f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok

;dlaIKh

9 fYa%‚h
lshùï fmd;

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs

m%:u uqøKh - 2018

fojk uqøKh - 2019
f;jk uqøKh - 2020

ISBN 978-955-25-0372-6

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

fydrK" ñfo,a,uq,fyak" ;,a.yú, mdr" wxl 65C ys msysá
iS$i lreKdr;ak iy mq;%fhda ^mqoa.,sl& iud.fuys
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;alrk ,È'

Published by : Educational Publications Department

Printed by : Karunaratne and Sons (Pvt) Limited

ii
iii
 wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd

tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

tl f,i tys jefvkd
Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia
fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ

ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fj<S iu.s oñkS
rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd

wdkkao iurfldaka

iv
 fmrjok

oshqKqfõ ysKsfm; lrd .uka lrkd j;auka f,djg" ks;e;skau wjeis jkqfha
jvd;a kjH jQ wOHdmk l%uhls' tu`.ska ks¾udKh l< hq;af;a ukq.=Koï imsreKq yd
l=i,;dj,ska hqla; oremrmqrls' tlS W;a;=x. fufyjrg cj n,h imhñka" úYaùh
wNsfhda. i`oyd Èßfhka uqyqK Èh yels isiq mrmqrla ks¾udKh lsÍu i`oyd iydh ùu
wmf.a mru j.lSu jkafka h' bf.kqï wdOdrl iïmdok ld¾hh fjkqfjka il%Sh
f,i ueÈy;a fjñka wm fomd¾;fïka;=j ta fjkqfjka odhl;ajh ,nd fokafka
cd;sfha oreoeßhkaf.a keK myka o,ajd,Sfï W;=ï wÈgfkks'

fm<fmd; úfgl oekqï fldaIaGd.drhls' th ;j;a úfgl wm úkaokd;aul

f,djlg o le`ojdf.k hhs' tfiau fï fm<fmd;a wmf.a ;¾l nqoaêh jvjd,kafka
wfkalúO l=i,;d mqnqÿ lrjd.kakg o iqúi,a t<s oyrla fjñks' úÿìfuka iuq.;a
Èkl jqj wmßñ; wdorfhka iaurKh l< yels u;l" fm<fmd;a msgq w;r oejà
Tn iu`.ska w;aje,a ne`o tkq fkdwkqudk h' fï fm<fmd; iu`.u ;j ;j;a
oekqï wjldY msß biõ fj; ks;s mshuksñka mßmQ¾K;ajh w;a lr.ekqug Tn ieu
ksr;=rej wem lem úh hq;= h'

ksoyia wOHdmkfha uydk¾> ;Hd.hla fia fï mqi;

a lh Tn foda;g msßkefï'
fm<fmd;a fjkqfjka rch jeh lr we;s iqúi,a OkialkaOhg w¾:iïmkak w.hla
,nd Èh yelafla Tng muKs' fuu mdGH .%ka:h ukdj mßYS,kh lrñka keK .=K
msß mqrjeishka ù wkd.; f,dj taldf,dal lrkakg oefha ish¨ ¥ orejka fj; Èßh
iúh ,efíjdhs yoj;ska iqn m;ñ'

fm<fmd;a iïmdok ld¾hh fjkqfjka wm%udK jQ iïm;Aodhl;ajhla

iemhQ f,aLl" ixialdrl yd we.hqï uKav, idudðl msßjrg;a wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ld¾h uKav,fha ieug;a udf.a yomsß m%Kduh mqolrñ'

mS' tka' whs,mafmreu
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
biqremdh
n;a;ruq,a,
2020'06'26

v
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh
mS' tka' whs,mafmreu wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
fufyhùu -
ví,sõ' ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s flduidßiaa ^ixj¾Ok&" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

iïnkaëlrKh -
tia' olaIsKd lia;=ßwdrÉÑ ksfhdacH flduidßiaa" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ixialdrl uKav,h
wdpd¾h m%idoa úu,r;ak wxYdêm;s" ikaksfõok yd udOH ;dlaIK wOHhkdxYh"
fld<U úYajúoHd,hSh mß.Kl wOHhkdh;kh" fld<U 07
wdpd¾h tÉ' t,a' fma%ur;a; fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" fld<U úYajúoHd,hSh mß.Kl
wOHhkdh;kh" fld<U 07
wdpd¾h mS' tï' à' î' ikaÈß.u fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" mß.Kl bxðfkare fomd¾;fïka;=j"
bxðfkare mSGh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h" fmardfoKsh
tia' ta' tia' f,dfrkaiq fyajd fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" mß.Kl úoHd wOHhkdxYh" reyqK
úYajúoHd,h" ud;r
fla' mS' tï' fla' is,ajd lÓldpd¾h" fld<U úYajúoHd,hSh mß.Kl wOHhkdh;kh"
fld<U
tia' olaIsKd lia;=ßwdrÉÑ ksfhdacH flduidßiaa" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

f,aLl uKav,h
ta' iqks,a iurùr .=re WmfoaYl" l,dmSh mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkh" lE.,a,
whs' wd¾' tka' tÉ' lreKdr;ak uOHia:dk l<ukdlre" l,dmSh mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkh"
ckdêm;s úoHd,h" uyr.u
fla' ù' tia' tï' fudydka,d,a mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dk WmfoaYl" l,dmSh mß.Kl
iïm;a uOHia:dkh" fo‚hdh uOH uyd úoHd,h" fo‚hdh
ví' tï' ta' tia' úfÊfialr uOHia:dk l<ukdlre ^úY%dñl&" yd,swe, mß.Kl iïm;a
uOHia:dkh" yd,swe,
à' fla' m,a,sh.=ref.a mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dk WmfoaYl" nm$ch$Y%S hfYdaOrd
uyd úoHd,h" msÜgq.," ud,fí
mS' fÊ' fla' ly.,a, mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dk WmfoaYl" l,dmSh mß.Kl
iïm;a uOHia:dkh" Y%S rdyq, nd,sld úoHd,h" ud,fí
NdId ixialrKh
rxð;a b¨mamsáh ksfhdacH flduidßiaa" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

msg ljr ks¾udKh
pñkao ymqwdrÉÑ wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh

mS' tA' ã' ksixi,d i|ud,s wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

vi
 mgqk

msgq wxl

mß.Kl iy m¾hka; Wmdx. ñ, § .ekSu i`oyd
1 1
msßú;r ieliSu

2 úoHq;a me;=reïm;a 22

3 l%uf,aL f.dvke.Su 29

4 laIqø md,l Ndú;h 47

5 mß.Kl cd,lrKh 66

6 f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh iy iudch 76

vii
 6 - 11 fY%aKs f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fm<fmd;aj,
wka;¾.; lreKq iy isiqkaf.a ks¾udKYS,s;ajh j¾Okh ms<sn`o
fhdackd iy .=Kfodia [email protected] hk
,smskhg tjkafka kï lD;{ fjuq'
ixialdrl uKav,h

viii
 1
mß.Kl iy m¾hka; Wmdx. ñ, §
.ekSu i`oyd msßú;r ieliSu

fuu mdvfuka Tng"

² mß.Kl yd m¾hka; Wmdx.
² wjYH;dj wkqj iqÿiq m¾hka; Wmdx. f;dard .ekSu
² mß.Kl msßú;r ieliSu
² mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;= wu;r lreKq

ms<sn`o wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels h'

ug ´kE lrkafka mdif,a mejreï

jev lr.kak;a" ;d;a;df.a
jHdmdrfha .sKqï lghq;=j,g mß.Kl idmamqj
Wojq lr .kak;a mq¿jka úÈfha
mß.Klhla ñ,g .kakhs'

ug kï ´kE ;ek ;ek f.khkak

mq¿jka úÈfha mß.Klhla' uf.a
.%e*sla ks¾udK àp¾g fmkakkak;a"
´kE u ;ekl b`o,d bf.k .kak
jev lr .kak;a t;fldg taflka ug
mq¿jka fjhs'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 1

 wms fokak fydhk úÈhg
u .e<fmk mß.Kl mß.Kl idmamqj
j¾. ;sfhkjd o@

Tõ' oeka úúOdldrfha mß.Kl

j¾. ;sfhkjd' wfma wjYH;dj,g
.e<fmk úÈfha mß.Klhla tlaflda
wmsg ñ, § .kak;a mq¿jks" ke;skï
tl,ia lrjd .kak;a mq¿jks' huq' wms
idmamqjg .syskA n,uqfld'

1'1 mßYS,l y`ÿkd .ekSu

mß.Klh Ndú; lrk mqoa.,hd mßYS,lhd f,i fmdÿfõ y`ÿkajkq ,efí'
f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIK lafIa;%fha isák tla tla mßYS,lhd ;u mqoa.,
mß.Klh fhdod .kakd ld¾hh wkqj úfYaIs; kduhlska y`ÿkajkq ,efí' tjeks
ld¾h yd mßYS,l kdu lsysmhla i`oyd ksoiqka my; oelafõ'
j.=j 1'1 - mßYS,l j¾. iy ld¾h
mqoa.,hd y`ÿkajk kduh ld¾hh
l%uf,aLl (programmer) mß.Kl l%uf,aL ixj¾Okh
cd, mßmd,l (network administrator) mß.Kl cd, mßmd,kh yd kv;a;=j
moaO;s úYaf,aIl (system analyst) f;dr;=re moaO;s ie,iqï lsÍu
uDÿldx. bxðfkare (software engineer) uDÿldx. ks¾udKh lsÍu
mß.Kl fhÿï iydhl (computer h;=re,shkh" mß.Kl wdY%s; ks¾udKh
application assistant) iy ixialrKh ^,sms f,aLk" rEm" Yío"
ùäfhda wdÈh&
fjí ixj¾Ol (web developer) fjí wvú ie,iqï lsÍu yd ixj¾Okh

mßYS,l ms<sn`o jeäÿr wOHhkhla 6 mßÉfþofhka ,nd.; yels fõ'

2
 igyk - m%Odk jYfhka mßYS,l foj¾.hla y`ÿkd .; yels h'
moaO;s mßYS,l (system - user) úiska wjika mßYS,l (end - user)
i`oyd uDÿldx. ks¾udKh lrkq ,nhs' wjika mßYS,l moaO;s
mßYS,l úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o uDÿldx. Ndú; lrhs'

1'2 mßYS,l wjYH;dj wkqj iqÿiq mß.Klhla

f;dard .ekSu
mßYS,l wjYH;d hkq mß.Klh weiqßka isÿlr .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jk ld¾hhka fõ' tfia mß.Klhla u.ska isÿlr .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yels
mßYS,l wjYH;d lsysmhla my; rEmh 1'1 ys oelafõ'

wka;¾cd,hg
msúiSu Y%jH$oDYH
,sms f,aLk ixialrKh
ieliSu lsÍu

.%e*sla
mß.Kl ks¾udKh
l%Svd lsÍu lsÍu

rEmh 1'1 - mßYS,l wjYH;d i`oyd WodyrK lsysmhla

mßYS,l wjYH;dj wkqj iqÿiq mß.Klhla" fjf<`ofmdf<a mj;sk mß.Kl

^rEmh 1'2& w;ßka f;dard .ekSu l< yels h' tfia fkdue;s kï mßYS,l wjYH;dj,g
.e<fmk mßÈ Wmdx. f;dardf.k tl,ia (assemble) l< mß.Klhla ñ, § .;
yels h' mß.Klj, iajNdjh yd Ndú;h wkqj my; oelafjk f,i j¾.SlrKh
l< yels h'
² ksYaÑ; ia:dkhl ;nd Ndú; lrk mß.Kl
fiajdodhl mß.Klh (server computer)" jevy,a mß.Kl (workstation)"
fïi mß.Klh (desktop computer) iy ish,a, u tll mß.Klh (All-in-one
computer) jeks mß.Kl l%shd;aul lsÍu i`oyd m%Odk úÿ,s n, iemhqula Tiafia
úÿ,sh ,nd .; hq;= fõ' ;j o by; i`oyka mß.Kl" m%udKfhka úYd, yd nßka
jeä ksid ksji" mdi, iy ld¾hd,h jeks ksYaÑ; ia:dkhl ia:dms; lr Ndú;
lrkq ,efí'

3
² cx.uj Ndú; lrk mß.Kl
Wl=¿ mß.Klh (laptop)" fkdaÜnqla mß.Klh (notebook)" geí,Ü mß.Klh
(tablet computer) iy iaud¾Ü cx.u ¥rl:kh (smart phone) jeks mß.Kl l%hs d;aul
lsÍu i`oyd kej; wdfrdamKh l< yels negßhlska úÿ,s n,h ,nd .efka' tneúka
.ukaìuka w;r;=r nifha §" ÿïßfha §" .=jkahdkfha § fyda fjk;a myiq ´kE u
ia:dkhl § fyda tjekakla Ndú; lsÍug yels fõ'

fïi mß.Klh
(desktop computer)
fiajdodhl mß.Klh ish,a, u tll mß.Klhl
(server computer) (all-in-one computer)

mß.Kl
j¾.
jevy,a mß.Kl
(workstation computer) Wl=¿ mß.Klh
(laptop computer)

fkdaÜnqla mß.Klh
iqyqre ¥rl:kh (notebook computer)
(smart phone)
geí,Ü mß.Klh
(tablet computer)
rEmh 1'2 - ñ, § .; yels mß.Kl j¾. lsysmhla i`oyd WodyrK

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 1'1 n,kak'

4
 jeo.;a - mß.Kl ms<sn`o ;j ÿrg;a oek .ekSu i`oyd my;
oelafjk l%u wkq.ukh l< yels h'
² mß.Kl hka;% ms<sn`oj ilid we;s uqøs; fyda úoHq;a fyda fjf<`o
oekaùï ne,Su
² mß.Kl ms<sn`oj m<ù we;s mqj;am;a yd i`.rd mßYS,kh lsÍu
² mß.Kl wdY%s; lreKq we;=<;a fjí wvú mßYS,kh lsÍu
² mß.Kl ms<sn`o ukd wjfndaOhla iys; mqoa.,hl=f.ka wid oek
.ekSu
² mß.Kl fjf<`ofmd< fj; f.dia ksÍlaIKh lsÍu yd úia;r ,nd
.ekSu

1'3 mß.Kl m¾hka; Wmdx. y`ÿkd .ekSu

mß.Kl m¾hka; Wmdx. hkq fudkjd o@
mß.Klhg o;a; yd Wmfoia (data and instructions) we;=<;a lsÍug fhdod
.kq ,nk Wmdx. wdodk Wmdx. (input devices) f,i o" o;a; yd jevigyka iaÒrj
;ekam;a lsÍug fhdod .kq ,nk Wmdx. wdphk Wmdx. (storage devices) f,i
o" o;a; ieliSfuka miq f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug fhdod .kq ,nk Wmdx. m%;sodk
Wmdx. (output devices) f,i o kï lrkq ,nhs' ta wkqj wdodk" wdphk yd m%;sodk
i`oyd fhdod .efkk Wmdx. m¾hka; Wmdx. (peripheral devices) kï fõ'

uhsfl%df*dakh
ixo¾Ylh

m%ldY
oDV ;eáh ;eá
uqøK hka;%h Odjlh
kdolh
iefK,s
Odjlh
h;=re mqjrej
uQislh
rEmh 1'3 - mß.Kl m¾hka; Wmdx.

