GenBio Q2 M1
GenBio Q2 M1
Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
Quarter 2 – Module 1
ATP in Cellular Metabolism
and Photosynthesis
Scientists use the term bioenergetics to discuss the concept of energy flow through living
systems, such as cells. Cellular processes such as the building and breaking down of complex
molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are
spontaneous in releasing energy; other require energy to proceed. Just as organisms must
continually consume food to replenish what has been used by the many energy – requiring chemical
reactions that constantly take place.
This lesson will equip you on how ATP is produced and consumed by the body. You will also
learn the importance of pigments present in the leaves in photosynthesis. After going through this
module, you are expected to:
1. explain coupled reaction process and describe the role of ATP in energy coupling
and transfer, and (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-1)
2. explain the importance of chlorophyll and other pigments. (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-3)
Energy from the catabolism of biomolecules such as fats and glucose is converted to a freely-
avail-able form of high energy compound: adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This chemical, deemed
the ‘’energy currency of the cell, ‘’ contains high-energy phosphate bonds. ATP donates energy via
hydrolysis of its high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. ATP is continually synthesized by the body.
The process of all organisms - from bacteria to human – require energy. To get the energy, many
organisms access stored energy by obtaining from other organism; for animals, this is done through
ingestion. But where does the stored energy in food originate? All of this energy can be traced back
to photosynthesis.
Green plants have the ability to make their own food in a process called photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis uses pigment called chlorophyll. A pigment is a molecule that has particular color
and can absorb light at different wavelengths. There are many types of pigments in nature, but
chlorophyll is unique in its ability to enable plants to absorb the energy they need. Through
photosynthesis, the plant uses the stored energy to convert carbon dioxide (absorbed from the air)
and water into glucose, a type of sugar.
In grade 9, you have been taught the process of cellular respiration and
photosynthesis. Recall on what you have learned by answering the following activities. Let’s
see how far you have remembered.
Score: ___/ 19
ACTIVITY 2. Differentiate the two processes
Directions: Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration by filling the table with the key
terms given below.
1. Some people claim talking plants can make them grow better. Given what you
know about the photosynthesis and respiration, why might a person talking/
breathing very close to plant have an impact on its growth? (5pts)
A. Because the plants will hear voice that will help them grow.
B. Because plants love to hear the voice of its owner.
C. Because of the carbon dioxide produced when people exhale as they speak.
D. Because of the oxygen produced when people exhale as they speak.
What’s New
Now that you have recalled your topic in grade 9, perform the succeeding activities to
have some overview on our new lesson. Read first the paragraph before answering the
activity 3.
ATP is the principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in cells. It is often
called the energy currency of the cells. ATP is a nucleotide consisting of adenine based
attached to ribose sugar, which is attached to three phosphate groups. It is converted to
ADP when one phosphate group is removed by breaking the phosphoanhydride bonds
through hydrolysis. Likewise, AMP will be produced when one phosphate group is remove
from ADP. AMP can form to ADP or ATP by adding phosphate groups. Thus, the three
molecules are interconverted.
Structure of ATP:
2. Adenosine Diphosphate
3. Adenosine Triphosphate
ACTIVITY 4. Paper Chromatography
Directions: To help you acquaint with different plant pigments, perform this activity on
chromatography. This activity will allow you to visually demonstrate that leaves contain
different colored pigments. Before performing the experiment, read the purpose of
chromatography.
1. Alugbati/Kangkong
2. Mayana/
Guide Questions:
1. Using the data above, what are the colors you observed? Why do you get such color/s?
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2. What leaf has the shortest distance travelled? How about the longest?
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What Is It
A living cell cannot store significant amounts of free energy. Excess free energy would
result in an increase of heat in the cell, which would result in excessive thermal motion that could
damage and then destroy the cell. Rather, a cell must be able to handle an energy in a way that
enables the cell to store energy safely and release it for use only as needed. Living cells
accomplish this by using the compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is called the “energy
currency” of the cell, and, like currency, the versatile compound can be used to fill any energy
need of the cell. How? It functions similarly to a reachable battery.
As its name suggests, adenosine triphosphate is comprised of adenosine bound to three
phosphate group. At the heart of ATP is molecule of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which
is composed of an adenine molecule bonded to a ribose molecule and to a single phosphate
group. Ribose is a five – carbon sugar found in RNA, and adenine diphosphate (ADP); the
addition of a third phosphate groups, in order of closest to the furthest from the ribose sugar,
are labeled alpha, beta, and gamma. The last two bonds on the phosphate groups contain
especially high energy and are therefore very useful for doing work within living cells. The bonds
that holds phosphate groups are easily broken by hydrolysis which results in the release of
energy. Together, these chemical groups constitute an energy powerhouse.
