NATURE OF RESEARCH AND INQUIRY

1. Describes intervention (if applicable);

2. Plans data collection procedure;
3. Plans data analysis using statistics and hypothesis testing (if appropriate).

Timeframe: 2 weeks (Q2- Week 3-4)

Student’s Name: ______________________________________________

Grade & Section: _______________________________________________

 Describes Intervention

Concept Notes
Get ready to check the information below! If you have internet access, you may gather more
information about them.

There are many ways of letting a variable, factor, or condition intervene or have an application on the subjects, and of
later determining the effects of such intervention. Here are some of these methods: (1) treatment evaluation; and (2) pre-
test and post-test of multiple treatments or conditions. (De Mey 2013; Creswell 2013)
Intervention research examines the effects of an intervention on an outcome of interest. The primary purpose of
intervention research is to engender a desirable outcome for individuals in need (e.g., reduce depressive symptoms or
strengthen reading skills). As such, intervention research might be thought of as differing from prevention research,
where the goal is to prevent a negative outcome from occurring, or even from classic laboratory experimentation, where
the goal is often to support specific tenets of theoretical paradigms. Assessment of an intervention's effects, the sine qua
non of intervention research, varies according to study design, but typically involves both statistical and logical
inferences. (Salkind, 2010)
Interventions can be applied to sports coaching, business coaching, behavioral health settings, therapeutic
settings, leadership activities business efficacy consulting etc.
UNIVERSAL PROCESS INVOLVE:
 Identify the suboptimal outcome(Observe)
 Research/Brainstorm Solutions(Research)
 Implements a behavior change(Intervention)
 Measure the Outcome for change (Evaluation, Reevaluation)

Intervention (or Experimental) studies differ from observational studies in that the investigator assigns the
exposure. They are used to determine the effectiveness of an intervention or the effectiveness of a health
service delivery. They can also be used to establish the safety, cost-effectiveness and accceptability of an
intervention. In contrast, analytical observational studies (i.e. cohort and case control studies) look at the
relationships between risk factors or characteristics of patients and their likelihood of getting a particular
disease. There are two types of intervention studies: randomised controlled trials and non-randomised or
quasi-experimental trials. The randomised controlled trial is considered to be the gold standard of clinical
research because it is the only known way to avoid selection and confounding biases. It approximates the
controlled experiment of basic science. The aim of a trial is to apply the conclusions of the experiment to
people in the general population.

RE(SEARCH), INTERVENTION, & EVALUATION

 Process that never ends
 YOU, as a researcher, are crucial to the process
 You ask the questions
 You decide how to measure, how to gather information
 Analyze
 Disseminate
 Incorporate into-decision-making process

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 Worksheet

It’s time to test yourself!

Name: _________________________________ Strand & Section: _____________________

Date: ______________________________ Teacher: ________________________________

WORKSHEET #1
Let's dissect our Title!

I. Directions: INDIVIDUAL WORK. Explain your understanding about the text by answering the
following questions on space provided.

1. Describe what is intervention?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2. How long will the intervention be administered? And when will it begin?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

3. Who will administer the intervention?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

4. Will those be administering the intervention are fully informed about the study?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

5. Will study participants be fully informed?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

6. Under what conditions will the intervention be withdrawn or altered?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

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 Plans Data Collection Procedure