5
 by; rEmh 1'3 ys oelafjk m¾hka; Wmdx. wdodk" m%;os dk iy wdphk f,i
j¾. lr my; j.=j 1'2 ys olajd we;'
j.=j 1'2 - m¾hka; Wmdx.
wdodk (input) m%;sodk (output) wdphk (storage)
h;=remqjrej ixo¾Ylh (monitor) oDV ;eá Odjlh (hard disk drive)
(keyboard)
uQislh (mouse) uqøK hka;%h (printer) m%ldY ;eá Odjlh (optical disk drive)
uhsfl%df*dakh kdolh (speaker) iefK,s Odjlh (flash drive)
(microphone)
iam¾Yl ;srh (touch screen) pqïnl má Odjlh (magnetic tape
drive)

igyk - iam¾Yl ;srh o;a; we;=<;a lsÍug fuka

u f;dr;=re m%;sodkh lrk ixo¾YlhlA f,i o
Ndú; l< yels h'

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 1'2 n,kak'

1'4 msßú;r y`ÿkd .ekSu

msßú;r hkq l=ula o@
NdKavhla ñ, § .ekSug fmr tys .=Kd;aul yd m%udKd;aul nj ms<sn`oj
wjfndaOhla ,nd ;sîu jeo.;a fõ' NdKavhla i;= fmdÿ ,laIK msßú;r u.ska
olajkq ,efí'
ksoiqkla f,i wNHdi fmd;l È." m<, fld<j, >klu yd j¾.h u.ska
tys uQ,sl msßú;r oelaúh yels h'

wNHdi fmd;l uQ,sl msßú;r

È. : 210 mm
m<, : 148 mm
msgq .Kk : 40
fld<hl >klu : 60 GSM
j¾.h : ;ksrE,a
wNHdi fmd;lg msßú;r ;sfnk wdldrhg u mß.Klhl o msßú;r we;'

6
 mqoa., wjYH;djg wkqj msßú;r fjkiaùu
isiqka fofofkl= úIh wjYH;d wkqj fmd;a 2la ñ, § .ekSfï wjia:djla
i,luq' ksoiqkla f,i .Ks;h úIhh i`oyd fldgqrE,a wNHdi fmd;la o" Ñ;%
úIhh i`oyd úYd, m%udKfha Ñ;% w`osk fmd;la o" ñ, § .ekSfï § tjeks fmd;aj,
msßú;r i`oyd WodyrK my; oelafõ'

wNHdi fmd;l msßú;r Ñ;% fmd;l uQ,sl msßú;r

È. : 210 mm È. : 300 mm
m<, : 148 mm m<, : 210 mm
msgq .Kk : 200 msgq .Kk : 20
fld<hl >klu : 60 GSM fld<hl >klu : 70 GSM
j¾.h : fldgqrE,a j¾.h : rE,a ke;s

mqoa., wjYH;djg wkqj msßú;r fjkia lrk úg thg idfmalaIj ñ, o

fjkia úh yels h'
by; wdldrhg mqoa., wjYH;d wkqj msßú;r fjkiajkakd fia u" tla
tla mqoa.,hd mß.Klh fhdod .kakd ld¾hh wkqj o Ndú; l< hq;= mß.Klfha
msßú;r fjkia fõ'

1'5 mß.Klfha iy tys m¾hka; Wmdx.j, uQ,sl

msßú;r
mßYS,l wjYH;dj u; mß.Klhla f;dard .ekSfï § tys msßú;r i`oyd
we;=<;a úh hq;= jeo.;a fldgia lsysmhla my; olajd we;'

jeo.;a - msßú;r u.ska NdKavhl m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul nj

;yjqre l< yels h'

1'5'1 ilikh
ñksid hkq ish¨ Ôùka w;ßka nqoaêu;a u
Ôúhd fõ' ñksid úiska .kq ,nk fndfyda ;SrK
i`oyd fuka u lrkq ,nk fndfyda l%shd i`oyd ñksia
fud<h iïnkaO fõ' ;j o ñksia fud<h ^rEmh 1'4&
fj; ,efnk iEu wdfõokhla u b;d u fõ.fhka
yeisrùfï yelshdj thg mj;s'
rEmh 1'4 - ñksia fud<h

7
 ñksidg fud<h fuka mß.Klhg ilikh ^rEmh 1'5& jeo.;a u tallh
fõ' ilikh u.ska o;a; ieliSfï ld¾hh fõ.j;aj isÿlrkq ,efí' fï ksid
mß.Klfha zzfud<hZZ f,i ilikh ^uOHu ieliqï tallh - Central Processing
Unit - CPU) y`ÿkajkq ,nhs'

4th Gen
Intel Core i7
TM

ilikh - uõ mqjrejg iújk me;a; ilikh - by< fmkqu

rEmh 1'5 - uOHu ieliqï tallh

ilikfha fõ.h

wvq fõ.hlska Odjkh jk hka;%hlska hï ld¾hhla bgq lr .ekSug jeä

ld,hla .; fõ' tfuka u jeä fõ.hlska Odjkh jk hka;%hlska hï ld¾hhla
bgq lr .ekSug wvq ld,hla .; fõ' tneúka tall ld,hla ;=< § tu hka;% u.ska
bgq lr .; yels ld¾h m%udKh tlsfklg fjkia fõ'

wvq fõ.hlska l%shd;aul jk

íf,kavrh

jeä fõ.hlska l%shd;aul jk íf,kavrh

rEmh 1'6 - îu ieliSu

8
 tall ld,hla ;=< íf,kav¾ fol fjk fjk u l%shd;aul lr iEÈh yels
îu ùÿre m%udKh ii`od n,k úg ^rEmh 1'6 n,kak& jeä fõ.hlska l%shd;aul
jk íf,kavrfhka iEÈh yels m,;=re hqI m%udKh idfmalaIj jeä h' tneúka
hka;%hla l%shd;aul jk fõ.h jeä jk úg tys ld¾h idOkh o jeä fõ'
mß.Klhl ld¾h idOkh" ilikfha fõ.h ^processor speed& u; r`od
mj;S' ilikfha fõ.h jeä kï tall ld,hl § ielish yels o;a; m%udKh
jeä fõ' tkï" mß.Klfha ld¾h idOkh jeä fõ' túg uDÿldx. jeä fõ.fhka
Odjkh l< yels fõ' tneúka ilikhla f;dard .kakd úg jeä fõ.hla iys;
ilikhla f;dard .ekSu WÑ; fõ'
;;amrhlg l%shd;aul flfrk Wmfoia ixLHdj u.ska ilikfha fõ.h
ukskq ,efí'

jeo.;a - ilikfha fõ.h ukskq ,nkafka ;;amrhlg l%shd;aul

flfrk Wmfoia ixLHdj u.sks'
ilikfha fõ.h fu.d y¾Üia (MHz) fyda .s.d y¾Üia (GHz) jeks
tall u.ska m%ldY lrkq ,nhs'

1000 MHz = 1 GHz

ilik ksIamdok iud.ï

ilik ksIamdok iud.ï
(processor manufacturers) w;ßka oekg
wem,a (Apple)" bkafg,a (Intel) iy
AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) hk
iud.ïj, ksIamdÈ; ilik lsysmhla rEmh 1'7 - úúO ilik j¾.
ms<sfj<ska rEmh 1'7 ys oelafõ'

ilikfha j¾.h
idudkHfhka ilikh ;=< mj;sk uOH ieliqï tall m%udKh wkqj
ilikfha j¾.h ;SrKh l< yels h' ta wkqj ilikh ;=< CPU tlla" folla
fyda y;rla mj;S kï my; oelafjk mßÈ kï flf¾' ^j.=j 1'3 n,kak&
j.=j 1'3 - ilik j¾.
CPU m%udKh j¾.h
1 Single Core
2 Dual Core
4 Quad Core

9
 ilikfha uOHu ieliqï tall m%udKh jeä jk úg tys ld¾h idOkh
jeä fõ' ksoiqkla f,i bkafg,a iud.u ksIamdokh l< ilik lsysmhla i,ld
n,uq'
j.=j 1'4 - ilik j¾. iy y`ÿkajk ku

j¾.h y`ÿkajk kduh WodyrK

Single Core Pentium I, II, III, IV

Dual Core Dual Core/Core 2 Duo

Quad Core Core i3, i5, i7, i9

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 1'3 n,kak'

1'5'2 oDV ;eáh

o;a; iaÒrj ;ekam;a lsÍug iy wjYH ish¨ uDÿldx. ia:dmkh (install)
lsÍug wjYH jk neúka mß.Klhl m%Odk oaú;Sshsl wdphk Wmdx.h f,i oDV
;eáh (hard disk) Ndú; fõ'
msgq 40 wNHdi fmd;l ,súh yels igyka m%udKhg jvd jeä m%udKhla msgq
160 wNHdi fmd;l ,súh yels fia u wdphk Odß;dj wvq oDV ;eáhlg jvd jeä
wdphk Odß;djla iys; oDV ;eáhl jeä o;a; m%udKhla ;ekam;a l< yels fõ'
^rEmh 1'8 n,kak&

Book
Exercise

ageess
161060p pag
4 TB oDV ;eáh
1 TB oDV ;eáh
msgq 40 fmd;
msgq 160 fmd;
rEmh 1'8 - oDV ;eáj, Odß;d

10
 l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 1'4 n,kak'

1'5'3 ixo¾Ylh
mß.Klfha m%Odk;u m%;sodk Wmdx.h ixo¾Ylh (monitor) fõ' fndfydaúg
mßYS,lhl= mß.Klh yd ikaksfõokfhys fhfokq ,nkafka ixo¾Ylh yryd h'

ixo¾Ylfha m%udKh
w;a Trf,daij
q lg idfmalI
a j ì;a;s Trf,daij
q la úYd, ksid fõ,dj myiqfjka
oel .; yels fia u l=vd ixo¾Ylhlska oiqka keröug jvd úYd, ixo¾Ylhlska
oiqka keröu myiq fõ'

jvd mq¿,a oiqka keröu i`oyd ;srfha m%udKh b;d jeo.;a fõ' ;srfha
m%udKh .Kkh flfrkafka úl¾Kh Tiafia mj;sk È. m%udKh w``.,aj,sks'
^rEmh 1'9 n,kak&

19 inch

rEmh 1'9 - ;srfha m%udKh

ixo¾Ylfha ;dlaIKh
ksIamdok ;dlaIKh wkqj ixo¾Ylh my; oelafjk mßÈ j¾. lr we;'
² lef;dav lsrK k< ixo¾Ylh (CRT - Cathode Ray Tube monitor)
² øj iaMál ixo¾Ylh (LCD - Liquid Crystal Display monitor )
² wdf,dal úfudapl vfhdav ixo¾Ylh (LED - Light Emitting Diode monitor)

11
 LCD /LED ixo¾Ylh
CRT - ixo¾Ylh
rEmh 1'10 - CRT iy LCD /LED ixo¾Yl

CRT j¾.fha ixo¾Ylj, úÿ,s mßfNdackh wfkla foj¾.hg jvd jeä

fõ' ;j o tajdfha nr yd ;eîug wjYH bv m%udKh jeä h' tneúka j¾;udk
mß.Klj, wvq úÿ,s mßfNdackhla iys; ieye,a¨ LED ixo¾Yl nyq,j Ndú;
fõ' ^rEmh 1'10 n,kak&

1'5'4 m%Odk u;lh

mqia;ld,hl ;djld,slj fmd;a u¨ wiqrd ;eîug Ndú; flfrk l=vd ldur

iys; rdlalhla ^rEmh 1'11 n,kak& i,luq' fuys § mqia;ld,h ;=<g meñfKk
<uhs ;djld,slj ;ukaf.a fmd;a u¨ tu rdlalh ;=< wiqrd mqia;ld,fhka msg jk
úg tu u¨ /f.k h;ss'
fuhg ;rula ÿrg iudk wdldrhg mß.Klh l%shd;aul jk wjia:dfõ
o;a; yd Wmfoia ;djld,slj ;ekam;a lr .kq ,nkafka m%Odk u;lh (main
memory) ^rEmh 1'12 n,kak& ;=< h' ;j o fmd;a u¨ wiqrd ;nk rdlalfha m%udKh
úYd, jk úg weisßh yels u¨ m%udKh jeä jkakd fia u m%Odk u;lfha Odß;dj
jeä jk úg ;ekam;a l< yels o;a; yd Wmfoia m%udKh o jeä fõ' tneúka
mß.Klhl m%Odk u;lfha Odß;dj jeäùu jvd fhda.H fõ'

rEmh 1'12 - m%Odk u;lh f,i

l%shd lrk RAM (Random Access
rEmh 1'11 - fmd;a u¨ ;nk rdlalh Memory) ldâm;

12
 jeo.;a - m%Odk u;lfha Odß;dj fu.d nhsÜ (MB) fyda .s.d nhsÜ
(GB) hk tallj,ska olajkq ,efí'

1024 MB = 1 GB

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 1'5 n,kak'

1'5'5 oDYH Ñ;%l wkqyqrel=rej

mß.Klfha m%Odk u m%;sodk
Wmdx.h jkafka ixo¾Ylhhs' ixo¾Ylh fj;
m%;sodkh oDYH Ñ;%l wkqyqrel=rej(Video
Graphic Adapter - VGA) yryd ,nd fohs'
mß.Kl ujqmqjrejg iïnkaê; oDYH Ñ;%l
wkqyqrel=rej fyda fjkaj mj;sk ujqmqjrejg
iïnkaO l< yels oDYH Ñ;%l wkqyqrel=rej rEmh 1'13 - VGA ldâm;
fyda jYfhka wdldr folla we;' mß.Kl
l%Svd fyda ùäfhda o¾Yk fyda jvd fyd`Èka mß.Klh ;=< Odjkh lsÍug fjkaj
mj;sk oDYH Ñ;%l wkqyqrel=rej jvd;a fhda.H jkafka tys fjk u ùäfhda u;l
Odß;djla iy ilikhla mj;sk ksid h' ^rEmh 1'13 n,kak&
j¾;udk mß.Klj, oDYH Ñ;%l wkqyqrel=re flfjks (VGA port) fjkqjg
DVI fyda HDMI flfjks (port) Ndú; fõ ^rEmh 1'14 n,kak&'

VGA DVI HDMI

(Video Graphic (Digital Visual (High Definition
Array/ Adapter) Interface) Multimedia Interface)
rEmh 1'14 - úúO flfjks j¾.

13
 HDMI /yeka u.ska mß.Klh yd rEmjdyskS ;srhla fyda nyqudOH m%lafIamK
hka;%h fyda iïnkaO l< úg Yío yd rEm hk foj¾.h u iïfm%aIKh fõ' VGA
/yeka u.ska mß.Klhg rEmjdyskS ;srhla fyda nyqudOH m%lafIamK hka;%hla fyda
iïnkaO l< úg Yío yer rEm muKla iïfm%aIKh fõ'

1'5'6 Yío m;

úfkdaodiajdoh i`oyd mß.Klh Ndú; lsÍug wo jk úg fndfyda mßYS,lfhda

fm<ö isá;s' .S; weiSu yd y`v má.; lsÍu i`oyd mß.Klfha Yío m;la (sound
card) ;sìh hq;= fõ' Yío m;g iïnkaê; uhsfl%df a *dakh u.ska Yío wdodkh;a
kdolh u.ska Yío m%;os dkh;a isÿ flf¾'
fndfyda mß.Klj, Yío m; ujq mqjrejg u iïnkaO lr we;' ^rEmh 1'15
n,kak&' ujq mqjrefõ Yío m;la ;snqK o mßYS,lg wjYH kï wu;r Yío m;la
mß.Klhg iúlr .ekSug o yelshdj we;'

Yío flfjks

rEmh 1'15 - ujq mqjrej u; Yío m; rEmh 1'16 - Yío m;

Yío m; yd iïnkaO tl u wdldrfha flfjks lsysmhla we;s ksid my;

oelafjk iïu; j¾K y`ÿkajd § we;' ^rEmh 1'16 n,kak&

<d fld< - Audio out (kdolh fyda ysia nkqj iú lsÍu&

<d frdai - Mic in (uhsfl%df*dakh iú lsÍu&
<d ks,a - Line in (ndysr WmlrKhla yryd Yío ,nd§u&

14
 1'5'7 ia:dms; uDÿldx.

mßYS,l yd oDVdx. w;r iïnkaO;dj f.dvke.Su fufyhqï moaO;sh u.ska

isÿ fõ' ;j o fhÿï uDÿldx. Odjkh lsÍug o fufyhqï moaO;sh w;HjYH fõ'
mß.Klhg fufyhqï moaO;shla ia:dmkh lsÍfuka miq wjYH fhÿï uDÿldx.
ia:dmkh l< yels h' mßYS,l" fhÿï uDÿldx. yd fufyhqï moaO;sh oDVdx. iu.
iïnkaO jk wdldrh rEmh 1'17 ys oelafõ'

mßYS,l
mßYS,l
fhÿï uDÿldx.
fhÿï uDÿldx.
fufyhqï moaO;sh
oDVdx.
fufyhqï moaO;sh

oDVdx.

rEmh 1'17 - oDVdx." uDÿldx. yd mßYS,l

fufyhqï moaO;shla f;dard .ekSfï § wjYH kï" ksoyia újD; m%Nj

fufyhqï moaO;s uDÿldx. ^Wod - ,sklaia" Wnqkagq jeks& fkdñf,a ,nd .; yels h'
ke;s kï n,m;% iys; fufyhqï moaO;s uDÿldx. ^Wod - úkafvdaia 8" úkafvdaia 10
jeks& ñ, § .; yels h' tfia ke;s kï fkdñf,a ,nd fok fmryqre f,i Ndú;
l< yels fufyhqï moaO;shla ^Wod - we.hSu i`oyd jQ úkafvdaia 10 jeks& ,nd
.ekSug yels fõ' wjYH fhÿï uDÿldx." mßYS,l wjYH;dj wkqj f;dard .; hq;=
h'
fïi mß.Kl yd Wl=¿ mß.Kl jeks mß.Kl ñ, § .ekSfï § tys
fufyhqï moaO;shla ia:dmkh lr mj;S o keoao hkak mÍlaId l< hq;= h' fndfyda
úg DOS fyda Linux fufyhqï moaO;shla ia:dmkh lr ;sfí' tjeks mß.Klj,
ñ, idfmalaIj wvq fõ' ysñlï iys; fufyhqï moaO;s uDÿldx.hla ia:dmkh lr
.; fyd;a ñ, idfmalaIj jeä fõ'