When ADP is converted to ATP, energy is needed and there is an addition of inorganic
phosphate (Pi). This energy is from cellular respiration. When ATP is broken down, usually by the
removal of its terminal phosphate group (hydrolysis), energy is released. Note that the energy
released is not from the phosphate group but it is from the phosphoanhydride bond. The potential
energy stored in the bond between phosphates is harnessed to do work. The energy released is
used to do work by the cell, usually by the released phosphate binding to another molecule,
activating it. Since ATP hydrolysis releases energy, ATP regeneration must require an input of free
energy. To carry out this life processes, ATP is continuously broken down into ADP, and like a
rechargeable battery, ADP is continuously regenerated into ATP by the reattachment of a third
phosphate group. Water, which was broken down into its hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group during
ATP hydrolysis, is regenerated when the third phosphate is added to the ADP molecule, reforming
ATP.
Like most chemical reactions, the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is reversible. The reverse
reaction regenerates ATP from ADP + Pi.
ATP mediates most energy coupling in cells and it powers cellular work. There are three kinds
of work of a cell: chemical (synthesis of polymers from monomers; pushing of endergonic reactions),
transport work (pumping of substances across membranes), and mechanical work (beating of cilia,
contraction of muscles).
Obviously, energy must be infused into the system to regenerate ATP. What does this energy
come from? In nearly every living thing on earth, the energy comes from the metabolism of glucose.
In this example, the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is coupled with the endergonic reaction of
converting glucose for use in the metabolic pathway. In this way, ATP is a direct link between the
limited set of exergonic pathways that power living cells.
Most of the time when an animal is exposed in a cold environment, the reaction of the body
is through shivering. In this reaction of the organism, shivering uses ATP during muscle contraction
to warm the body. Since it will also be a disadvantage for organisms to generate heat during ATP
hydrolysis, in order to maintain the living conditions inside the cell, the energy released during ATP
hydrolysis is used by proteins to perform work: chemical, transport and mechanical hydrolysis of
ATP leads to change in the shape of protein and in its ability to bind to another molecule.
Phosphorylation (ADP to ATP) and dephosphorylation (ATP to ADP) promote crucial protein shape
changes during important cellular process disadvantage
You have been taught in your junior years that plants are able to make their own food
in the process called photosynthesis. Plant cells have chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll – a
green pigment responsible for absorbing light.
Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light while it transmits and reflects green light. This
is why leaves appear green. There are several kinds of chlorophyll. Among these, chlorophyll a
appears green in color. It absorbs blue and red light and reflects green light. It is the most
abundant type of pigment in leaves and thus the most important type of pigment in chloroplast.
Chlorophyll b, is less abundant than chlorophyll a but has the ability to a wider wavelength of
light energy. Chlorophyll c is not found in plants but it is found in some microorganisms capable
of performing photosynthesis. Carotenoid pigments are found in many photosynthetic
organisms, as well as, in plants.
Pigments are substances that absorb visible light. Different pigments absorb light of
different wavelengths. Light, as it encounters an object, is either reflected, transmitted, or
absorbed. Visible light, with a wavelength of 380–750nm, is the segment in the entire range of
electromagnetic spectrum that is most important to life on earth. It is detected as various colors
by the human eye. The color that is not absorbed by pigments of objects is transmitted or
reflected and that is the color of the object that we see.
Pigments are the means by which plants capture sun’s energy to be used in photosynthesis.
However, since each pigment absorbs only a narrow range of wavelength, there is usually a need
to produce several kinds of pigments of different colors to capture more of sun’s energy.
The importance of pigment in photosynthesis is that it helps absorb the energy from light. The
free electrons at the molecular level in the chemical structure of these photosynthetic pigments
revolve at certain energy level. They cannot continue to stay in that level, as it is not the state of
stability of these electrons, so they must dissipate this energy and come back to their stable energy
level. During photosynthesis, these high-energy electrons transfer their energy to other molecules
to form sugar and other nutrients by using carbon dioxide and water.
What’s More
Given the knowledge you’ve learned in this lesson. Answer the following activity to see
what you have learned so far in this module.
Score: ___/ 20
Activity 5. Complete the Sentence
Directions: Underline the word to make the statement complete (2pts each).
Score: ___/ 10
Activity 6. True or False
What I Can Do
Score: ___/ 10
ACTIVITY 8. Complete the Illustration.
Directions: Fill the boxes with the correct answer the structure of ATP and the ATP – ADP
cycle.
Directions: Write the letter of your choice in the space provided before the number.
___1. In the structure of ATP, the three-phosphate group are labeled as _____?
A. Delta, charlie, gamma
B. Alpha beta, Charlie
C. Alpha, beta, gamma
D. Delta, gamma, beta
___2. ATP is composed of adenine molecule bonded to what sugar molecule?
A. Glucose
B. Ribose
C. Fructose
D. Lactose
___3. What two main products are results of photosynthesis?
A. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
B. chlorophyll and oxygen
C. sugars/carbohydrates and oxygen
D. sugar/carbohydrates and carbon dioxide
___4. Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration often considered opposites?
A. Photosynthesis produces twice as many ATP molecules as cellular respiration.
B. Water is released during photosynthesis and consumed during cellular
respiration.