Concept Notes

Get ready to check the information below! If you have internet access, you may gather more information about them.
Three phases of Data Collection Procedure
Before
1.Develop your data collection instruments and materials.
2.Seek permission from the authorities and heads of the institutions or communities where you will conduct your study.
3.Select and screen the population using appropriate sampling techniques.
4.Train the raters, observers, experimenters, assistants, and other research personnel who may be involved in data
gathering.
5.Obtain informed consent from the subjects.
6.Pilot-test the instruments to determine to determine potential problems that may occur when they are administered.
During
1.Provide instructions to the participants and explain how the data will be collected.
2.Administer the instruments, and implement the intervention or treatment, if applicable.
3.Triangulation technique enhanced validation of data using two or more sources and methods.
After
1.Immediately encode or transcribe and archive your data.
2.Safeguard the confidentiality of your data.
3.Later, examine and analyze your data using the appropriate statistical tools..
A step-by-step guide to data collection
Data collection is a systematic process of gathering observations or measurements. Whether you are performing
research for business, governmental or academic purposes, data collection allows you to gain first-hand knowledge and
original insights into your research problem. (Bhandari, 2020).
While methods and aims may differ between fields, the overall process of data collection remains largely the same.
Before you begin collecting data, you need to consider:
 The aim of the research
 The type of data that you will collect
 The methods and procedures you will use to collect, store, and process the data
To collect high-quality data that is relevant to your purposes, follow these four steps.
Step 1: Define the aim of your research
Before you start the process of data collection, you need to identify exactly what you want to achieve. You can start by
writing a problem statement: what is the practical or scientific issue that you want to address and why does it matter?
Next, formulate one or more research questions that precisely define what you want to find out. Depending on your
research questions, you might need to collect quantitative or qualitative data:
Quantitative data is expressed in numbers and graphs and is analyzed through statistical methods.
Qualitative data is expressed in words and analyzed through interpretations and categorizations.
If your aim is to test a hypothesis, measure something precisely, or gain large-scale statistical insights, collect
quantitative data. If your aim is to explore ideas, understand experiences, or gain detailed insights into a specific
context, collect qualitative data. If you have several aims, you can use a mixed methods approach that collects both
types of data.
You decide to use a mixed-methods approach to collect both quantitative and qualitative data.
Step 2: Choose your data collection method
Based on the data you want to collect, decide which method is best suited for your research.
Experimental research is primarily a quantitative method.
Interviews/focus groups and ethnography are qualitative methods.
Surveys, observations, archival research and secondary data collection can be quantitative or qualitative methods.

Carefully consider what method you will use to gather data that helps you directly answer your research questions.
Data collection methods
Method When to use How to collect data
Experiment To test a causal relationship. Manipulate variables and measure their effects on others.
Survey To understand the general characteristics Distribute a list of questions to a sample online, in person
or opinions of a group of people. or over-the-phone.
Interview/focus To gain an in-depth understanding of Verbally ask participants open-ended questions in
group perceptions or opinions on a topic. individual interviews or focus group discussions.
Observation To understand something in its natural setting. Measure or survey a sample without trying to affect them.
Step 3: Plan your data collection procedure
When you know which method(s) you are using, you need to plan exactly how you will implement them.
What procedures will you follow to make accurate observations or measurements of the variables you are
interested in?
Step 4: Collect the data
Finally, you can implement your chosen methods to measure or observe the variables you are interested in.

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 Worksheet

It’s time to test yourself!

Name: __________________________________________ Strand & Section: _________________

Date: ___________________________________ Teacher: ________________________________

Worksheet #2
Procedure Check!
Instruction: GROUP WORK. Plan for your data collection procedure. Base it in your own Research or Study.
FOR ONLINE CLASS. Create a procedural presentation on how are you going to collect your data.
Your performance and the content of your presentation will be rated based on this rubric

RUBRIC ON PRESENTATION OF STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Excellent Competent Needs Improvement Incomplete
( 16- 20 points) (11- 15 points) (6 – 10 points) (1 – 5 points)
Stated or presented the Fairly well Stated or The procedural flow is not Lacks a proper
procedural flow clearly presented the procedural clearly stated or presented procedural flow in the
flow conduct of research.
Source: www.rcampus.com. Rubric: Research Proposal and Presentation Rubric

FOR MODULAR CLASS

Prepare a written procedural flow. Base it in your own Research or Study.

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 Data Analysis Using Statistics and Hypothesis Testing

Concept Notes

Get ready to check the information below! If you have internet access, you may gather more
information about them.

“Essentially, all models are wrong but some are useful.” – George Edward Pelham Box FRS
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in
making more effective decisions, especially in the context of quantitative research.
TWO Categories: (1) Descriptive Statistics, and (2) Inferential Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics - methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in an informative
way e.g. via various charts, tables, and infographics.
2. Inferential Statistics - The methods used to estimate a property of a population on the basis of a
sample e.g. T-Test, Z-Test, ANOVA, Regression Analysis, Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis.

Ethics and Statistics

 A guideline can be found in the paper “Statistics and Ethics: Some Advice for Young
Statisticians,” in The American Statistician 57, no. 1 (2003)
 The authors advise us to practice statistics with integrity and honesty, and urge us to “do the
right thing” when collecting, organizing, summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical
information
 The real contribution of statistics to society is a moral one. Financial analysts need to provide
information that truly reflects a company’s performance so as not to mislead individual
investors.
 Information regarding product defects that may be harmful to people must be analyzed and
reported with integrity and honesty
 The authors of The American Statistician article further indicate that when we practice statistics,
we need to maintain “an independent and principled point-of-view”

1. Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Location (describes the central tendency of the data)
Mean - the mean, or average value, is the most commonly used measure of central tendency.
 The measure is used to estimate the unknown population mean when the data have been collected using
an interval or ratio scale
 The data should display some central tendency, with most of the responses distributed around the mean
Note: Sample Mean is prone to the presence of outliers (very big or very small numbers) in the dat
a. Mode- the mode is the value that occurs most frequently
 It represents the highest peak of the distribution
 The mode is a good measure of location when the variable is inherently categorical or has otherwise
b. Median- The median of a sample is the middle value when the data are arranged in ascending or
descending order
 If the number of data points is even, the median is usually estimated as the midpoint between the two
middle values by adding the two middle values and dividing their sum by 2
Measures of Variability (Calculated on interval or ratio data)
a. Range- measures the spread of the data
 Simply the difference between largest and smallest values in the sample
b. Variance - The difference between the mean and an observed value is called the deviation from the mean.
The variance is the mean squared deviation from the mean.
c. Standard Deviation – square root of the variance. It’s also a measure of how spread the values are.
d. Coefficient of variation – is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean expressed as percentage, and it
is a unitless measure of relative variability,
2. Inferential Statistics
 We want to estimate a population parameter (a single number that describes a population) by using statistics
(numbers that describe a sample of data)
Examples:
 Estimating Overall Liking score of a new product
 Estimating Customer Satisfaction Index
 Estimating the average units purchased per purchase occasion
 Estimating % agreement to a statement
 Determine the significant difference

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  Types of Estimates
 Point Estimate one single number only
 Interval Estimate an interval containing a range of numbers (called Confidence Interval)
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis – is simply a statement that something is true. It is a tentative, a claim or an assertion about people, objects,
or events.

Examples:
1. There is no significant relationship between the mathematics attitude and the competency levels of second year
accountancy students of the University of the Philippines- Visayas.
2. The percentage of shoppers who buy their favorite shampoo regardless of price is not 25%.
3. The mean monthly allowance of all the students in Iloilo National High School is at least Php100.
4. Ninety-five percent of the government employees filed their income tax return on time.

Hypothesis Testing is a procedure in making decisions based on a sample evidence or probability theory used to
determine whether the hypothesis is accepted or rejected.
 If the statement is found reasonable then, the hypothesis is accepted, otherwise it is rejected.

Hypothesis Testing Procedure

1. Formulate the null and the alternative hypothesis.
2. Decide the level of significance, α.
3. Choose appropriate test statistic.
4. Establish the critical Region./ Compute the value of the Statistical test.
5. Make a decision.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
1. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis
Type of Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis & Alternative Hypothesis
A. Null hypothesis
 A null hypothesis is a hypothesis of no difference and it’s denoted by𝐻𝑜
 The null hypothesis can be expressed in statement from stating no significant difference
between the variables compared or using,
 Mathematical statement such as 𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁𝟏 = 𝝁𝟏 , 𝒐𝒓
𝑯𝒐 : 𝑿̅𝟏 = 𝑿̅𝟐 .
B. Alternative Hypothesis
 Alternative hypothesis is a hypothesis to be considered as an alternate to the null
hypothesis. It is usually denoted by 𝐻𝑎 .
 It can be mathematically stated as 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁𝟏 ≠ 𝝁𝟏 , 𝒐𝒓 𝑯𝒂 : 𝑿̅𝟏 ≠ 𝑿̅𝟐 .
2. Decide the level of significance, α.: Level of Significance
When a researcher tests hypotheses, he is not certain that the decision is 100% correct.
However, he is confident at a certain level that the decision is correct, say 99% of the decision he
made is a correct one.
 The confidence level is 99% or the level of significance is 1%
 When the confidence level is 95%, the level of significance is 5%
 On the other hand, when the confidence level is 90%, the level of significance is 10%
In this case, the higher the confidence level, the more certain that the decision of rejecting the null
hypothesis is correct.
3. Choose appropriate test statistic
In practice, you go a step further and use these sample statistics to summarize the data with what’s
called a test statistic. We are not going to go into any details right now, but we will discuss test statistics when we go
through the specific tests.
4. Establish the critical Region/Compute the Value of the Statistical Test

• The significance level is .05. The ≠ sign in the alternative hypothesis indicates that the test is two –
tailed with two rejection regions, one in each tail.

5. Make a Decision

 Statement of results or the acceptance, or rejection of the null hypothesis & future direction of research.

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 Should include summary of results in tabular, graphical, or mapped form, plus a discussion of where this research

Comparing Non-parametric Statistics (Non- Parametric Statistics

random and less than 30 (Randomly selected and 30 + samples)
samples)
Two groups Mann Whitney U Test T-test for Independent Sample (Paired)
Same group Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test T-test for Dependent Sample
(before and after) (Unpaired)
Three or more groups Kruskal- Wallis One-way ANOVA
Correlation Spearman rho Pearson’s r
has led you.