15
 mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;=
1'6
;dlaIKsl fkdjk fjk;a lreKq
wNHdi fmd;la ñ, § .ekSug fmr ksIamdok iud.u" fmdf;a j¾.h yd ñ,
jeks ;dlaIKsl fkdjk msßú;r i,ld n,kjd fuka u mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSug
m%:ufhka tys ;dlaIKsl fkdjk msßú;r flfrys o wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= h'

1'6'1 j.lSu

mß.Kl hka;%hla ñ, § .kakd úg ,nd fok j.lSu (warranty) i,ld

ne,sh hq;= jeo.;a idOlhls' tu.ska mdßfNda.slhd iy wf,ú lrk fjf<`o
wdh;kh iu.;a" ksIamdok iud.u w;r;a j.lSula ,nd fohs' fuu j.lSu wdldr
lsysmhlska mdßfNda.slhdg ,nd .; yels h'

a. ksIamdol j.lSu

ksIamdok iud.u úiska NdKavh i`oyd ,nd fok j.lSu"

ksIamdol j.lSu (manufacturer warranty) fõ' tu.ska i`oyka lr
we;s j.lSï ld, iSudj ;=< NdKavfha fodaIhla jqj fyd;a th
kv;a;= lsÍu fyda kj NdKAvhla ta fjkqjg ,nd§u fyda isÿ fõ'

b. §¾> l< j.lSu

ksIamdok iud.u idudkHfhka ,nd fok j.lSï ld,hg

w;sf¾lj j.lSï ld,h §¾> lr ,nd .kakd j.lSu" §¾>
l< j.lSu (extended warranty) fõ' fï i`oyd NdKavh i`oyd
kshu l< ñ,g jvd jeä uqo,la mdßfNda.slhd úiska fjf<`o
wdh;khg f.úh hq;= fõ'

c. jevìfï j.lSu
fuys § ks,OdÍka meñK NdKavh kv;a;= lsÍu" wl%sh
fldgia mj;S kï tajd bj;a lr kj fldgia we;=<;a lsÍu
yd NdKavfha l%shdldÍ;ajh mÍlaId lsÍu jeks lghq;= isÿlsÍu
idudkHfhka isÿ fõ'
mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSfï § fmdÿfõ ,nd fok j.lSï
ld,hla mej;sh o mß.Klfha úúO fldgia i`oyd úfYaI j.lSï
ld, we;=<;a úh yels h'

16
 WodyrKhla f,i Wl=¿ mß.Klhla ñ, § .kakd úg jir 3 l j.lSï
ld,hla ,nd § we;s úg negßh i`oyd wjqreoaol j.lSï ld,hla muKla ,nd§u
isÿúh yel'

1'6'2 ñ,
mßYS,l wjYH;dj,g .e<fmk msßú;r iys; mß.Klhla .ekSfï § tys
ñ, fjkiaùug bvlv mj;S'
WodyrK -
1' fõ.h jeä ilikhla iys; mß.Klhla .ekSfï § ñ, jeäùu
2' m%udKfhka úYd, ixo¾Ylhla iys; mß.Klhla .ekSfï § ñ, jeäùu
3' wvq u;l Odß;djla iys; mß.Klhla .ekSfï § ñ, wvqùu
4' jeä wdphk Odß;djlska hq;= oDV ;eáhla iys; mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSfï
§ ñ, jeäùu
fjf<`o wdh;k lsysmhlska ñ, .Kka ii`od" kshñ; ;dlaIKsl msßú;r yd
j.lSï ld,h o ie,ls,a,g f.k wvq u ñ, i`oyka mß.Klh ñ, § .ekSu iqÿiq
fõ'

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 1'6 iy 1'7 n,kak'

jeo.;a - mß.Klhl ñ, muKla ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl

f;dard .ekSu fkdl< hq;= h'

1'6'3 wf,úfhka miq fiajd

mß.Kl imhk fjf<`o wdh;kh úiska .ekqïlrejka fj; mß.Kl ñ,

§ .ekSfï § my; oelafjk fiajd imhkq ,efí'
1' ;dlaIKsl Wmfoia ,nd§u
2' ;dlaIKsl iydh ,nd§u
3' fjf<`o wdh;kh yd iïnkaOùug ÿrl:k wxl" Bfï,a ,smsk yd fjí
,smsk ,nd§u
by; lreKq i,ld n,d mßYS,l wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i`oyd WÑ;
;dlaIKsl msßú;r ieliSfuka miq iqÿiq" úYajdijka; wf,úi,lska" ms<s.;a lS¾;s
kduhla we;s iud.ul ksmojQ mß.Kl ñ, § .ekSu fhda.H fõ'

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 1'8 n,kak'

17
 1'6'4 flfjks iy cd, iïnkaO;d

mß.Klhlg m¾hka; Wmdx. iïnkaO lsÍu flfjks (port) yryd isÿ fõ'
tneúka mßYS,lf.a wjYH;d wkqj mß.Kl m¾hka; Wmdx. f;dard .;a; o tajd
mß.Klhg iïnkaO lsÍug iqÿiq flfjks mß.Klh ;=< ;sìh hq;= h' tneúka
i,ld ne,sh hq;= flfjks yd tajdg iïnkaO l< yels m¾hka; Wmdx. lsysmhla
my; oelafõ'

a. úYaj fYa%Ks nih (Universal Serial Bus - USB)

mß.Klhg jeämqr u m¾hka; Wmdx. iúlsÍu USB flfjksh yryd isÿ
fõ' tneúka mß.Klh i;=j USB flfjks lsysmhla mej;sh hq;= h'
USB flfjkshg iïnkaO l< yels m¾hka; Wmdx.
uqøK hka;%h (printer)
h;=re mqjrej (keyboard)
uQislh (mouse)
iqmÍlaIlh (scanner)
ndysr oDV ;eáh (external hard disk)
ndysr ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá Odjlh (external DVD drive)
wxls; leurdj (digital camera)
fjí leurdj (web camera)
;Sre fla; lshjkh (bar code reader)
u;l ldâm;a lshjkh (memory card)
*a,EIa u;l Odjlh (pen drive)

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 1'9 n,kak'

b. cd, flfjksh (network port/ RJ45 connector)

mß.Klh cd,.; lsÍug fuu flfjksh Ndú; flf¾' ^rEmh 1'18 n,kak&

Network port

USB Port

rEmh 1'18

18
 c. Bluetooth iy Wi-Fi myiqlï
cx.uj Ndú; lrkq ,nk mß.Kl i`oyd /yeka rys; cd, iïnkaO;d f.dv
ke.Sug Bluetooth iy Wi-Fi myiqlï mej;Su

mß.Klhla f;dard .ekSfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;= uQ,sl msßú;r w;ßka lsysmhla
my; oelafõ' ^rEmh 1'19 n,kak&
WodyrK
ilikfha fõ.h
processor speed 2.8 GHz

oDV ;eáfha Odß;dj

hard disk capacity 8 TB
;dlaIKsl
technical u;l Odß;dj
memory capacity 4 GB

;srfha m%udKh
19 inches
screen size
mß.Kl msßú;r
specification mß.Klfha ñ,
Rs 65000.00
computer price
j.lSu
3 years
;dlaIKsl warranty
fkdjk
non-technical iud.fï lS¾;skduh
company reputation

wf,úfhka miq fiajh

Helpdesk
after sales service

rEmh 1'19 - mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;= ;dlaIKsl yd

;dlaIKsl fkdjk msßú;r wjYH;d lsysmhla

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 1'10 n,kak'

19
 mßYS,l wjYH;d wkqj mß.Kl i`oyd ;dlaIKsl msßú;r ieliSfï §
i,ld ne,sh hq;= idOl

j¾.h Single Core/ Dual Core/ Quad Core

ilikh
fõ.h 2.8/ 3.0/ 3.2/ 3.4 GHz
Odß;dj 512 MB/ 1GB/ 2GB/ 4GB/ 8GB
m%Odk u;lh
mrïmrdj 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th wdÈh
oDV ;eáh Odß;dj 500 GB, 750 GB, 1 TB, 2 TB, 4 TB
m%udKh 17”, 19”, 21”
ixo¾Yl ;eáh
j¾.h CRT/ LCD/ LED
oDYH Ñ;%l wkqyqrel=rej j¾.h VGA/ DVI/ HDMI
Yíom; j¾.h onboard, separate

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 1'11 n,kak'

idrdxYh
² mqoa., wjYH;dj wkqj ñ, § .; yels mß.Kl j¾. lsysmhls'
◦ fiajdodhl (server)
◦ jevy,a (workstation)
◦ fïi (desktop)
◦ ish,a, u tll (all-in-one)
◦ Wl=¿ (laptop)
◦ fkdaÜnqla (notebook)
◦ geí,Ü (tablet)
◦ iqyqre ¥rl:kh (smart phone)

² mß.Kl m¾hka; Wmdx. hkq wdodk" m%;sodk yd wdphk Wmdx. fõ'

² msßú;r hkq .=Kd;aul nj fyda m%udKj;a nj fyda ms<sn`oj mj;sk fmdÿ
,laIK fõ'

20
² mß.Kl yd m¾hka; Wml%uj, uQ,sl msßú;r jkafka"

◦ ilikfha j¾.h yd fõ.h

◦ iiïNdù m%fõY u;lfha (RAM) Odß;dj
◦ oDV ;eáfha Odß;dj
◦ ixo¾Ylfha m%udKh yd ;dlaIKh
◦ oDYH Ñ;%l wkqyqrel=rej yd Yíoh

² mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;= fjk;a lreKq

◦ j.lSu
◦ ia:dms; uDÿldx.
◦ wf,úfhka miq fiajh

21
 2 úoHq;a me;=reïm;a

fuu tallh yeoEÍfuka Tng"

² me;=reïm;a hkq fudkjd o@
² me;=reïm;l úfYaI ,laIK
² jev fmd;" jev m;" fldgq" ;Srej" fma<sh
² fldgq kdu
² Y%s;" iQ;%
² fufyhqï ldrl
² o;a; f;aaÍu
² m%ia;dr
ms<sn`o wjfndaOhla ,efnkq we;'

2'1 me;=reïm;a hkq fudkjd o@

me;=reïm;a hkq w;S;fha .Kldêldßjreka lvodis Ndú;fhka .Kkh

lsÍï i`oyd fhdod .kakd ,o l%ufõo i`oyd j¾;udkfha we;s bf,lafg%dksl
f,aLkhls'
Y%s; (function) iy iQ;% (formula) fhdod .ksñka .Kkh (calculations)
lsÍï o o;a; f;aÍï o (sorting)" m%ia;dr (chart) ks¾udKh lsÍu jeks .Ks;uh iy
.sKqïlrK lghq;= i`oyd fhdod .; yels ;Sre (columns) iy fma<s (row) j,ska
iukaú; jQ" f,aLkhla me;=reïm;la f,i ye`Èkaúh yels h'
me;=reïm;a uDÿldx.hla fhdod .ksñka mß.Klhla u.ska úoHq;a
me;=reïm;la ks¾udKh lr .; yels h' me;=reïm;a uDÿldx.h fhÿï uDÿldx.hls'
úoHq;a me;=reïm;l f,aLk ilia lsÍu i`oyd jev fmd;la (book) Ndú;
fõ' tu jev fmdf;ys" jevm;a (worksheet) u.ska f,aLk ilia lr .; yel'
f,aLk ks¾udKfha § fhdod .kq ,nk fuj,ï rdYshla we;' tajdfhys ld¾hhka
y`ÿkd .ksuq'

22
 fmdÿ fuj,ï
fuj,ï

kj jevm;la ,nd ;ekam;a l< f,aLkhla f,aLk uqøKh

.ekSu - New újD; lsÍug - Open lsÍug - Print

f,aLkhla ;ekam;a f,aLkhl uqøK fmr oiqk

lsÍug - Save n,d .ekSu - Print Preview

msgm;a lr .;a fyda lmd

lrk ,o l%shdjla wj,x.= wl=re" mska;+r wdÈh .;a wl=re" mska;+r wdÈh
lsÍug - Undo msgm;a lsÍug - Copy we,ùug - Paste

wj,x.= lrk ,o l%shdj wl=re" mska;+r wdÈh jpkj, iy jdlHj,

kej; lsÍug - Redo lmd .ekSug - Cut wlaIr úkHdih iy
jHdlrK yß jerÈ
ne,Sug - Spelling

23
 me;=reïm;l úfYaI ,laIK

;Sre - Column iQ;% ;Srh - Formula

kdu fldgqj - Name ;Srejlg f,an,hla Bar fldaIhl
Box we;' tajd bx.%Sis h;=re,shkh lrk foh
f;dard .kakd fldaI fydaäfha A wlaIrfhka fmkakqï lrhs'
kduh fmkakqï lrhs' wdrïN fõ'

G7
A B C D E F G
1
2
3
fma<s - Row 4
fma<shlg 5
f,an,hla 6
we;' tajd 1 isg 7
wdrïN jk 8
b,lalï h' 9
10
11

fldaI mrdih - Cell Range fldaIh - Cell

tl <`.ska we;s fldaI lsysmhla ;Srej iy fma<sh tl;=
fldaI mrdihla kï fõ' jk ia:dkh fldaIhls'
;Srefõ wl=r iy fma<sfha
wxlh fldaI kduh G7
(Cell Address)
fõ'

24
 fldaI yeviõ lsÍfï fuj,ï - cell formatting tools

wl=rej, m%udKh wl=re ;o meye wl=re mdg lsÍug

fjkia lsÍug - Size .ekaùug - - Color
ud;Dldj Bold
wkqud;Dldj wl=re jgd
wl=re we, lsÍug fndav¾ oeóug
idudkH wl=re
- Italic Borders

12 B

wl=re j¾. - Font

Times New Roman háka brla we`§ug mdg fh§ug -
Cambria
Fill colour
- Underline
Nirmala UI
TT FMBindumathi

tfl,a, lsÍu iy ia:dk .; lsÍfï fuj,ï

alignment and positioning tools
ÈYdk;sh fjkia fldgq lsysmhla tla fldgqjla
jug ol=Kg uOHh lsÍug f,i ilia lsÍug iy ueog
Left Align Right Align Middle tfl,a, lsÍug
Orientation
Merge and Center

ab

ueog by<g hgg fldaIh ;=< jpk

Centre Align Top Bottom f.dkq lsÍug
Wrap Text

25
fldaIfha we;s o;a; j¾.hg wkqj yeviõ lsÍfï fuj,ï - number formating tools

oYu ia:dk wvq jeä

uqo,a m%;sY;h lsÍu
Currency Percentage Increase & Decrease
Decimals

General

wxl - 10, 25, 100...

uqo,a - Rs. / $ / ¥ - 10.00

.sKqïlrK - Rs. / $ / ¥ - 10.00

fláfhka Èk - 02 /25/2018 (MM / DD / YYYY)

iúia;r j Èk - Tuesday, February 25, 2018

fõ,dj - 1:30 p.m, 10:00 a.m

m%;sY;h - 23% , 45%, 75%

%
Nd. - 2/9, 4/5
½
2 úoHd;aul - 5677=5.68E+03
10

26
me;=reïm;a Ndú; lrñka iQ;%hla ye`Èkaùfï § fhdod .kq ,nk i,l=Kq iy
jpk
iQ;% i`oyd i,l=Kq - symbols for formula
iQ;% fyda Y%s; wdrïN
lsÍug fmr fhdod
.efka wvq lsÍu i`oyd fn§u i`oyd

= + - * /
tl;= lsÍu i`oyd jeä lsÍu i`oyd

Y%s; - Function

fldaI mrdihl tl;=j fldaI mrdihl jeä u

fiùu i`oyd w.h fiùu i`oyd

Sum Average Max Min

fldaI mrdihl idudkHh fldaI mrdihl wvq u

fiùu i`oyd w.h fiùu i`oyd

m%ia;dr j¾. - Charts

j.=.; lr .;a o;a; rEm igyka u.ska oelaùu i`oyd m%ia;dr fhdod .efka'
ia;ïN m%ia;dr jg m%ia;dr lafIa;% m%ia;dr wfkl=;a m%ia;dr

f¾Ld m%ia;dr ;Sre m%ia;dr úisß m%ia;dr

27
 me;=reïm;a wdY%s; wNHdi i`oyd jevfmdf;ys 2'1 isg 2'10
olajd l%shdldrlï lrkak'

idrdxYh
² Y%s; iy iQ;% fhdod .ksñka .Kkh lsÍï o" o;a; f;aÍï o" m%ia;dr ks¾udKh
lsÍu o i`oyd fhdod .; yels ;Sre iy fma<sj,ska iukaú; f,aLkhla
me;=reïm;la f,i ye`Èkafõ'
² ;Srejla iy fma<shla tl;= jk ia:dkh fldaIhla hkqfjka ye`Èkafõ'
² ;Sre bx.%Sis A wlaIrfhka wdrïN jk w;r fma<s wxl 1ka wdrïN fõ'
² kj f,aLkhla ,nd .ekSu New" újD; lsÍu Open" ;ekam;a lsÍu Save"
uqøKh Print" uqøK fmr oiqk Print Preview" fmr l%shdj Redo" wdmiq l%shdj
Undo, lemSu Cut, msgm;a lsÍu Copy" we,ùu Paste, wlaIr úkHdih yd
jHdlrK Spelling wdÈh fmdÿ fuj,ï h'
² Y%s; Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍï lrkq ,nhs'
² SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN wdÈh .Kkh lsÍï i`oyd fhdod .kq ,nk
ir, Y%s; fõ'
² ;Sre m%ia;dr" ia;ïN m%ia;dr" f¾Ld m%ia;dr" jg m%ia;dr wdÈh u.ska o;a;
úYaf,aIKh isÿ lrkq ,nhs'