C. Photosynthesis occurs during the day, and cellular respiration occurs at night.
D. Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration.
___5. Which could be used to monitor the rate of photosynthesis in a plant?
A. Oxygen production
B. Water production
C. Hydrogen production
D. Carbon dioxide production
___6. In the process of photosynthesis, which pigment has the largest role?
A. chlorophyll
B. melanin
C. carotene
D. hemoglobin
___7. Which energy transformation occurs in photosynthesis?
A. Heat to electrical
B. Light to chemical
C. Mechanical to electrical
D. Chemical to mechanical
___8. The potential energy of organic molecules is most readily available to cells in the form
of ____.
A. Ribonucleic acid
B. ATP
C. Water
D. Minerals
___9. Which of the following is an example of pigment?
A. Sucrase
B. Pyruvate
C. Chlorophyll
D. NADPH
___10. Two reactants that are used in the process of photosynthesis are ____.
A. Water and carbon dioxide
B. Glucose and water
C. Carbon dioxide and oxygen
D. Oxygen and water
___11. Energy is released from ATP when ____.
A. A phosphate group is added.
B. Adenine bonds to ribose.
C. A phosphate group is removed.
D. ATP exposed to sunlight.
___12. Which of the following can be compared to a battery in need of recharging?
A. ATP
B. ADP
C. Ribose
D. Adenosine
___13. What does “TP” in ATP stand for?
A. tri (3) phosphate
B. tri (3) ribose
C. tri (3) adenosine
D. tri (3) guanine
___14. Which of the following is the correct equation for photosynthesis?
A. Carbon dioxide + water oxygen +glucose
B. Carbon dioxide + glucose + water oxygen
C. Oxygen + water carbon dioxide + glucose
D. Glucose + oxygen water + carbon dioxide
___15. Describe what happens in the process of converting ADP to ATP?
A. It loses a phosphate
B. A site to bind ATP
C. It gains a phosphate
D. Both A and B
Additional Activities
Major grocery stores in the country are organized into departments, such as dairy,
meats, produce, bread, cereals, and so forth. Each aisle of the grocery store contains
numerous different products for customers to buy and consume.
Although there is a large variety, each item is linked to photosynthesis. For instances,
meat and dairy came from animals that were fed plant based foods. The rice, breads, cereals
and pastas come largely from starchy grains, which are the seeds of photosynthesis –
dependent plants. What about dessert and drinks? All of these products contains sugar - a
sucrose is a plant product, a disaccharide, a carbohydrate molecule, which is built directly
from photosynthesis.
Moreover, many items are less obviously derived from plants. For instance, paper
goods are generally plant products, and many plastics (abundant as products and packaging)
are derived from algae. Virtually, every spice and flavoring in the market were produced by a
plant as a leaf, root, bark, flower, fruit, or stem. Ultimately, photosynthesis connects to every
meal and every food a person consumes.
Knowing these things, write your reflection on the importance of plants or
photosynthesis in our daily living.
Reflection:
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Answer Key
References:
Belardo, GM et al. (2016). General Biology 1 Textbook. Vibal Group Inc.
Rea, M., Dequillo, M., and Chua, JL. (2017). General Biology 1 Textbook. Rex Publishing
House
Online References:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/atp-adenosine-triphosphate/
https://sciencing.com/importance-pigments-photosynthesis-6461024.html
https://youtu.be/A-AYpYwq84M
https://youtu.be/QfnQdzO6Nac
Juliet M. Magallanes, Ed.D Ensueño de mi vida, mi ardiente vivo anhelo, Mi Patria idolatrada, dolor de mis dolores,
CID Chief Salud te grita el alma que pronto va á partir! Querida Filipinas, oye el postrer adios.
Salud! ah que es hermoso caer por darte vuelo, Ahi te dejo todo, mis padres, mis amores.
Morir por darte vida, morir bajo tu cielo, Voy donde no hay esclavos, verdugos ni opresores.
Y en tu encantada tierra la eternidad dormir. Donde la fé no mata, donde el que reyna es Dios
Florencio R. Caballero, DTE
EPS - LRMDS Si sobre mi sepulcro vieres brotar un dia Adios, padres y hermanos, trozos del alma mía,
Entre la espesa yerba sencilla, humilde flor, Amigos de la infancia en el perdido hogar,
Acércala a tus labios y besa al alma mía, Dad gracias que descanso del fatigoso día;
Y sienta yo en mi frente bajo la tumba fría Adios, dulce extrangera, mi amiga, mi alegria,
Sandy R. Albarico De tu ternura el soplo, de tu hálito el calor. Adios, queridos séres morir es descansar.
EPS -Science
Deja á la luna verme con luz tranquila y suave;
Deja que el alba envíe su resplandor fugaz,
Deja gemir al viento con su murmullo grave,
Y si desciende y posa sobre mi cruz un ave
Deja que el ave entone su cantino de paz.