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a
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b vector addition is COMMUTATIVE
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tail tail
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
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vector addition is ASSOCIATIVE

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VECTOR SUBTRACTION

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B

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b

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lO a
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Let O� = � and O� = b. From △ OAB,

we have,
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O� + A� =OB (addition of vectors)
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Hence,
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A� =OB - OA (subtraction of vectors)

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VECTOR EQUALITY

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Two vectors are equal if and only if they

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are equal in magnitude and direction

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Vectors � and D� are equal even if they are

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not coincident in space

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VECTOR EQUALITY - Con't

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If two vectors are equal, then � = D�

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This indicates that and � is parallel and in
the same direction as D 1

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∴ � = D� ⇔ � = D1

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and � // D 1 in the same direction
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a p
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b q
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∴ a=b ∴ p≠q ∴ p=- q

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SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR

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ka

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a 2a
-0.5a

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Magnitude k a
(i.e., k times the magnitude of a)
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same as a if k is positive
Direction
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opposite to a if k is negative
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PARALLEL VECTORS

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If a = k b with k as a scalar, then a and b are
parallel.

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Example
Let point A = (2 , 8) , B = (6 , 24) and C = (-14, -16).

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Do A and B parallel?
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Solution
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PARALLEL VECTORS - Con't

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COLLINEAR

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If PQ = k QR , then PQ and QR are parallel.

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Since Q is a common point, hence the points P, Q and
R are COLLINEAR.
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NEGATIVE VECTOR & ZERO VECTOR

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Negative Vector

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If P� represents vector a, that is P Q  a
Then QP represents -a,QP =  a
Zero Vector
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When the above vectors are added, the following
is obtained
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PQ +QP = a + (-a) = 0
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where 0 is known as the zero vector.

FREE VECTORS

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A vector quantity that is defined by its own
magnitude and direction only

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These vectors DO NOT have fixed position

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VECTORS IN SPACE

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Example

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VECTORS IN SPACE

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Solution

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