28
3 l%uf,aL f.dvke.Su

fuu tallh yeoEÍfuka Tng"

² nyq fldkafoais iys; f;aÍï md,k jHqyh
² nyq fldkafoais iys; .eg¨j,g .e,Sï igyka weiqßka úi`ÿï oelaùu
² mqk¾lrKh iys; md,k jHqyh
² mqk¾lrKh iys; .eg¨j,g .e,Sï igyka weiqßka úi`ÿï oelaùu
² Scratch l%uf,aLh weiqßka f;aÍï yd mqk¾lrK md,k jHqy iys;
jevigyka ieliSu
² kSä; md,k jHqyh iys; .e,Sï igyka weiqßka úi`ÿï oelaùu
² wrdj iy tys Ndú;h
ms<sn`o wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels jkq we;'

7 fY%K
a h
s f;dr;=re yd ikakfs õok ;dlaIKh fm<fmdf;ys i`oyka wdldrhg
Scratch l%uf,aLh http://www.scratch.mit.edu u.ska ,nd .kak'

l%Svd lsÍu krl u kE'

ta;a Thdf.a mß.Kl
l%Svd Thd u ks¾udKh
uu mß.Kl l%Svdj,g lr.;a;d kï jvd;a
yß wdihs' fyd`ohs'

29
 ta fldfydu o@

mß.Kl l%Svd ks¾udKh l<

yels uDÿldx. fndfyduhla
;sfhkjd' tu.ska Thdf.a
oekqu;a jeä fjkjd' l%Svd lsÍug
wjia:dj;a ,efnkjd'

3'1 ir, f;aÍu

8 fY%aKsfha l%uf,aL f.dvke.Su mßÉfþofha §

Tn bf.k .;a mßÈ ir, f;aÍu hkq fldkafoaishlg
wkqj wjia:d folla w;ßka tla wjia:djla f;dard
.ekSu fõ' ksoiqkla f,i ldishla Wv oud zzisriZZ
fyda zzw.hZZ b,a,d isàfï wjia:dj .; yels h'
ldishl isri iy w.h
wdrïNh

ldish Wv oeóu ldish Wv oukak

2
jegqk me;a; l=ula o @

jegqfKa Tõ zzisriZZ nj
isri o@ fmkajkak isri

ke; isri 2
zzw.hZZ nj fmkajkak
w.h 2

ksudj
Scratch l%uf,aLh 1
.e,Sï igyk 1 - ldishl isri fyda w.h ,eîu

30
 ir, f;aÍul tla fldkafoaishla mj;sk w;r wjia:d folla w;ßka tla
wjia:djla f;dard .ekSug yelshdj we;' fldkafoaish ;Dma; ^i;H& jk úg tla
wjia:djla o fldkafoaish ;Dma; fkdjk ^wi;H& úg wfkla wjia:dj o f;dard
.efka'

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 3'1 n,kak'

3'2 nyq fldkafoais iys; f;aÍu

nyq f;aÍula hkq wjia:d follg jvd jeä m%udKhla w;ßka hï fldkafoaishlg
fyda fldkafoais lsysmhlg fyda hg;aj tla wjia:djla f;dard .ekSu fõ'
odÿ leghla Wv oeuQ miq 1 isg 6 olajd w.hla ,eîu nyq fldkafoais iys;
f;aÍula i`oyd WodyrKhls'

wdrïNh
odÿ legh Wv oukak 2
odÿ legh Wv oukak jegqk w.h lSho @

w.h ,nd .kak 1

1 2
Tõ w.h zz1ZZ nj
w.h 1 fõ o@
fmkajkak 2
ke; 2 2
Tõ w.h zz2ZZ nj
w.h 2 fõ o@
fmkajkak 3
ke; 3 2
w.h 3 fõ o@ Tõ w.h zz3ZZ nj
fmkajkak 4
ke;
4 2
w.h 4 fõ o@ Tõ w.h zz4ZZ nj
fmkajkak 5
ke;
5 2
Tõ w.h zz5ZZ nj
w.h 5 fõ o@
fmkajkak 6 2
ke;
w.h ''6'' nj fmkajkak

ksudj
Scratch l%uf,aLh 2
.e,Sï igyk 2 - odÿ leghl w.h ,nd .ekSu
31
 fuys w.hla ,efnk wjia:dj fldkafoais myla w;ßka tla fldkafoaishla
;Dma; jk úg fyda fldkafoais my u ;Dma; fkdjk úg fyda isÿfõ'

3'3 mqk¾lrK iys; md,k jHqyh

hï l%shdjla kej; kej; isÿùu

mqk¾lrKh (repetition) f,i ye`Èkafõ'
mqk¾lrKh wdrïN ùu;a" mqk¾lrKh
wjika ùu;a lsishï fldkafoaishg wkqj
isÿfõ'

WodyrK 1 - jrlg tla ixLHdj ne.ska 1 isg 5 olajd we;s mQ¾K ixLHd m%;sodkh
lsÍu

wdrïNh
fuu .e,Sï igyfka wvx.=
fldkafoaish zzixLHdj 5 fyda
ixLHdj = 1
5 g wvq o@ZZ hkakhs'
wdrïNfha § u fldkafoaish
ixLHdj 5 ke; mÍlaId flfrk w;r th
fyda 5 g wvq ksudj i;H jk ksid mqk¾lrKh
o@ wdrïN flf¾'
ixLHdj m%;sodkh l< miq tu
Tõ
ixLHdjg tlla tl;= lrkq
ixLHdj m%;sodkh lrkak ,efí'
ixLHdj 5g jvd úYd, jQ úg
ixLHdjg 1 tl;= lrkak fldkafoaish wi;H jk ksid
mqk¾lrKh kj;S'
.e,Sï igyk 3 - 1 isg 5 olajd we;s
mQ¾K ixLHd m%;sodkh

WodyrK 2 - c, fudagrhla u.ska gexlshlg c,h msrùu i,luq' fuys § gexlsh

;=<g c,h .,d f.dia gexlsh iïmQ¾Kfhka msreKq miq c, fudagrh
kj;kq ,efí'

32
 wdrïNh

c, fudagrh l%shd;aul
lsÍug Wmfoia ,nd§u

c,h gexlsh ;=<g .,d hdu

gexlsh c,fhka
ke; msÍ mj;S o@
Tõ
c, fudagrh l%shd úrys;
lsÍug Wmfoia ,nd§u

rEmh 3'1 - fudagrhla u.ska gexlshlg

ksudj c,h msrùu
.e,Sï igyk 4 - c,h gexlshg msrùu

WodyrK 3 - YsIH kduf,aLkh ,l=Kq lsÍu i,lkak' fuys § isiqjd meñK isà
kï kduf,aLkfha 1 f,i o" meñK fkdisà kï 0 f,i o igyka
lsÍu isÿfõ'

wdrïNh

isiqjdf.a ku m%ldY lsÍu

ke;
isiqjd meñK isà o@ meñKSu 0 f,i igyka lsÍu

Tõ
meñKSu 1 f,i igyka lsÍu

Tõ m%ldY lsÍug ;j;a kï

;sfí o@
ke;
ksudj
.e,Sï igyk 5 - kduf,aLkh ,l=Kq lsÍu

33
 3'4 Scratch mqk¾lrK md,k jHqy
Scratch l%uf,aL f.dvke.Su i`oyd mqk¾lrK md,k jHqy ;=kla y`ÿkajd §
we;' tu md,k jHqy iy tajdfha l%shdldß;ajh my; j.=fõ olajd we;'
j.=j 3'1 - mqk¾lrK md,k jHqy
mqk¾lrK Wmfoia ldKavh WodyrKh
ksYaÑ; jdr .Kkla mqk¾lrKh lsÍu

mqk¾lrK jdr .Kk

1
olajk ;ek
10

10 mqk¾lrKh l< hq;=

1
Wmfoia fhduq l<
hq;= ;ek 1

;;amr oyhla we;=<; 1 isg 10 olajd

ixLHd m%;sodkh lsÍu
fldkafoaishla i;H jk ;=re mqk¾lrKh
lsÍu
1

mqk¾lrK fldkafoaish 5
olajk ;ek

1
mqk¾lrKh l< hq;=
1
Wmfoia fhduq l<
hq;= ;ek
w.h 5 g jvd úYd, jk ;=re we;s
ish¨ Ok mQ¾K ixLHd m%;sodkh lsÍu
wiSñ; jdr .Kkla mqk¾lrKh lsÍu

1
mqk¾lrKh l< hq;=
Wmfoia fhduq l<
hq;= ;ek
1
1

1 isg we;s ish¨ u Ok mQ¾K ixLHd

fkdkj;ajd u m%;sodkh lsÍu

34
 3'5 mqk¾lrKh iys; oDYH jevigyka ixj¾Okh
WodyrK 1 ´kE u ixLHdjl m<uq .=Kdldr (multiples) 12 m%;sodkh lsÍu

igyk - WodyrK - 2ys m<uq .=Kdldr 12 jkafka 2" 4" 6" 8" 10" 12" 14"
16" 18" 20" 22" 24 hk ixLHd h' 3ys m<uq .=Kdldr 12 jkafka 3" 6" 9"
12" 15" 18" 24" 27" 30" 33" 36 fõ'

wdrïNh

ixLHdj ,nd .ekSu

jdr .Kk = 1
1
ixLHdj lSho @
ke;
jdr .Kk <=12 ksudj
12
Tõ
.=Ks;h = ixLHdj × jdr .Kk
2
.=Ks;h fmkaùu 1

jdr .Kk = jdr .Kk + 1 Scratch l%uf,aLh 6

.e,Sï igyk 6

WodyrK 2 1 isg 100 olajd we;s wyUq ixLHdjla wiSñ; jdr .Kkla m%;sodkh
lsÍu
wdrïNh

1 isg 100 olajd wyUq

ixLHdjla ckkh lsÍu
1 100
ixLHdj m%;sodkh lrkak
1
Tõ
ixLHdj > 0 o@
Scratch l%uf,aLh 7
ke;
.e,Sï igyk 7
ksudj
35
 .e,Sï igyfka fldkafoaish iEu úg u i;Hj mj;S' th lsisúfgl;a wi;H
fkdjk ksid wiSñ; jdr .Kkla mqk¾lrKh fõ'

WodyrK 3 ´kE u ixLHdjl 12 jk .=Kdldrh olajd w.hhka m%;sodkh lsÍu

1
ixLHdj lSho @

12

2
1

Scratch l%uf,aLh 8

WodyrK 4 j¾K f¾Ldj,ska jD;a;hla ks¾udKh lsÍu

0 0

150
10
1

rEmh 3'2 - j¾K f¾Ldj,ska ks¾udKh

Scratch l%uf,aLh 9
l< jD;a;h

36
 3'6 kSä; mqk¾lrK iys; l%uf,aL f.dvke.Su

kSä; mqk¾lrKh (nested repetition) hkq mqk¾lrKh iys; l%uf,aLhla

;=< mqk¾lrK wjia:d iys; l%uf,aL fldgia mej;Suhs'

WodyrK 1 mqk¾lrKhla ;=< mqk¾lrKhla mej;Su

my; oelafjk f¾Ld igyk ,nd .ekSfï l%uf,aLh i,lkak'

0 0

100
4
100
90

10
5

rEmh 3'3

Scratch l%uf,aLh 10
fuys mqk¾lrKhla ;=< mqk¾lrKhla l%shd;aul fõ'

WodyrK 2 f;aÍu iys; mqk¾lrK mej;Su 36 35 34 33 32 31

kd.hska iy bKsux l%Svdj wjika jk ;=re isÿ 25 26 27 28 29 30

lrk wjia:dj oelafjk mqk¾lrKh ;=< f;aÍu
24 23 22 21 20 19
iys; l%uf,aLh i,lkak'
13 14 15 16 17 18

12 11 10 9 8 7

1 2 3 4 5 6
rEmh 3'4 - kd.hska iy bKsux l%Svdj

37
 wdrïNh

odÿ legh fmr<Su

w.h ,nd .kak

w.hg iudk fldgq ixLHdjla olajd b;a;d bÈßhg f.k hkak

bKsu. Èf.a tys

bKsu.l mduq, iys; Tõ
fl<jr fldgqjg b;a;d
fldgqjg meñKsfha o@ f.k hk f,i oekaùu

ke;

kd.hl=f.a ysi iys; Tõ kd.hd Èf.a j,s.h

fldgqjg meñKsfha o@ msysá fldgqjg b;a;d
f.k hk f,i oekaùu
ke;

fldgqfõ wxlh >= 36 o@

ke;

l%Svdj wjika nj fmkajkak

ksudj

.e,Sï igyk 8

38
 0
0
36 36

odÿ legh Wv oukak 2

w.h lSho @

la b; a;d bÈßhg f.k hkak 4

bksu.l mduq, iys; fldgqjg meñ‚fhao @

Tõ
bksu. osf.a tys fl<jr fldgqjg b;a;d f.k hkak
fldgqfõ wxlh lSho @

kd.hdf.a ysi iys; fldgqjg meñ‚fhao@

Tõ
kd.hd osf.a j,s.h ksujk fldgqjg b;a;d f.k hkak
fldgqfõ wxlh lSho@
o@

l%Svdj wjika fõ' 2

Scratch l%uf,aLh 11

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 3'2 iy 3'3 n,kak'

39
 3'7 wrdj iys; l%uf,aL f.dvke.Su
wrdjla (array) hkq l=ula o@
l%uf,aLfha § w.hhka ;ekam;a lsÍu i`oyd úp,H fhdod .ekSu ms<sn`oj
Tn 7 fY%aKsfha § wOHhkh l< lreKq isysm;a lrkak' tys § ;ekam;a l< hq;=
w.hhka ixLHdjg iudk úp,H ixLHdjla Ndú; l< hq;= fõ'
ksoiqkla f,i idudkH oekSu m%Yak m;% 5lg ms<s;=re imhd ,nd .;a ,l=Kq
;ekam;a lr .ekSfï wjia:dj i,luq'
fuys § ,l=Kq wjia:d 5la i`oyd ;ekam;a lsÍug isÿ jk ksid úp,H 5la
wjYH fõ'
tu úp,H marks_1, marks_2, marks_3, marks_4, marks_5 wdldrfhka
fhdod .; yels fõ' túg isiqjd ,nd.;a ,l=Kq tu úp,Hj, ;ekam;a l< yels fõ'
m%Yak m;% 5 i`oyd isiqjd ,nd .;a ,l=Kq ms<sfj<ska 78, 85, 69, 93, 87 hehs is;uq'
78 85 69 93 87
marks_1 marks_2 marks_3 marks_4 marks_5

w.hhka ;ekam;a lsÍu i`oyd úp,H Ndú;fha § tla úp,Hhlg tla kduhla
ne.ska ish¨ u úp,H kï lsÍug isÿfõ' úp,H m%udKh jeä jk úg fuh ;rula
wmyiq ld¾hhla fõ' ;j o l%uf,aLh ixlS¾K jk w;r tys m%udKh wêl f,i
jeäùula isÿfõ' tjeks wjia:dj, l%uf,aL ieliSfï § wrdj Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
wrdjla hkq w.hhka ´kE u m%udKhla ;ks kduhlska ;ekam;a lsÍug yels
o;a; jHqyhls' wrdj Ndú;h u.ska l%uf,aL ieliSu ksid ixlS¾K nj iy Wmfoia
m%udKh wju lr .ekSug yels fõ'

wrdjla iE§u
Scratch j, wrdjla ,ehsia;=jla (list) f,i olajd we;' my; oelafjk mßÈ
wrdjla f.dvke.sh yels h'
i;=kaf.a kï we;=<;a lsÍug Animal wrdj f.dvke.Su'
1' Data j,ska Make a List f;darkak'
2' wrdj i|yd kula ,nd fokak'
3' For this sprite only f;darkak'
4' OK lrkak'

40
 Data

rEmh 3'4 - wrdjla iE§u

by; mshjr wkq.ukh l< miq Animal wrdjg wod< Wmfoia ldKav my; rEmfha
oelafjk mßÈ Èiafõ'

