Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 19 views

    Lab 2

    Uploaded by

    Bayezid Prince
    The document discusses topics to be covered in a lab on microprocessor interfacing and embedded systems, including creating variables and arrays, basic arithmetic operations, memory access, and instructions like INC, DEC, LEA, ADD, SUB, MUL, and DIV. It provides examples and explanations of how to declare variables and constants, define arrays, access memory locations, and use common arithmetic instructions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lab 2

    Uploaded by

    Bayezid Prince
    19 views5 pages
    The document discusses topics to be covered in a lab on microprocessor interfacing and embedded systems, including creating variables and arrays, basic arithmetic operations, memory access, and instructions like INC, DEC, LEA, ADD, SUB, MUL, and DIV. It provides examples and explanations of how to declare variables and constants, define arrays, access memory locations, and use common arithmetic instructions.

    Original Description:

    Lab for cse331

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses topics to be covered in a lab on microprocessor interfacing and embedded systems, including creating variables and arrays, basic arithmetic operations, memory access, and instructions like INC, DEC, LEA, ADD, SUB, MUL, and DIV. It provides examples and explanations of how to declare variables and constants, define arrays, access memory locations, and use common arithmetic instructions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views5 pages

    Lab 2

    Uploaded by

    Bayezid Prince
    The document discusses topics to be covered in a lab on microprocessor interfacing and embedded systems, including creating variables and arrays, basic arithmetic operations, memory access, and instructions like INC, DEC, LEA, ADD, SUB, MUL, and DIV. It provides examples and explanations of how to declare variables and constants, define arrays, access memory locations, and use common arithmetic instructions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Fall 2020

    CSE 331L: Microprocessor Interfacing & Embedded System Lab


    Faculty: DR. DIHAN MD. NURUDDIN HASAN
    Instructor: Moin Shahriyar
    EEE 332/ CSE 331
    Lab 2
    Topic: Variables, Basic Arithmetic Operations, Array
    Topics to be covered in class today:

     Creating Variables
     Basic Arithmetic Operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
     Creating Arrays
     Create Constants
     Introduction to INC, DEC, LEA instruction
     Learn how to access Memory.

    Creating Variable:
    Syntax for a variable declaration:
    “name” DB “value”
    e.g. a DB 9
    name DW value
    e.g. a DW 9

    DB - stands for Define Byte. (8 bit) define byte


    DW - stands for Define Word. (16 bit) define word

    name - can be any letter or digit combination, though it should start with a letter. It's possible to declare
    unnamed variables by not specifying the name (this variable will have an address but no name).
    value - can be any numeric value in any supported numbering system (hexadecimal, binary, or decimal),
    or "?" symbol for variables that are not initialized.
    **Variable must declare after return.
    Fall 2020

    Creating Constants:
    Constants are just like variables, but they exist only until your program is compiled (assembled). After
    definition of a constant its value cannot be changed. To define constants EQU directive is used: (always
    16 bit)
    name EQU < any expression >
    For example:

     k EQU 5
     MOV AX, k
    Creating Arrays:
    Arrays can be seen as chains of variables. A text string is an example of a byte array; each character is
    presented as an ASCII code value (0-255).
    Here are some array definition examples:

     a DB 48h, 65h, 6Ch, 6Ch, 6Fh, 00h


     b DB 'Hello', 0

    You can access the value of any element in array using square brackets, for example:

     MOV AL, a [3]

    You can also use any of the memory index registers BX, SI, DI, BP, for example:

     MOV SI, 3
     MOV AL, a[SI]

    If you need to declare a large array you can use DUP operator.
    The syntax for DUP:
    number DUP (value(s))
    number - number of duplicate to make (any constant value).
    value - expression that DUP will duplicate.

    for example:

     c DB 5 DUP (9)
    an alternative way of declaring is:

     c DB 9, 9, 9, 9, 9
    Fall 2020

    one more example:

     d DB 5 DUP (1, 2)
    an alternative way of declaring is:

     d DB 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2

    Memory Access:
    To access memory we can use these four registers: BX, SI, DI, BP. Combining these registers inside [ ]
    symbols, we can get different memory locations.

    [BX + SI] [SI] [BX + SI + d8]


    [BX + DI] [DI] [BX + DI + d8]
    [BP + SI] d16 (variable offset only) [BP + SI + d8]
    [BP + DI] [BX] [BP + DI + d8]

    [SI + d8] [BX + SI + d16] [SI + d16]


    [DI + d8] [BX + DI + d16] [DI + d16]
    [BP + d8] [BP + SI + d16] [BP + d16]
    [BX + d8] [BP + DI + d16] [BX + d16]

    Displacement can be an immediate value or offset of a variable, or even both. if there are several values,
    assembler evaluates all values and calculates a single immediate value.

    Displacement can be inside or outside of the [] symbols, assembler generates the same machine code
    for both ways.

    Displacement is a signed value, so it can be both positive or negative.


    Fall 2020

    Instructions

    Instruction Operands Description


    INC REG Increment.
    MEM
    Algorithm:

    operand = operand + 1

    Example:

    MOV AL, 4
    INC AL; AL = 5
    RET
    DEC REG Decrement.
    MEM
    Algorithm:

    operand = operand - 1

    Example:

    MOV AL,86
    DEC AL; AL=85
    RET
    LEA REG,MEM Load Effective Address.

    Algorithm:

    REG = address of memory (offset)

    Example:

    MOV BX, 35h


    MOV DI, 12h
    LEA SI, [BX+DI]
    ADD REG, memory memory, Add. Algorithm:
    REG REG, REG memory, operand1 = operand1 + operand2
    immediate REG,
    immediate Example:

    MOV AL, 5; [AL = 5]


    ADD AL, -3; [AL = 2]
    RET
    Fall 2020

    SUB REG, memory memory, Subtract. Algorithm:


    REG REG, REG memory, operand1 = operand1 - operand2
    immediate REG,
    immediate Example:

    MOV AL, 5
    SUB AL, 1 ; AL = 4
    RET

    MUL REG memory Unsigned multiply. Algorithm: when


    operand is a byte: AX = AL * operand.
    when operand is a word:
    (DX AX) = AX * operand.

    Example:

    MOV AL, 200 ; [AL = 0C8h]


    MOV BL, 4;
    MUL BL ; [AX = 0320h (800)]
    RET
    DIV REG memory Unsigned divide. Algorithm:
    when operand is a byte: AL = AX /
    operand AH = remainder (modulus)

    when operand is a word: AX = (DX AX) /


    operand DX = remainder (modulus)

    Example:
    MOV AX, 203; [AX = 00CBh]
    MOV BL, 4;
    DIV BL; [AL = 50 (32h), AH = 3]
    RET

    You might also like