Type I and Type II Errors in Hypothesis Testing

Null Hypothesis (Ho) Researcher

Does Not Reject Ho Rejects Ho
Ho is true Correct Decision (1- α) Type I Error (α)
Ho is false Type II Error (β) Correct Decision (1- β)
α and β are interrelated. So, it’s necessary to balance the two types of errors. The level of α along with the sample size
will determine the level of β for a particular research design. In practice, we usually set α at 1%, 5%, or 10%.

The risk of both α and β can be controlled by increasing the sample size.

APPROPRIATE STATISCAL TESTS

Two Independent Samples (Comparing Two Groups)

 The data come from 2 unrelated samples, drawn randomly from different populations
 The 2 samples are not experimentally related. The measurement of one sample has no effect on the
values of the second sample.
 Note: In a monadic design, the samples are independent
 Examples:
Comparing the Purchase Intent mean scores of Concept X vs. Concept Y
Comparing the responses of Females vs. Males
Comparing the stress levels of college students vs high school students
 Method: Mann Whitney U Test or T-test for Independent Sample (Paired)

The Case of More than Two Independent Samples (Three or More Groups)

 Method: One-way ANOVA for a quantitative (numerical) variable or Kruskal Wallis

E.g. Overall Liking, Purchase Intention, Product Attribute, Imagery attribute
Examples
 In a blind product test, comparing the performances of 3 different facial moisturizer
 In a concept test, comparing the acceptance of 5 new powdered milk concepts
 In a U&A study, comparing the responses from SES Upper vs. Middle vs. Lower
 In a TVC pre-test, comparing the performances of 3 different new ads

Two Dependent Samples (Same Group, Before and After)

 Paired data is formed from measurements of essentially the same quantitative variable
(ordinal, internal, or ratio level) done on the same individuals
Examples
 Concept score vs. Product score of a new mix (in a concept-product test project)
 Perceptions ‘Before’ and ‘After’ an exposure (e.g., a TV Commercial)
 Perceptions ‘Before’ and ‘After’ attending a brand sponsored event
 Method:Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, T-Test for Dependent Sample (Unpaired)

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 Worksheet

Name: ___________________________________ Strand & Section: ______________

Date: _______________________________ Subject- teacher: ____________________

Worksheet #3
DIRECTIONS: Write TRUE if the statement is correct. Write FALSE if otherwise.
_________1. Inferential statistics is used primarily to organize and to present data using infographics.
_________2. It is ethical to alter the results of your study.
_________3. Statistical methods such as T-Test and ANOVA are used in inferential statistics.
_________4. Standard deviation provides a description on how scattered the values are in a research.
_________5. Mean is the most commonly used measure of central tendency as it is used to estimate the
unknown population mean.
_________6. Median is the value that occurs most frequently.
_________7. Inferential statistics is used to point and interval estimates of a population parameter.
_________8. Hypothesis can be tested using mean, median, and mode.
_________9. The first step in hypothesis testing is to decide the level of significance.
_________10. Type I error occurs if the researcher rejects the null hypothesis even though it is true.

Identification. Identify what statistical test is appropriate for each of the conditions below.
1. Martha wanted to find out the perceptions of Grade 12 learners in Homeschooling. She randomly
selected 55 participants in her school and then she wanted to compare the responses among male and
female respondents.

Statistical Test:________________________________________________________
Clue: ________________________________________________________________

2. Joe is a researcher in Iloilo National High School and he is interested to know about the purchasing
trends of online buyers in Iloilo City. He selected 15 participants using convenience sampling and he
compared the responses among educational attainment (high school, college, and postgraduate level).

Statistical Test:________________________________________________________
Clue: ________________________________________________________________

3. Roni wants to conduct a research on the impact of his learning intervention on the academic
performance of students. He applied a pre-test/post-test research design and he already had two
predetermined groups.

Statistical Test:________________________________________________________
Clue: ________________________________________________________________

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 Reflection

What insights have you acquired from accomplishing this learning material?

Pledge of Commitment

PLEDGE OF COMMITMENT

I commit fully to the accomplishment of the module with all honesty and
dedication.
I promise to spend _______________________________(no.of hours/specific
day(s) of the week) learning about Practical Research 2
Further, I promise that no part of this module will be posted publicly, and I will
not allow anybody to have it photocopied without a written permit of my
teacher.

__________________________________________
STUDENT’S SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME /DATE

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