Make a Variable

Make a List

thing

thing 1

1 thing

thing

Scratch l%uf,aLh 12

41
 wrdjlg wjhj we;=<;a lsÍu

ksoiqkla f,i rgj,a 5 l kï we;=<;a lsÍug Country kï jQ wrdj ks¾udKh

l< miqj tau wrdjg wjhj we;=<;a lsÍu i|yd my; oelafjk l%uf,aLh fhdod
.; yels h'

all

5
Enter the Country

Scratch l%uf,aLh 13

wrdjl we;s o;a; m%;sodkh lsÍu

Country kï jQ wrdjg o;a; wdodkh l< miqj my; oelafjk l%uf,aLh
u.ska tu wrdfõ we;s wjhj m%;sodkh l< yels h'

Scratch l%uf,aLh 14

fuys v_con hkq úp,Hhla jk w;r Country hkq wrdfõ ku fõ'

ksoiqkla f,i isiqka 5 fofkl=f.a kï iy ,l=Kq ;ekam;a lsÍug úp,H
Ndú;fhka yd wrdj Ndú;fhka l%uf,aL folla f.dvk.uq'

42
 Tnf.a ku l=ulao @

Tnf.a ,l=Kq lSho @

5
Tnf.a ku l=ulao @
Tnf.a ku l=ulao @

Tnf.a ,l=Kq lSho @ Tnf.a ,l=Kq lSho @

Tnf.a ku l=ulao @

Tnf.a ,l=Kq lSho @

mqk¾lrKh iys; l%uf,aLh 16

Tnf.a ku l=ulao @

1 1
Tnf.a ,l=Kq lSho @
2 2
3 3
Tnf.a ku l=ulao @
4 4
5 5
Tnf.a ,l=Kq lSho @

kï wrdj ,l=Kq wrdj

úp,H iys; l%uf,aLh 15
wrdj fhdod .ekSu ksid Wmfoia ldKav wjYH jdr .Kkla mqk¾lrKh
lsÍug yelshdj we;'
tu ksid l%uf,aLj, úYd,;ajh wvq lr .ekSug yels fõ'

igyk - Scratch j, wrdjla List f,i y`ÿkajkq ,efí'

mdif,a oekqu ñkqu ;r.hla i`oyd isiqka f;dard .ekSu msKsi iïuqL
mÍlaIKhlg fmkS isá isiqka w;ßka ,l=Kq 75 lg jvd jeäfhka ,nd .kakd
isiqka f;dard m;a lsÍug mdif,a úÿy,am;s;=ud ;SrKh lr we;' fï i`oyd isiqka 10
fofkl= iïuqL mÍlaIKhg fmkS isàug kshñ; h'
fuys § ku iy ,l=Kq wrdjka foll ;ekam;a lr ,l=Kq wrdfjka 75
g jeä wh f;dard ku iu. f;aÍ m;aj weoao@ keoao@ hkak mÍlaId lsÍu i`oyd
ks¾udKh lrk ,o my; l%uf,aLh wOHhkh lrkak'

43
 all
all
0
5
Tnf.a ku l=ulao @

Tnf.a ,l=Kq lSho @

1
5

75

f;aÍ m;aj we; 2

f;aÍ m;aj ke; 2

Scratch l%uf,aLh 17

3'8 .eg¨jla úfhdackh lr l%uf,aL f.dvke.Su

úfhdackh lsÍu hkq wkqfldgiaj,g fjka lr,Su fõ' .eg¨jla l=vd
fldgiaj,g fjka l< miq th ir, jk neúka úi`§ug myiq fõ'
ksoiqkla f,i ixLHd oyhl idudkH w.h fiùu i,luq' fuu .eg¨j
my; oelafjk fia wkqfldgia lsysmhlg fjka l< yels h'
1' ixLHd oyhla wdodkh lsÍu

10
ixLHdj we;=,;a lrkak

Scratch l%uf,aLh 18

44
2' ixLHd oyfhys tl;=j fiùu
0
1
10

Scratch l%uf,aLh 19

3' tl;=j oyfhka fnod idudkH w.h fiùu

10

Scratch l%uf,aLh 20

4' idudkH w.h m%;sodkh lsÍu

idudkH w.h 2

Scratch l%uf,aLh 21
fuu wkqfldgiaj,g wod< l%uf,aL fldgia wkqms<sfj<g talrdYs lsÍfuka
ixLHd oyhl idudkH w.h ksjerÈ j fiùug iqÿiq l%uf,aLh ks¾udKh l< yels
h'

all
10
ixLHdj we;=,;a lrkak

0
1
10

10

idudkH w.h 2

Scratch l%uf,aLh 22

45
 l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 3'4 n,kak'

idrdxYh
m%ldYhla fyda m%ldY lsysmhla fyda kej; kej; isÿùu mqk¾lrKh f,i
ye`Èkafõ'
mqk¾lrKh wdrïNùu fyda wjikaùu hïlsis fldkafoaishlg wkqj isÿfõ'
Scrach mqk¾lrK md,k jHqy 3 ls'
(i) ksYaÑ; jdr .Kkla mqk¾lrKh lsÍfï md,k jHqyh
10

(ii) fldkafoaishla ;Dma; jk fia mqk¾lrKh lsÍfï

md,k jHqyh

(iii) kej;Sulska f;drj mqk¾lrKh lsÍfï md,k jHqyh

mqk¾lrKh ;=< isÿjk mqk¾lrKh kSä; mqk¾lrKhla

f,i ye`Èkafõ'
kSä; mqk¾lrK wjia:d lsysmhls'
(i) fldkafoaishla ;Dma; jk f;la ksYaÑ; jdr .Kkla mqk¾lrKh ùu

10

(ii) fkdkj;ajd u ksYaÑ; jdr .Kkla mqk¾lrKhùu

(iii) fkdkj;ajd u fldkafoaishla ;Dma; jk f;la mqk¾lrKhùu
wrdjla hkq w.hhka ´kE u m%udKhla ;ks kduhlska ;ekam;a lsÍug yels o;a;
jHqyhls'
.eg¨jla úfhdackh lsÍfuka l%uf,aL ks¾udKh lsÍu myiq fõ'

46
4 laIqø md,l Ndú;h

fuu tallh yeoEÍfuka Tng"

² ixfõol u.ska l%shd;aul jk WmlrK y`ÿkd .ekSug
² ixfõol u.ska ,nd .kakd o;a; ilia lr m%;sodkh ùu md,kh jk
wdldrh y`ÿkd .ekSug iy md,kh lsÍug iqÿiq fla;kh f.dvke.Sug

wjfndaOhla ,efnkq we;'

4'1 laIqø md,l ye`Èkaùu

tal kï we;a;' br mEhSu"

br neiSu y÷kd .; yels
ixfõolhla fhdodf.k fïjd
br;a mdh,d' ta;a ;j u iajhxl%Sxhj ksjd oeóug;a
ùÈ myka oe,afjkjd' kej;;a oe,aùug;a l%uhla
úÿ,sh kdia;s lsÍu yß Ndú; lr,d fï kdia;sh
u wmrdOhla fkao@ wju lr .kak mq¿jka'

tfyu ixfõol .ek

uu kï wy,d keye'
tajd md,kh fjkafka
fldfydu o@

47
 mfiys ;;a;ajh y÷kd .ekSu" mßirfha
WIaK;ajh uek .ekSu jeks mßirfha
isÿjk fndfyda fjkiaùï y÷kd.;
yels ixfõol j¾. ;sfhkjd' úfYaIs;
jQ mß.Kl l%uf,aL fhdodf.k tajd
md,kh lrkak mq¿jka'

ixfõol fhdod .ksñka mdßißl fjkiaùï y÷kd .ksuq

ixfõol (sensors) fhdod .ksñka mdßißl fjkiaùï y÷kd .ekSug;a
Bg wkqrEmSj wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug;a fuu ixfõol mß.Kl moaO;shlg
iïnkaO l< hq;= h'
mß.Kl moaO;shl uQ,sl ld¾hhkA jkafka o;a; wdodkh fyda /ialsÍu;a"
,nd § we;s úOdkhkag wkqj tajd ilia lsÍu;a wjidkfha wjYH f;dr;=re m%;sodkh
lsÍu;a h'
o;a; wdodkh fyda wjYH f;dr;=re
ilia lsÍu
/ia lr .ekSu m%;sodkh lsÍu
fuys § ixfõol u.ska ,nd .kakd fyda /ialr .kakd o;a; laIqø md,lh
u.ska wm úiska ,nd § we;s Wmfoiaj,g wkqj ilia lr wmg wjYH wdldrhg
m%;sodkh ,nd fohs' my; oelafjkafka laIqømd,l mokï lr.;a fhojqula i`oyd
WodyrKhls'

laIqø
wdf,dal md,lh
ixfõolh (micro
(light sensor) controller)

wdodkh l%shdj,sh m%;sodkh

48
 wdf,dal ixfõolh u.ska /ialr .;a o;a;" laIqø md,lh úiska ilia lr
n,anh oe,aùu fyda ksùu fyda isÿ lrhs' fuu ilia lsÍug wjYH úOdk l%uf,aLhla
u.ska laIqø md,lhg wm úiska ,nd Èh hq;= fõ'

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 4'1 n,kak'

\\

igyk - laIqø md,l

fuh" Ñmhla (chip)
f,i mj;sk w;r fuhg
wjYH mßÈ Wmfoia ,nd
§" wjYH ld¾hhl fhoúh
yels h' fuhg ,nd fokq
,nk Wmfoia wkqj hï l%shdj,shla isÿl< yel'
laIqø md,l wka;¾.;h
fuys wka;¾.;h ir,j oelaj
a j
q fyd;a th fldgia y;rlska hql;
a fõ'
1' uOH ieliqï tallh (Central Processing Unit - CPU)
,efnk wdodk ieliSulska miqj m%;os dk njg m;alÍ
s fï l%h
s dj,sh
fuu.ska isÿ flf¾'
2' u;lh (memory)
fuu u;lh m%Odk fldgia follg fjka fõ'
i. kYH fkdjk (non-volatile) u;lh
tkï úÿ,sh fkdue;s úg o fuu u;lh fkduelS mj;S' laIqø
md,lh Ndú; lr isÿ l< hq;= l%shdj,shlg wod< fla;hka fuh ;=<
wka;¾.; lr we;'
ii. kYH (volatile) u;lh
kYH u;lh hkq úÿ,sh fkdue;s úg uelS hk u;lh h' fuh
mß.Klhl RAM (Random Access Memory) f,i l%shd lrhs' uOH
ieliqï tallh u; o;a; iy Wmfoia .uka lsÍug fmr tu o;a; iy
Wmfoia r`ojd ;nd .kakd ia:dkh fuh fõ'
3' moaO;s fydardj (system clock)
moaO;s fydardj hkq mß.Kl moaO;shl we;s iEu wNHka;r
ixrplhlau (component) iuuqyq¾:lrKh (syncronize) lrkakd jQ
úoHq;a Wmdx.hls'

49
 4' m¾hkak Wmdx. (peripherals)
wdodk ,nd .kakd yd m%;sodk ,nd fok l=vd w.% (pins) fuu
.Khg wh;a fõ' fuu wdodk oaúiu (analog)" ixLHdxl (digital) hk
wdldr folg u ,nd .kakd w;r" m%;sodkh ixLHdxl fõ'

ixfõol iy laIqø md,l Ndú; flfrk WmlrK

iQ¾h n,fhka l%shd;aul jk úÿ,s ,dïmq (solar lamp)
fuys iQ¾h fldaI" laIqø md,lh iy wdf,dal
ixfõ§ ixfõolh u.ska mßirh w`ÿre wjia:dfõ §
wdf,dal myk o,ajk w;r wdf,dalh we;s úg th
fkdoe,afõ' fï u.ska úÿ,sh wmf;a hdu wju l<
yel'
frÈ fidaok hka;%h (washing machine)
fuys § mßYS,l úiska frÈ fia§ug wjYH
Wmfoia frÈ fidaok hka;%fha fnd;a;ï Ndú;
lr fuys we;s laIqø md,lh fj; ,ndÿka miq tu
Wmfoia wkqj frÈ fia§u iajhxl%Sh j isÿ flf¾'
laIqø ;rx. W`ÿk (microwave oven)
fuys we;s laIqø md,lh u.ska WIaK;ajh hï
ksYaÑ; ld,hla r`ojd ;ndf.k tu ld,h wjidkfha
§ l%shdj,sh k;r flf¾' ^fuys WIaK;ajh" ld,h
wdÈh Ndú; lrkakd úiska ,nd Èh hq;= h'&

jeo.;a
;ks mqjre mß.Klhla (Single Board Computer-SBC)
;ks mqjre mß.Klhla hkq ;ks mßm: mqjrejla u; u;lh" wdodk"
m%;sodk laIqø md,lh iy wfkl=;A wjYH wx. we;=<;a mß.Klhls'
Wod - Raspberry pi
;ks Ñmfha mß.Klhla (Single Chip Computer-SCC)
uOH ieliqï tallh" wdodk m%;sodk iy u;lh ;ks wkql,s;
mßm:hla (IC) ;=<g we;=<;a lsÍfuka ilia lrk ,o mß.Klhls'
Wod - Arduino chip

50
 4'2 laIqømd,l m%dfhda.slj Ndú; lsÍu
ixfõol iy laIqø md,l iys; fuj,ï lÜg,hla (microcontroller based
kit) fhdod .ksñka wmg wjYH wdldrhg m%;sodk ,nd .; yel' fï i|yd nyq,j
fhdod .kq ,nk laIqø md,l fuj,ï lÜg, lsysmhla my; oelafõ'


my; fjí wvúj,ska fuu fuj,ï lÜg, ms<sn`o jeäÿr
micro:bit
f;dr;=re ,nd .; yel'
Arduino
www.microbit.co.uk
Raspberry pi
www.ardino.cc, www.raspberry.org
micro:bit yd Arduino hk laIqø md,l ms<sn`oj fuu mßÉfþofha § jeäÿr wOHhkh
flf¾'
micro:bit
fuh BBC wdh;kh u.ska ksmojd we;s laIqø md,l fudähq,hla
(microcontroller module) jk w;r fuhg wdodk ,nd§u iy tu wdodk
l%shdj,shlg ,lalr m%;sodk ,nd.ekSu isÿl< yel' fuh ;=< u;lhka o wka;¾.;
fõ' tu ksid mß.Klhl uQ,sl ,laIK fuu mqjrefõ o olakg ,efnhs' Bg
wu;rj ixfõol lsysmhla o fuh ;=< wka;¾.; lr we;' fuys ieleiau my;
oelafõ'
micro:bit laIqø md,l fudähq,fhys bÈßmi

4 cm B

1
A

2 3 4 5
rEmh 4'1 - micro:bit laIqø md,l fudähq,fhys bÈßmi

51
1 l%uf,aLkh l< yels fnd;a;ï (programmable buttons) - A, B kï fla; .;
l< yels fnd;a;ï folla we;'

2 ixLHdxl yd oaúiu ;=vq (digital/analogue pins) - mß.Klhg iïnkaO lsÍu

i`oyd laIqø USB flfjkshla (micro USB port) msysgd we;'

3 fjka fjkAj l%uf,aLkh l< yels LED (individually programmable

LEDs) - LED n,an fudähq,h ;=< u ;sfnk w;r m%;sodk ,nd.ekSug fjk
u LED n,an iïnkaO lsÍu wjYH fkdfõ'

4 úÿ,s iïnkaOl flfjksh (power connecting port)

5 N+.; flfjksh (ground back port)

micro:bit laIqø md,l fudähq,fhys miqmi

7 8
6
9

10 11

rEmh 4'2 - micro:bit laIqø md,l fudähq,fhys msgqmi

52
6 íÆgQ;a iqyqre wekagkdj (Bluetooth Smart antenna) - Bluetooth u.ska
WmlrK iïnkaO lsÍug iy .=jkaúÿ,s ;rx. iïfm%aIKhg wjYH Bluetooth
wekagkdjla we;'
7 laIqø md,lh
8 laIqø USB flfjksh (Micro USB port) - mß.Klhg iïnkaO lsÍug
9 fldaI iïnkaOlh (battery connector) - 3V fjda,aàh;djlska hq;= ndysr n,
iemhqula ,ndÈh yel'

10 ;ajrK ógrh iy ud,sudj (accelerometer and compass) - fudähq,h ;=< u

ixfõol lsysmhla wka;¾.; fõ'

11 ;=vq w.% iïnkaOlh (pin edge connector)

mß.Klhg micro:bit fudähq,h iïnkaO lsÍu

fuu fudähq,h laIqø USB flan,hla Ndú; lr mß.Klhg iïnkaO l<
hq;= h' th my; rEmfha olajd we;'

laIqø USB micro:bit

flan,h fudähq,h
mß.Klh
rEmh 4'3 - micro:bit fudähq,h iïnkaO lsÍu
fufia iïnkaO l< miq mß.Klh ;=< .nvd lsÍfï tallhla (storage
unit) f,i fuh fmkakqï lrhs'
Computer
Local Disk (C:)
Local Disk (D:)
Local Disk (E:)
MICRO BIT (G:)

rEmh 4'4 - micro:bit .nvd lsÍfï tallhla f,i

53
 micro:bit fudähq,h fla;kh lsÍu
www.makecode.com hk fjí wvúfhys micro:bit Code hkak Ndú; lr
ud¾..; (online) wdldrhg fuh fla;kh l< hq;= h' fï i`oyd myiq l%uhla
y`ÿkajd § we;s w;r th u.ska wjYH mshjr weo oeóu (drag and drop) u.ska
fla;kh lsÍu myiq lr we;'

rEmh 4'5 - micro:bit fla;kh

fï wkqj wdOqkslhl==g jqj o fuu l%shdj,sh myiqfjka isÿ l< yel' fuys
;j úfYaIhla jkafka fuu fla;k ljq¿j isxy, NdIdfjka o my; mßÈ ,nd .;
yelsùuhs'

