This document provides a lesson on exponents and radicals in precalculus/trigonometry for grade 9. It covers topics such as integer exponents, zero and negative exponents, rules for working with exponents, scientific notation, radicals, rational exponents, and rationalizing denominators. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like simplifying expressions with exponents, writing numbers in scientific and decimal notation, performing operations with radicals and rational exponents, and putting fractional expressions into standard form. The overall document provides instruction on key concepts and skills related to exponents and radicals through examples and explanations.
This document provides a lesson on exponents and radicals in precalculus/trigonometry for grade 9. It covers topics such as integer exponents, zero and negative exponents, rules for working with exponents, scientific notation, radicals, rational exponents, and rationalizing denominators. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like simplifying expressions with exponents, writing numbers in scientific and decimal notation, performing operations with radicals and rational exponents, and putting fractional expressions into standard form. The overall document provides instruction on key concepts and skills related to exponents and radicals through examples and explanations.
This document provides a lesson on exponents and radicals in precalculus/trigonometry for grade 9. It covers topics such as integer exponents, zero and negative exponents, rules for working with exponents, scientific notation, radicals, rational exponents, and rationalizing denominators. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like simplifying expressions with exponents, writing numbers in scientific and decimal notation, performing operations with radicals and rational exponents, and putting fractional expressions into standard form. The overall document provides instruction on key concepts and skills related to exponents and radicals through examples and explanations.
This document provides a lesson on exponents and radicals in precalculus/trigonometry for grade 9. It covers topics such as integer exponents, zero and negative exponents, rules for working with exponents, scientific notation, radicals, rational exponents, and rationalizing denominators. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like simplifying expressions with exponents, writing numbers in scientific and decimal notation, performing operations with radicals and rational exponents, and putting fractional expressions into standard form. The overall document provides instruction on key concepts and skills related to exponents and radicals through examples and explanations.
Lesson 2: Exponents and Radicals Integer Exponents
If 𝑎 is any real number and 𝑛 is a positive integer, then the nth power of 𝑎 is 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑎 ⋯ 𝑎 (𝑛 factors of 𝑎) The number 𝑎 is called the base, and 𝑛 is called the exponent. Example 1
1. 𝑥5 2. 5𝑥 4 𝑦𝑧 3 3. 5𝑎3 𝑏 + 3 2𝑎𝑏 3 Zero and Negative Exponents
If 𝑎 ≠ 0 is a real number and 𝑛 is a positive integer, then
0 −𝑛 1 𝑎 =1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = 𝑛 𝑎 00 and 0−𝑛 is not defined for 𝑛 any positive integer. Example 2
4 0 1. 7
2. 5−3 3. 3𝑥 −2 𝑦 4 + 2 3𝑥 −4 𝑦 −5 𝑧 2 Rules for Working with Exponents Example 3
1. 𝑥4 ⋅ 𝑥7 2. 𝑦 4 ⋅ 𝑦 −7 𝑐9 3. 𝑐5
4. 𝑏4 5
5. 3𝑥 3
𝑥 5 6. 2 Example 4
Simplify: 1. 2𝑎3 𝑏 2 3𝑎𝑏 4 3
4 𝑥 3 𝑦2 𝑥 2. 𝑦 𝑧 Scientific Notation
A positive number 𝑥 is said to be written in scientific notation if it is
expressed as follows: 𝑥 = 𝑎 × 10𝑛 where 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 10 and 𝑛 is an integer. Example 5
Write each number in scientific notation.
a) 56,920 b) 0.00093 Example 6
Write each number in decimal notation.
a) 6.97 × 109 b) 4.6271 × 10−6 Radicals
If 𝑛 is any positive integer, then the principal nth root of 𝑎 is defined
as follows: 𝑛 𝑎=𝑏 means 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑎 If 𝑛 is even, we must have 𝑎 ≥ 0 and 𝑏 ≥ 0. Properties of nth Roots Example 8
1. 32 + 200 2. 25𝑏 − 𝑏 3 Rational Exponents
For any rational exponent 𝑚Τ𝑛 in lowest terms, where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are integers and 𝑛 > 0, we define 𝑎 𝑚 Τ𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑎 𝑚 With this definition, it can be proved that the Laws of Exponents also hold for rational exponents. Example 9
a) 41Τ2 b) 82Τ3 c) 125−1Τ3 Example 10
a) 𝑎1Τ3 ⋅ 𝑎7Τ3 𝑎2Τ5 ⋅𝑎7Τ5 b) 𝑎3Τ5
c) 2𝑎3 𝑏 4 3Τ2
3 2𝑥 3Τ4 𝑦4 d) 𝑦 1Τ3 𝑥 −1Τ2 Example 11
1 a) 3 𝑥4 b) 2 𝑥 33 𝑥 c) 𝑥 𝑥 Rationalizing the Denominators; Standard Form
It is often useful to eliminate the radical in a denominator by
multiplying both numerator and denominator by an appropriate expression. This procedure is called rationalizing the denominator. For instance, 1 1 1 𝑎 𝑎 = ⋅1= ⋅ = 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 Rationalizing the Denominators; Standard Form
𝑛 In general, if the denominator is of the form 𝑎𝑚 with 𝑚 < 𝑛, then 𝑛 multiplying the numerator and denominator by 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 will rationalize the denominator, because (for 𝑎 > 0) 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑎𝑚 ⋅ 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛−𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 A fractional expression whose denominator contains no radicals is said to be in standard form. Example 12
Put each fractional expression into standard form by rationalizing the
denominator. 2 a) 3 1 b) 3 5
7 1 c) 𝑎2 Exercise Exercise Exercise Performance Assessment 1 Analyze the problem and answer the following question. Write your answer in a long-sized bond paper. 2.