More

Untitled

rEmh 4'6 - micro:bit fla;kh isxy, NdIdfjka

54
fï i`oyd More → Language → Sinhala hk mshjr wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'
fuu fla; ilia l< úg u tys l%shdj,sh ldKav ixialdrlh (Block
editor) ;=< wka;¾.; micro:bit fudähq,fha wkqrej u.ska o¾Ykh l< yelsfõ'

micro:bit fudähq,h m%dfhda.slj Ndú; lsÍu

www.makecode.micro:bit.org fjí wvúh ;=<g msúi tys Projects → New

Project u.ska kj jHdmD;shla ,nd.kak' ^rEmh 4'7 n,kak&

rEmh 4'7 - micro:bit kj jHdmD;shla ,nd .ekSu

túg by; rEmh 4'7 mßÈ o¾Ykh jk w;r fuys blocks hkak la,sla l<
úg blocks iïnkaO lsÍfuka myiqfjka fla; .; lsÍu isÿ lr .; yel' tfia
fkdue;skï Java scripts, Python, C++ jeks mß.Kl NdId l%uf,aL Ndú; lr fla;
.; lsÍu isÿlr .; yel'
fuys § kj jHdmD;shla ,nd.;a úg" fla; ixialdrlh ;=< my; rEmh 4'8
ys oelafjk ldKav (blocks) fol o¾Ykh fõ'

55
 kej; kej;
wdrïNl
isÿúh hq;= l%shd
l%shdj fuh
fuh ;=<g
;=< wka;¾.;
wka;¾.;
flf¾'
flf¾'

rEmh 4'8 - fla; ixialdrlh ;=< we;s ldKav

kj ldKav ,nd .ekSug ldKav ixialdrlfhys rEmh 4'9 ys my; oelafjk

fukq (menu) Ndú; flf¾'

rEmh 4'9 - ldKav ixialdrlfhys fukq

56
fuys Basic fukqj u.ska my; oelafjk ldKav ,nd.; yel'

wxlhlA o¾Ykh lsÍug

LED 25 Ndú; lr úúO rgd

ieliSug

fuh ;=< wka;¾.; LED

rgdjla f;dard .ekSug

hï h;=re,shkh lrk ,o
fldgila o¾Ykh lsÍug

hï l%shdjla i`oyd ñ,s

;;amrj,ska úrduhla
,nd§ug

o¾Ykh flfrk o;a;

uld oeóug

wrdj o¾Ykh lsÍug

rEmh 4'10 - Basic fukqj ;=< we;s ldKav

57
fuys Input fukqj u.ska my; oelafjk ldKav ,nd.; yel'

A A, B fnd;a;ï u.ska isÿlr

.; yels l%shd wka;¾.;
lsÍug

shake fudähq,h p,kh" msysàu

fjkia lsÍfuka isÿ lr .;
yels l%shd wka;¾.; lsÍug

P PO, P1, P2 hk Pin Ndú;

lr isÿlr .; yels l%shd
wka;¾.; lsÍug

X ;ajrK ixfõolfha
o;a;h o¾Ykh lsÍug
wdf,dal ixfõolfha
o;a;h o¾Ykh lsÍug

ÈYd ixfõolfha o;a;h

o¾Ykh lsÍug
WIaK;aj ixfõolfha
o;a;h o¾Ykh lsÍug

rEmh 4'11 - Input fukqj ;=< we;s ldKav

ldKav ixiaaldrlfhys iy wfkl=;a fukqj, olakg ,efnk ldKav

lsysmhla my; oelafjk l%shdldrlïj, § Ndú; flf¾'

58
 l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 4'2 iy 4'3 n,kak'

Arduino

fuh Atmel iud.u úiska ilia lrk ,o laIqø md,lhls' fuh my; oelafjk
fldgiaj,ska iukaú; mqjrejls' fuhg wdodk ,nd§u yd tu wdodk l%shdj,shlg
,lalr m%;sodk ,nd.ekSu l< yels w;r fuh ;=< u;lhka o wka;¾.; fõ' tu
ksid mß.Klhl uQ,sl ,laIK fuu mqjrefõ o olakg ,efnhs'

ixLHdxl ;=vq (Digital Pins)

MINI
USB
1

úÿ,s kshdulh
- (Power
Regulator) ATMEGA328p
2 6

3
DC úÿ,s
iemhqu -
(DC Power)

4 5
Power Pins m%;siu ;=vq
(Analog Pins)
rEmh 4'12 - Arduino Board

59
 j.=j 4'1 - Arduino mqjrefjys fldgia
MINI USB

1 mß.Klh yd iïnkaO lsÍug

úÿ,s kshdulh

laIqø md,l fuj,ug ,nd fok fjda,aàh;dj

2
md,kh lsÍug fuh Ndú; flf¾'

DC úÿ,s iemhqu Arduino laIqø md,l fuj,u mß.Klhg iïnkaO

lr we;s úg mqjrefjys l%shdldß;ajhg wjYH 5V
3 úÿ,s m%udKhla mß.Klfhka ,nd .kakd w;r"
tfia fkdjk úg úÿ,s n,h ndysßka ,nd §ug
fuh Ndú; flf¾'

Power Pins
mqjrefjka ndysr mßm:hlg úÿ,s n,h ,nd
4 .ekSug yd mqjrefjys hï l%shdldrlï md,kh
lsÍug fuh Ndú; flf¾'

m%;siu ;=vq

5 m%;siu wdodk mqjrejg ,nd §ug Ndú; flf¾'

ATMEGA328p
fuh Arduino Uno mqjrefjys olakg ,efnk micro
6 controller Ñmh fõ' ATMEL iud.u úiska fuh
ksIm
a dokh lr we;'

ixLHdxl ;=vq

7 ixLHdxl wdodk" m%;sodk i`oyd Ndú; flf¾'

60
j¾;udkfha Ndú; jk Arduino mqjre w;=frka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

Arduino Uno mqjrej

Arduino Mega mqjrej

Arduino Nano mqjrej

Arduino Micro mqjrej

by; i`oyka l< Arduino mqjre w;=frka Arduino Uno mqjrej Ndú; lr tys
l%shdldß;ajh wOHhkh lsÍu fuu tallh ;=< § isÿ lrkq ,nhs'

61
 laIqø md,lhg iïnkaO lrk fjk;a Wmdx.
1. Bread board tflys ieleiau
fuys § fuhg iïnkaO lrkq ,nk wu;r WmlrK y`ÿkd.ekSug wjYH
fõ' tajd my; mßÈ fõ'

+ w.%
- w.%

rEmh 4'13 - Bread board tflys ieleiau

mßm:hla ilia lsÍfï §" Bhï Ndú; lr mEiaiSulska f;drj" mßm:fha fldgia
iïnkaO lsÍug fuh Ndú; flf¾'
² fuys + w.%j,g wod< isÿre tlg iïnkaO lr we;'
² fuys - w.%j,g wod< isÿre tlg iïnkaO lr we;'
² rEmigyfka oelafjk mßÈ fld< j¾Kfhka igyka lr we;s isÿre mylska hq;=
fldgia fjk fjk u tlg iïnkaO lr we;'
2. wdf,dal úfudapl vfhdav (Light Emitting Diode - LED)

wdf,dal úfudapl vfhdav hkq úÿ,sh
.uka lrk úg wdf,dAlh úfudapkh lrk
vfhdavhls' - w.%h
vfhdavj, úoHq;h .uka lrkafka tla
ÈYdjlg muKs'
+ w.%h
rEmh 4'14 - wdf,dal úfudapl vfhdav
3. ixfõol (sensors)

ixfõolhla hkq ndysr mßirfha isÿjk fjkiaùïj,g wod< ñkqï iajhxl%Sh

j ,nd .ekSug Ndú; flfrk WmlrKhs'

62
(i) Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) ixfõol
ñksia isrefrka mssgjk wfOdarla; lsrK ixfõokh lr.ekSu fuu.ska isÿ
jk w;r" tu wjia:dfõ hï fjda,aàh;djla iys; m%;sodkhla o fuu.ska ,ndfohs'
^rEmh 4'15 n,kak&
OUT VCC
GND

ixfõ§;dj
óg¾ 7 olajd
GND mudùfï
OUT VCC (+5V) ld,h
rEmh 4'15 - PIR (Passive Infrared Sensor) ixfõolfha bÈßmi yd msgqmi fmkqu

² GND - fuh RK w.%h fjhs'

² VCC - fuh Ok w.%h jk w;r thg + 5 l fjda,aàh;djla ,ndÈh hq;= h'
² OUT - m%;sodkh fuu.ska ,ndfohs' ^3'3 l fjda,àh;djla&

fuys ly mdáka olajd we;s iSreudre l< yels ia:dk fol ie,l+ úg
tllska ixfõokh jk ÿr fjkia l< yels w;r" wfkla ia:dkfhka ixfõokfha
m%;sodkh ,nd§ug .; jk ld,h fjkia l< yel'

(ii) w;sèjks ;rx. (ultrasonic waves) ixfõolh

fuu ixfõolfha isg hï jia;=jlg we;s ÿr .Kkh lsÍu fï u.ska isÿ
lrkq ,nhs' fuu .Kkh lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,nkafka ixfõolfhka ksl=;a lrkq ,nk
w;sèjks ;rx. wjg jia;=j, .eà kej; tu lsrKh mrdj¾;kfhka ixfõolhg
<`.dùug .;jk ld,h wkqjhs' ^rEmh 4'16 n,kak&

ndOlh

rEmh 4'16 - w;sèjks ;rx.

63
 fuu ixfõolfha l%shdldÍ;ajh jjq,l= úiska ;u .ukau. fidhd .kq ,nk
l%ufõohg iudk fõ' ^rEmh 4'17 n,kak&

w;sèjks ;rx. (ultrasonic waves)

fodaxldrh (echo)
rEmh 4'17 - w;sèjks ixfõolfha l%shdldÍ;ajh i`oyd WodyrK

w;s èjks ixfõolfha w.% my; rEmfha mßÈ fõ'

VCC (5V) GND

TRIGGER (5V) Echo Pin
rEmh 4'18 - ixfõolfha w.%

² GND - fuh RK w.%h fjhs'

² VCC - fuh Ok w.%h jk w;r thg + 5 l fjda,aàh;djla ,ndÈh hq;= h'
² TRIGGER - wdodkh .kS'
² ECHO - m%;sodkh fohs'

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 4'4" 4'5 iy 4'6 n,kak'

64
 idrdxYh
² laIqø md,l wka;¾.;h
uOH ieliqï tallh (Central Processing Unit)
u;lh (memory)
moaO;s fydardj (system clock)
Wmdx. (peripherals)

² Microcontroller Ndú; jk WmlrKj,ska iuyrla

laIqø ;rx. W`ÿk (microwave oven)
frÈ fidaok hka;%h (washing machine)
iQ¾h n, myk (solar lamp)
r:jdyk ix{d myka (traffic light)
mß.Kl uqølh (computer printer)
¥ria: md,l (remote controllers)

Microcontroller wka;¾.; úúO j¾.fha mqjre

1. micro:bit
2. Arduino
3. Raspberry pi
² fuu mqjre mß.Klhg iïnkaO lr fla; .; lsÍu isÿl< hq;=hs' úfYaIfhka
u uhsfl%dìÜ (micro:bit) Ndú;fha § tys íf,dla ixialdrlh (Block Editor)
Ndú; lr myiqfjka fla; .; lsÍu isÿl< yel'

65
5 mß.Kl cd,lrKh

fuu tallh yeoEÍfuka Tng"

² mß.Kl cd, iy tajdfha uQ,sl Wmdx.
² mß.Kl cd, u.ska ikaksfõokh
² mß.Kl cd, u.ska iïm;a fmdÿfõ Ndú;h

ms<sn`o wjfndaOhla ,efnkq we;'

5'1 mß.Kl cd,

uf.a ,smsfha uqøK msgm;la

uu ì;a;s mqj;am;g fï ,nd .kak;a ´kE' ta;a
mß.Klfhka ilia lrmq uqøK hka;%h iïnkaO
,smsfha uDÿ msgm; wfkla lr,d ;sfhkafk Thdf.a
whg;a fmkajkak wdihs' mß.Klhg fka o@ oeka
myiq l%uhla ;sfhkjd o@ fudlo ux lrkafka@

wehs Thd,d okafka keoao fï

úoHd.drfha mß.Kl tlsfkl iïnkaO
lr,hs ;sfhkafk' ta ksid wmsg myiqfjka
u tajd w;r uDÿ msgm;a yqjudre lr
.kak;a ´kE u mß.Klhl isg uqøK
msgm;a .kak;a mq¿jka'

66
 mdi,l" mß.Kl úoHd.drhl fyda fjk;a wdh;khl fyda we;s mß.Kl
tlsfkl yd iïnkaO lsÍu mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍu kï fõ'

mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍfuka ,efnk jdis lsysmhla

laIKsl mKsjqv
iy Bfï,a u.ska
cd,h Ndú;
lrkakka iu. Ñ;%l" mska;+r"
ikaksfõokh l< PdhdrEm" .S;" ùäfhda
yelsùu jeks úúO wdlD;sj,
wka;¾cd,hg
iïnkaOùug f.dkq fmdÿfõ Ndú;
yelsùu lsÍug yelsùu

mß.Kl cd, Tn leu;s mß.Kl

.; lsÍfï jdis l%Svd iy fjk;a
oDVdx. iy uDÿldx. fmdÿfõ
uDÿldx. Ndú; lsÍug yels
fmdÿfõ Ndú; ùu
lsÍug yelsùu
o;a; we;=<;a
f.dkq ;udg jeo.;a
fiajdodhlhl f;dr;=re cd,fha
(server) .nvd wdphkhl (storage)
lr we;s neúka ;ekam;a lr ;eîfï
o;a; Wmia: lsÍu yelshdj
(backup) myiq
ùu

rEmh 5'1 - mß.Kl cd,.; lsÍfuka we;s jdis

67
 mß.Kl cd, iïnkaO lsÍfï § fhdod .kq ,nk udOH

/yeka iys; l%uh /yeka rys; l%uh

rEmh 5'2 - mß.Kl cd, iïnkaO lsÍug fhdod .kq ,nk udOH

/yeka iys; cd,lrKfha § Ndú; jk udOH

m%ldY ;ka;= flan, weUß hq., flan,

rEmh 5'3 - /yeka iys; cd,lrKfha § Ndú; jk udOH

/yeka rys; l%ufha §

Ndú; jk udOH

wfOdarla; ;rx. íÆgQ;a wi-fi ;rx. f¾äfhda ;rx.

(infrared waves) (bluetooth) (wi-fi waves) (radio waves)

rEmh 5'4 - /yeka rys; cd,lrKfha § Ndú; jk udOH

68
 j.=j 5'1 - mß.Kl cd,lrKhg wjYH uQ,sl Wmdx.

mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍug wjYH uQ,sl Wmdx.

cd,hla ;=< uDÿldx." oDVdx." f.dkq iy
mKsjqv l<ukdlrKh fiajdodhlh u.ska isÿ
l< yel' wod< uDÿldx. ia:dmkh lrk ,o
idudkH mß.Klhla o fiajdodhl f,i Ndú;
l< yels h'

fiajdodhl
mß.Kl folla fyda Bg jeä m%udKhla
fyda w;r iïnkaO;djla f.dvke.Su i`oyd
ueÈy;alre f,i l%shd lrkafka iaúphhs'
cd,fha we;s mß.Klhlska fjk;a mß.Klhlg
fyda Wmdx.hlg fyda mKsúvhla fyda o;a; fyda
hjk úg fyda wod< mß.Klh fyda Wmdx.h
fyda ksjerÈj y`ÿkdf.k thg" tu mKsúvh iaúph
fyda o;a; fyda ,nd fohs'
Wod - tla mß.Klhlska uqøK úOdkh ÿka
úg" tu mKsúvh iaúph yryd th ,eìh hq;=
Wmdx.h - tkï uqølh - fj; hjkq ,nhs'

cd,lrK w;=re uqyqK;a ldâm;la (Network

Interface Card- NIC)

cd,lrK w;=re uqyqK;a ldâm;

RJ45 iïnkaOl iys; flan,a

RJ45 flan,h

69


igyk - ux yiqrej
ux yiqrej Ndú; lrkqfha tla mß.Kl cd,hla
mßndysr fjk;a mß.Kl cd,hlg fyda wka;¾cd,hg
fyda iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd h' Tn isák mß.Klh fyda cd,h
myiqfjka u wka;¾cd,hg iïnkaO lsÍug ux yiqrej Wmldr
fõ'
by; WmlrK Ndú; lr mß.Kl folla cd, .; lr we;s wdldrh my;
WodyrKfha oelafõ'

rEmh 5'5 - mß.Kl folla cd,.; lsÍu

mß.Kl cd,hl wdlD;shla

my; 5'6 rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ mß.Kl iaúph yryd fiajdodhl mß.Klhg
iïnkaO fõ'

mß.Klh 4

mß.Klh 3
fiajdodhlh
iaúph

mß.Klh 1 mß.Klh 2

rEmh 5'6 - mß.Kl cd,hl wdlD;shla

70
 l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 5'1 iy 5'2 n,kak'

5'2 iïm;a fnodyod .ekSug yd ikaksfõokhg

mß.Kl cd, Ndú; lsÍu
mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍfï uQ,sl wruqKq fudkjd oehs wms úuid n,uq'
mKsúv yqjudrej
ikaksfõokh messaging
lsÍu
B-;eme,A heùu
mß.Kl cd, e-mailing
.; lsÍfï uQ,sl
wruqKq uDÿldx. yd oDVdx.
software and hardware
iïm;a yjqf,a
Ndú; lsÍu o;a; iy f;dr;=re
data and information

5'2'1 mß.Kl cd,h Ndú; lsÍfuka ikaksfõokh

mß.Kl cd,hg iïnkaO ù isák Tfí ñ;=rka

iu. mKsúv yqjudre lr .ekSug Tng mq¿jk'
tfuka u cd,hg iïnkaO ù isák ish¨ fokdg
mKsúvhla tl jr heúh yels h'
fï i`oyd fufyhqï moaO;sfha úOdk f¾Ld
w;=re uqyqK; (Command Line Interface – CLI)
Ndú; lrkq ,nhs'

5'2'2 mß.Kl cd,h Ndú;fhka iïm;a yjqf,a ;nd .ekSu

WodyrK 1 - oDVdx. yjqf,a Ndú; lsÍu

uqølhla /yeka iys;j fyda /yeka rys;j fyda

mß.Kl cd,hlg iïnkaO lr th yjqf,a
;nd .; yels f,i ilia lsÍu u.ska mß.Kl
cd,hg m%fõY úh yels ish¨ fokdg tl u
uqølh yjqf,a Ndú; l< yels h'

71
yjqf,a Ndú; l< yels fjk;a Wmdx. i`oyd WodyrK

iqmÍlaIlh (scanner) *elaia hka;%h (fax machine)

Wmdx. yjqf,a Ndú; lsÍfuka we;sjk jdis

² mß.Kl jeä m%udKhla i`oyd tla oDVdx.hla yjqf,a Ndú; lsÍug yelsùu
² uqo,a b;sß lr .ekSug yelsùu
² ld,h b;sßùu

WodyrK 2 - uDÿldx. yjqf,a Ndú; lsÍu

tla tla mß.Klhla i`oyd fjka fjka jYfhka uDÿldx. n,m;% ñ, § .;
hq;= h' fï i`oyd úYd, uqo,la jeh fõ' tfy;a tu uDÿldx.j, nyq mßYS,l n,m;%
ñ, § .ekSfuka cd,h ;=< fmdÿfõ Ndú; lsÍug ,efí' tu.ska úYd, uqo,la b;sß
fõ'

WodyrK 3 - o;a; yd f;dr;=re yjqf,a Ndú;h

o;a; iy f;dr;=re yjqf,a Ndú; lr .ekSfuka .nvd Odß;dj" ld,h
iy uqo,a b;sß jk w;r tajd Ndú;fhka lrk ld¾hhkays ld¾hlaIu;dj iy
M,odhS;dj jeä fõ'

f.dkq nyd¨u
(file folder) f.dkq nyd¨ula cd,h ;=< yjqf,a ;nd .;a l, tu
f.dkq nyd¨u ;=< ;sfnk ish¨ j¾.fha f.dkq cd,fha
isák ish¨ mßYS,lhkag Ndú; l< yels fõ'
tneúka Tn jvd;a leu;s Ñ;%l" PdhdrEm" .S;" ùäfhda
hkdÈh Tfí ñ;=rka w;f¾ yjqf,a Ndú; lsÍug Tng
wjia:dj Wod fõ'

l%shdldrlï i`oyd jevfmdf;a 5'3 isg 5'8 olajd n,kak'

72

igyk - úOdk f¾Ld w;=re uqyqK; (Command Line Interface - CLI)
úOdk f¾Ld w;=re uqyK q ; hkq
mß.Klhg ,nd Èh hq;= úOdk mßYS,l úiska
wkqlñ% l mdG (text) f,i h;=re,shkh lsÍu
i|yd fhdod .kakd w;=re uqyK
q ;hs' Ñ;%l w;=re
uqyK
q ; y÷kajd§ug fmr mß.Kl fufyhqï
moaO;s ilia ù ;snf q Ka úOdk f¾Ld w;=re
uqyK
q ; iys;j h'
úOdk f¾Ld w;=re uqyqK;g wu;rj LAN Messenger, Net Send GUI,
POP Messenger jeks f;jk md¾Yajfha uDÿldx. Ndú;fhka o cd,h ;=<
myiqfjka ksfõokh l< yels h'

idrdxYh
mß.Kl cd,
² mß.Kl folla fyda jeä .Kkla fyda tlsfkl yd .kqfokq l< yels
wdldrhg iïnkaO l< úg th mß.Kl cd,hla f,i ie,lsh yels h'
² mß.Kl cd,.; lsÍfuka jdis /ila w;a jk w;r tys uQ,sl wruqK
jkafka iïm;a yjqf,a Ndú; lsÍu iy tlsfkl w;r ikaksfõokh
lsÍuhs'
mß.Kl cd, iïnkaO lsÍfï § fhdod .kakd l%u
² /yeka iys; l%uh (wired)
² /yeka rys; l%uh (wireless)
/yeka iys; l%ufha Ndú; jk udOH
² m%ldY ;ka;= flan, (optical fiber)
² weUß hq., flan, (twisted cable)
/yeka rys; l%ufha § Ndú; jk udOH
² wfOdarla; ;rx. (infrared waves)
² íÆgQ;a (Bluetooth)
² Wi-Fi ;rx. (Wi-Fi waves)
² f¾äfhda ;rx. (radio waves)

73
 mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍug wjYH uQ,sl Wmdx.
² cd,lrK w;=re uqyqK;a ldâm;la (Network Interface Card - NIC)
iys; mß.Kl
² iaúphla - switch
² iïnkaOl udOHhla
² fiajdodhlh (server)
³ mß.Kl cd,hl úúO ld¾hhka i|yd fjka l< fiajdodhl we;'
WodyrK f,i fjí fiajdodhl" f.dkq fiajdodhl" uqøl fiajdodhlh
hkdÈh oelaúh yels h'
³ cd,hla ;=< uDÿldx." oDVdx." f.dkq iy m‚jqv l<ukdlrKh
fiajdodhlh u.ska isÿflf¾'
³ wod< uDÿldx. ia:dmkh lrk ,o idudkH mß.Kl o fiajdodhl f,i
Ndú; l< yels h'
² iaúph (switch)
³ mß.Kl folla fyda Bg jeä m%udKhla fyda w;r iïnkaO;djla
f.dvke.Su i|yd ueÈy;alre f,i l%shd lrkafka iaúphhs'
³ cd,fha we;s mß.Klhlska fjk;a mß.Klhlg fyda Wmdx.hlg fyda
m‚úvhla fyda o;a; fyda hjk úg" iaúph úiska wod< mß.Klh fyda
Wmdx.h fyda ksjerÈj y÷kd f.k thg" tu m‚úvh fyda o;a; fyda
,nd fohs'
iïm;a fnodyod .ekSu yd ikaksfõokh
² mß.Kl cd,.; lsÍu ;=<k s a uDÿldx. (software)" oDVdx. (hardware) iy
o;a; iy f;dr;=re (data and information) yjqf,a Ndú; l< yels h'
² m‚úv heùu (messaging) iy B-;eme,a heùu (e-mailing) u.ska
tlsfkl w;r ikaksfõokh l< yels h'
f.dkq nyd¨ula yjqf,a Ndú; lsÍu
² f.dkq nyd¨ula cd,h ;=< fmdÿfõ .;a úg tu f.dkq nyd¨u ;=<
;sfnk ish¨ j¾.fha f.dkq" cd,fha isák ish¨ mßYS,lhkag yjqf,a
Ndú; l< yels fõ'

74
uqølh yjqf,a Ndú; lsÍu
² mß.Kl cd,hlg iïnkaO uqølhla fmdÿfõ ;nd .; yels f,i ilia
lsÍu u.ska mß.Kl cd,hg m%fõY úh yels ish¨ fokdg tu uqølh
yjqf,a Ndú; l< yels h'
mß.Kl cd,h Ndú; lsÍfuka ikaksfõokh
² mß.Kl cd,hg iïnkaO ù isák Tfí ñ;=rka iu. úOdk f¾Ld w;=re
uqyqK; (Command Line Interface - CLI) Ndú; lr m‚úv yqjudre
lr .ekSug Tng mq¿jk'

75
 6
f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok
;dlaIKh iy iudch

fuu tallh yeoEÍfuka Tng"

² f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ksid iudchSh jYfhka isÿ ù
we;s fjkialï

ms<sn`oj wjfndaOhla ,efnkq we;'

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ksid iudÔh

6'1
jYfhka isÿ ù we;s fjkialï lsysmhla

wfma mka;sfha b.ekaùï l%uh oeka

yß fjkia fj,d' wo úoHdj mdvug
mÍlaIK iys; ùäfhdajla fmkakqjd' Tõ' ta ;uhs
b;sydih mdvug wjYH mska;+r e - bf.kqu' f;dr;=re yd
mß.Klfhka fmkakqjd' ug oeka ta ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh iy
mdvï fyd`og u;lhs' bf.k .kak wka;¾cd,h fhdod .ksñka
wdid ysf;kjd' b.ekaùuhs" ta'

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok
;dlaIKh iy wka;¾cd,h
Ndú;h ksid fndfyda ;ekaj,
iEu lghq;a;la u jdf.a
ld¾hlaIu fj,d; fõ.j;a
fj,d' tjeks ia:dkj,ska wmg
,efnk fiajdjka fudkjd oehs
n,uq'

76
² mska;+r iy m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK iys;
ùäfhda o¾Yk u.ska meyeÈ,s lsÍu mdi, - e-bf.kqu
² wka;¾cd,h u.ska f;dr;=re fidhd
.ekSu
² fjk;a mdi,a iu. ixjdo iy
mKsúv yqjudrej
² ´kE u ;ekl isg ´kE u fõ,djl
wOHdmkh ,eìh yels ùu

frday, - e-fi!LH ² frda. y`ÿkd .ekSfï

mß.Kl mdol lr.;a
kùk WmlrK Ndú;h
² frda.shdf.a úia;r /ialr
;nd .ekSu iy wjYH jQ úg
,nd .ekSfï yelshdj

² ì,am;a f.ùfï fiajd

² wdlD;s m;%" Kh myiqlï úia;r rdcH fiajh - e-rdcH
² rdcH f;dr;=re flakaøh
² wka;¾cd,h Tiafia rcfha
úYajúoHd, i`oyd whÿï lsÍu
² pl% f,aLk" kS;s moaO;s
² .eiÜ m;% ,nd .; yelsùu
² Y%S ,xld is;shu

e-jdKsc
² wka;¾cd,h yryd NdKav
yqjudrej
² ud¾..; idmamq ijdßh
(online shopping) iy ñ, §
.ekSu

77
 l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 6'1 n,kak'

f,dalfha iuyr rgj,a ;ju;a f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

f.dvdla ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk fhdod .ekSu rgl ÈhqKqjg fya;=
;;a;ajfha fkao@ fï úÈhg jk nj wfma àp¾ lshd ÿkakd' ta;a
ÈhqKq" ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk iuyr rgj,g kj ;dlaIKhg
;;a;ajfha fNaohla we;sùug <`.dùug ;ju;a neßfj,d''' iuyr
n,mdk iuyr fya;= Thd rgj,a miqnEulg ,lafj,d'
okakjd o@

wxls; fn§u

mß.Klh iy wka;¾cd,h jeks kj f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK

Wmdx. iy iïm;a Ndú;h i`oyd myiqlï ;sîu$fkd;sîu ksid iudchla ;=< we;sù
;sfnk fn§u wxls; fn§u f,iska oelafõ'

78
 l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 6'2 n,kak'

fï n,kak! yeu ;ek u

Tõ' fï wmøjH w;ßka Nhdkl u
wmøjH neyer lr,d'
wmøjH jkafka úoHq;a wmøjHhs' tajd
mßirh u wmú;% fj,d'
ksid mßirh wmú;% fjkjd ú;rla
fkfuhs tajdhska msg fjk úI øjH
ksid wms yefudaf.a u Ôú;j,g
fuka u mßir moaO;shg o ydks isÿ
jkjd'

øj iaMál m%o¾Ylh
ixhqla; ;eá yd
uõ mqjrej ljr lef;dav lsrK k<h
iys; ;srh

úkdYldÍ úoHq;a wmøjH

lsysmhla
uqølh
cx.u ÿrl:kh

h;=re mqjrej yd uQislh

/yeka CFL n,an úoHq;a fldaI
rEmh 6'1 ) úoHq;a wmøjH (e waste)

79
 úoHq;a wmøjH ksid we;s úh yels úI j¾. iy tu.ska
ñksidg isÿ úh yels ydks

fi,kshï f,â ^Bhï&

ysiflia" kshfmd;= fud<h" wlaudj iy
.e,ù hdu" reêr Odjkfha úlD;s
wdid;añl;d we;s
lrhs' fmd,ssj
fnß,shï laf,darhsâ
fmKye,s ms<sld" yqiau ^ma,diaála ms,siaiSfuka
.ekSfï wmyiq;d we;s jk jdhqj& Yaajdi
kd< wdndO
u¾lß
fíßhï
iakdhq wdndO" wlaudjg
fud<fha bÈóu" udxi
ydksùu
fmaYs ÿ¾j,;dj" yDo
lafrdañhï ydksh
fkdfhl=;A fn%dñfkagâ *af,aï
wdid;añl;d
ßgdvkaia (BFRs)
wdiksla YdÍßl ÿ¾j,;d
ms<sld" iakdhq wdndO"
fmd,slaf,daßfkagâ
yfï frda.
nhsfmks,aia
Ürhslf
a ,dafrdt;s,k
S a wlaudj" Yajik
(TEC) moaO;sh úkdY lsÍu"
wlaudjg iy ms<sld we;sùu
ms;a;dYhg ydks lrhs'
<ore urK vfhdlaiska iy
*¾kaia
leâñhï
jl=.vq ÿ¾j,;d" yfï frda." iakdhq
wiaÓ >k;ajhg ydks" ÿ¾j,;d" ms<sld
ms<sld ldrlhls'
6'2 ) úoHq;a wmøjH ksid we;sjk ydks'
uQ,dY%h : ewise.co.nz/the-impact-of-ewate/

80
 3R l%ufõoh yryd úoHq;a wmøjH wju lruq

² wkjYH NdKav tla/ia lsÍu yd ñ, § .ekSu

wju lruq - Reduce
² yels iEu úg u w¨;ajeähd lr kej; Ndú;
lruq - Reuse
² wkjYH ish,a, m%;spl%SlrKh lsÍu i`oyd
iqÿiq wdh;kj,g Ndr fouq - Recycle

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 6'3" 6'4 iy 6'5 n,kak'

6'2 mß.Kl wdY%s; /lshd wjia:d

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok Tõ' wo /lshd lafIa;%fha

;dlaIKh wdY%s; úIhhka f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok
bf.k .ekSfuka wmg /lshdjla ;dlaIKh wdY%s; úIhhka bf.k
fidhd .kak myiq fjhs o@ ta .;a whg fndfyda
/lshd wjia:d fudkjd o@ /lshd wjia:d ;sfhkjd' tajd iy
tajdfhys ld¾h
fudkjd o lshd oek .ksuq'

81
 uDÿldx. ;;a;aj iy;sl bxðfkare o;a; iuqodh mßmd,l
Software Quality Assurance Engineer Database Administrator

uDÿldx. fla; mÍlaId lsÍu iy o;a; iuqodh ie,iqï lsÍu" ia:dmkh

uDÿldx.fha ;;a;ajh iy;sl lsÍu lsÍu" úkHdi.; lsÍu iy fodaI
.fõIKh lsÍu

uDÿldx. bxðfkare fjí wvú fh§ï ixj¾Oklre

Software Engineer Web Application Developer

uDÿldx. ks¾udKh lsÍu fjí wvú ks¾udKh" ixj¾Okh yd

hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu

uDÿldx. ks¾udK Ys,ams Ñ;%l ks¾udKlre

Software Architect Graphic Designer

by< uÜgfï uDÿldx. ks¾udKh fjí msgq" fjf<`o oekaùï" i`.rd"

lsÍu" iqÿiq uDÿldx. ks¾udK Ys,amh nek¾ wdÈh mß.Kl wdY%fhka
f;dard .ekSu fyda ks¾udKh ks¾udKh lsÍu

jevigyka l%uf,aLl moaO;s úYaf,aIl

Programmer System Analyst

fkdfhl=;a mß.Kl NdId Ndú; wdh;kj, wjYH;d úYaf,aIKh

lrñka jevigyka iïmdokh lsÍu lrñka mß.Kl moaO;s ks¾udKh
lsÍu" l%uf,aLlhka úiska moaO;s
f.dvk.k wdldrh úu¾Ykh lsÍu

cd, mßmd,l ;dlaIKsl u. fmkajkakd

Network Administrator IT Consultant

mß.Kl cd, ia:dmkh lsÍu" f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

kv;a;=j" w¨;ajeähdj jeks cd, ms<sn`oj Wmfoia wdh;kj,g ,nd§u
iïnkaO l%shdldrlï lsÍu

82
 l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 6'6 iy 6'7 n,kak'

idrdxYh

² wOHdmkh" fi!LH lafIa;%h" jdKsscHh" rdcH fiajh wd§ lafIa;%j, f;dr;=re

yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu tajdfha ld¾hlaIu;djg fya;= ù
we;'
² mß.Kl iy wka;¾cd,h Ndú;hg we;s fyda ke;s nj wkqj ñksiqka w;r
fn§ula we;s ù ;sfí' fuh wxls; fn§u kï fõ'
² úoHq;a wmøjH ksis f,i neyer fkdlsÍu ñksid we;=¿ ish¨ u i;a;ajhskaf.a
Ôú;j,g ;¾ckhls'
² úoHq;a wmøjH ksis f,i neyer lsÍu i|yd 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
ixl,amh fhdod .; yels h'
² f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh wdY%s; /lshd rdYshla we;'

83
 English-Sinhala-Tamil Glossary
No English Sinhala Tamil

1. abstract model වියුක්ත තවෘතිය fUj;jpay; khjpup

2. acceptance testing පරතිගහ

ර ණ පරීක්ෂොව Vw;Gr; Nrhjid

3. access privilege පරතේශීතේ වරපරසොදය mZfy; cupik

4. agile model සුචකය තවෘතිය RWRWg;G khjpup

5. alternate key විවක්ප යතුර khw;Wr; rhtp

6. American Standard තතොරතුරු හුවමොරුව සඳහො වූ jfty;

Code for Information තමපතවොනු සේමත තක්තය ,ilkhw;Wf;fhd
Interchange (ASCII) mnkupf;f epak
tpjpf;Nfhit

7. amplitude විස්තොරය tPr;rk;

8. amplitude modulation විස්තොර මූරඡනොව tPr;rg; gz;Ngw;wk;

9. analog පරතිසම xg;Gik

10. anchor රැඳවුම epiy epWj;jp

11. application layer අනුපරතයෝග ස්ථරය gpuNahf mLf;F

12. architecture නිරියතය fl;likg;G

13. arithmetic and logical අාව ගණිත හො තොරකිව vz;fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f
unit (ALU) ඒවවය myF

14. array අරොව mzp

15. artificial intelligence වෘතිම ෙුද්ධිය nraw;if Ez;zwpT

16. Affective computing ෙුද්ධිමත් සහ චිත්තතේගී Ez;zwpT

පපතගණනය czu;jpwd;kpf;f
fzpj;jy;

17. associative law සාඝ්‍ටන නයොය $l;L tpjp

18. attenuation වැහැරීම/හොයනය neha;ik

19. attribute උපකැකිය /ගුණය/ උපකක්ෂණය gz;Gfs;

20. authoring tool සේපොදන තමවකම gilg;ghf;ff; fUtp

21. Automated Teller ස්වයාවෘත මුදක් ගනුතදනු jhdpaq;fpg; gzk;

Machine (ATM) යන්තරය ifahs;; ,ae;jpuk;

84 115
22. autonomous ස්වයාපොකව/ RahjPd
ස්වතන්තර/ස්වොයත්ත

23. axiom ස්වසිද්ධිය/පරතයක්ෂය ntspg;gil cz;ik

24. backups උපස්ථ fhg;ngLj;jy;

25. bandwidth වකොප පළක/ෙඳස් පළක gl;il mfyk;

26. batch processing වොණ්ය සැවසුම njhFjp

Kiwtopahf;fk;

27. big data මහො දත්ත ngupa juT

28. binary ද්විමය Jtpjk;> ,Ukk;

29. binary coded decimal ද්ීමය තක්තිව දශමය ,Ukf; FwpKiw jrkk;
(BCD)

30. bio-inspired computing දජව තපර්පතත පපතගණනය/ capupay; cs;sPu;g;Gf;

දජව අනුතපර්පතත පපතගණනය fzpg;G

31. bit coin බිටු වොසි Ez;fld; gzk;

nrYj;jy;

32. bitwise බිටු අනුසොපතත gpl; thup

33. bitwise logical බිටු අනුසොපතත තොරකිව gpl; thup jHf;fr;

operation තමතහයුේ nraw;ghL

34. black box testing වොක මාජුසො පරීක්ෂොව fWg;Gg;ngl;br; Nrhjpg;G

35. blogging තව සටහනය tiyg;gjptply;

36. boot–up පරතේශනය njhlq;Fjy;

37. broadcasting විවොශනය njhiygug;gy;

38. browsing අතපතක්සීම NkNyhly;

39. bubble sort ෙුෙුළු තත්රීම/ යො-සැසුනේ Fkpop tifg;gLj;jy;

තත්රීම

40. built-in තුළෙැඳි / තිළැකි cl;nghjpe;j

41. business process re- වයොපොර �යොවකිතය් පරති tzpf nray;Kiw

engineering (BPR) ඉාජිතන්රුවරණය kPs;fl;likg;G

42. candidate key නිරූපය යතුර gpujpepjpj;Jtr; rhtp

43. cardinality ගණනීයතොව vz;zsit

44. cathode ray tube (CRT) වැතතෝය කිරණ නකය fNjhl;Lf; fjpu; Foha;

116 85
45. central processing unit මධ්‍ය සැවසුේ ඒවවය kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L
(CPU) myF

46. characteristics ගති කක්ෂණ / ස්වකක්ෂණ rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

47. check box සකවුණු තවොටුව rupghu;g;Gg; ngl;b

48. client-server model තස්වො තයෝජව-තස්වො දොයව Nritg; gadu; khjpup

තවෘතිය

49. clock ස්පන්දවය fbfhuk;

50. cloud computing වකොවුළු පපතගණනය Nkff; fzpik

51. coaxial cable සමක්ෂව තක්ෙකය Xur;R tlk;

52. code editor තක්ත සාස්වොරව FwpKiw njhFg;gp

53. comment විවරණය tpsf;ff; Fwpg;G

54. commutative law නයොයතද්ශ නයොය gupkhw;W tpjp

55. compact disc සුසාහිත ඩිස්වය Xspapay; tl;L

56. compatibility ගැළපුම nghUe;Jif

57. compiler සේපොදවය njhFg;ghd;

58. component සාරචවය $W

59. composite key සායුක්ත යතුර $l;Lr; rhtp

60. constant නියතය khwpyp

61. content management අන්තරගත වළමනොවරණ cs;slf;f

system (CMS) පද්ධ්‍තිය Kfhikj;Jt Kiwik

62. context switching සන්දරභ සුවිචනය re;ju;g;g epiykhw;wy;

63. contiguous allocation යොෙද විභොජනය mLj;jLj;jhd xJf;fL

P

64. control structure පොකන වූහය fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;G

65. control unit (CU) පොකන ඒවවය fl;Lg;ghl;lyF

66. credit card ණයපත fldl;il

67. customization අභිරුචිවරණය jdpg;gadhf;fy;

68. data දත්ත juT

69. data and control bus දත්ත සහ පොකන පථ juTk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg;

ghl;ilAk;

86 117
70. database management දත්ත සමුදාය කළමනාකරණ juTj;js Kfhikj;Jt
70. database management දත්
පද්ධතත�සමුදාය කළමනාකරණ juTj;js Kfhikj;Jt
Kiwik
system (DBMS)
system (DBMS) පද්ධත� Kiwik
71. data definition දත්ත නි�ව�න භාෂාව juT tiuaiw nkhop
71. data definition
language ( DDL)
දත්ත නි�ව�න භාෂාව juT tiuaiw nkhop
language ( DDL)
72. data dictionary දත්ත ශ�දෙක�ෂය juT mfuhjp
72. data dictionary දත්ත ශ�දෙක�ෂය juT mfuhjp
73. data flow diagram දත්ත ගැල�� සටහන juT gha;r;ry; tiuglk;
73. data flow diagram දත්ත ගැල�� සටහන juT gha;r;ry; tiuglk;
74. data flow model දත්ත ගැල�� ආකෘත�ය juT gha;r;ry; khjpup
74. data
(DFM)flow model දත්ත ගැල�� ආකෘත�ය juT gha;r;ry; khjpup
(DFM)
75. data link layer දත්ත සබැඳ� ස්ථරය juT ,izg;G mLf;F
75. data link layer දත්ත සබැඳ� ස්ථරය juT ,izg;G mLf;F
76. data manipulating දත්ත හැසු�� බස juT ifahsy; nkhop
76. data manipulating
language ( DML)
දත්ත හැසු�� බස juT ifahsy; nkhop
language ( DML)
77. data migration දත්ත ප�යටනය juT ngau;r;rp
77. data migration දත්ත ප�යටනය juT ngau;r;rp
78. debugging නිෙදාස් ��ම tO ePf;fy;
78. debugging නිෙදාස් ��ම tO ePf;fy;
79. ත�රණ සහාය පද්ධත� jPu;khd cjT Kiwik
79. decision support ත�රණ සහාය පද්ධත� jPu;khd cjT Kiwik
decision support
system (DSS)
system (DSS)
80. declarative ප�කාශාත්මක mwptpg;G
80. declarative ප�කාශාත්මක mwptpg;G
81. default values ෙපරනි� අගය ,ay;Gepiy kjpg;G
81. default values ෙපරනි� අගය ,ay;Gepiy kjpg;G
82. defragmentation ප�ත����නය Jzpf;if ePf;fy;
82. defragmentation ප�ත����නය Jzpf;if ePf;fy;
83. demodulation �මූ��නය gz;gpwf;fk;
83. demodulation �මූ��නය gz;gpwf;fk;
84. device උපාංගය / උප�මය rhjdk;
84. device උපාංගය / උප�මය rhjdk;
85. device driver උපාංග ධාවක මෘ�කාංග rhjdr;; nrYj;jp
85. device driver උපාංග ධාවක මෘ�කාංග rhjdr;; nrYj;jp
86. digital අං�ත ,yf;f Kiw
86. digital අං�ත ,yf;f Kiw
87. digital camera අං�ත කැමරාව ,yf;fKiwg; glf;fUtp
87. digital camera අං�ත කැමරාව ,yf;fKiwg; glf;fUtp
88. digital economy අං�ත ආ��කය ,yf;fKiwg;
88. digital economy අං�ත ආ��කය ,yf; fKiwg;
nghUshjhuk;
nghUshjhuk;
89. digitizer සං��ාංකකය ,yf;fkhf;fp
89. digitizer සං��ාංකකය ,yf;fkhf;fp
90. direct implementation සෘජ�ස්ථාපනය Neub mKyhf;fk;
90. direct implementation සෘජ�ස්ථාපනය Neub mKyhf;fk;
91. disk formatting තැ�/�සක හැ�ස� ගැන්�ම tl;L tbtikg;G
91. disk formatting තැ�/�සක හැ�ස� ගැන්�ම tl;L tbtikg;G
92. distortion �කෘත�ය jpupG
92. distortion �කෘත�ය jpupG

118 87
118
93. distributive law ��ටන න�ාය gq;fPl;L tpjp

94. document flow ෙල්ඛන ගැල�� සටහන Mtzg; gha;r;ry;

diagram tiuglk;

95. domain වසම Ms;fsk;

96. domain name server වස� නාම ෙස්වාදායකය Ms;fsg; ngau;

(DNS) Nritafk;

97. domain name system වස� නාම පද්ධත�ය Ms;fsg; ngau;

(DNS) Kiwik

98. dynamic host ගත�ක ධාරක පාලන නියමාවල�ය khWk; tpUe;Njhk;gp

configuration protocol cs;sikT newpKiw
(DHCP)

99. dynamic web page ගත�ක ෙව� ප�ට� ,af;Fepiy

tiyg;gf;fk;

100. e-commerce �ද�ත් වානි��ය kpd; tu;j;jfk;

101. economical feasibility ���ක �ක�තාව nghUshjhur;

rhj;jpag;ghL

102. elementary process මුල�ක �යාවල� �ස්තරය mbg;gilr; nra;Kiw

description(EPD) tpgupg;G

103. e-market place ඉ-ෙවළඳ ෙපාළ ,yj;jpudpay; re;ij

,lk;

104. encryption ග�ප්ත ෙ�තනය kiwFwpahf;fk;

105. enterprise resource ව�වසාය ස�පත් සැලසු� epWtd %yts

planning system පද්ධත�ය jpl;lkply; Kiwik
(ERPS)

106. entity භ�තා��ය/අභිභත

� ත්වය/සත්තාව epiynghUs;

107. entity identifier භ�තා��/අභිභත

� ත්වය epiynghUs;;
හ�න්වනය milahsq;fhl;b

108. entity relationship(ER) භ�තා�� ස��න්ධතා epiynghUs;

diagram �පසටහන cwTKiw ml;ltiz

109. executable �යාත්මක කළ හැ� ,af;fj;jF

110. executive support �ධායක සහාය පද්ධත�ය epiwNtw;W cjT

system (ESS) Kiwik

111. expert system �ෙ�්ෂඥ පද්ධත�ය epGzj;Jt Kiwik

88 119
112. extended binary coded �ස්තෘත ද්�මය ෙ�තක දශම ePbj;j Jtpj FwpKiw
decimal interchange jrk ,lkhw;wf; Fwp
cod (EBCDIC)

113. extended entity �ස්තෘත භ�තා�ථ ස��න්ධතා tpupthf;fg;gl;l

relationship (ER) �ප සටහන epiynghUs;
diagram cwTKiw ml;ltiz

114. feasibility study ශක�තා අධ�යනය rhj;jpag;ghL fw;if

115. feedback loop ප�ත�ෙප��ණ �පය gpd;D}l;ly; tisak;

116. fetch-execute cycle ආහරණ-�යාකරව�� ච�ය jUtpg;G epiwNtw;Wr;

Row;rp

117. fiber optic ප�කාශ තන්ත� ,io xspapay;

118. file ෙගානුව Nfhg;G

119. file hierarchy ෙගානු ධුරාවල�ය Nfhg;G gbepiy

120. firewall ගිනි පව�ර jPr;Rtu;

121. normal form ප�ථම ප�මත අවස්ථාව ,ay;ghf;fy; tbtk;

122. fixed internal hard disk අචල අභ�න්තර දෘඪ තැ� epiyahd cs;sf
td;jl;L

123. flash memory සැණ/ ���ක මතකය gspr;rPl;L epidtfk;

124. flash memory card සැණ/ ���ක මතක පත gsPr;rpl;L epidtf

ml;il

125. flat file system ඒක ෙගානු පද්ධත�ය rkjsf; Nfhg;G

Kiwik

126. flip-flop ප�ළ�-ෙපාළ vO-tpO

127. float ඉප�ල�ම/ඉප�ල�ම kpjit

128. floppy disk නම� තැ�ය nefpo; tl;L

129. flow chart ගැල�� සටහන gha;r;rw; Nfhl;Lg;glk;

130. folder ෙගානු �හ�ම Nfhg;Giw

131. foreign key ආගන්ත�ක යත�ර me;epar;rhtp

132. formatting හැ�ස� ගැන්�ම tbtikj;jy;

133. frame රාමුව rl;lfk;

134. frequency modulation ස���ාත මූ��නය mjpu;ntz; gz;Ngw;wy;

120 89
135. full adder ප��ණාකලකය KOikf; $l;b

136. function ශ�ත

ි ය / කා�යය rhu;G

137. functional dependency කා�ය බද්ධ පරායත්තතාව nray; rhu;Gepiy

138. functional requirement කා�ය බද්ධ අවශ�තාව nray;gL Njit

139. quantum computing �ෙවාන්ට� ප�ගණනය nrhl;L fzpg;G

mbg;gil

140. gateway ෙදාරට� මඟ / වාසල් ද්වාරය Eiothapy;

/වාහල්ෙදාර

141. genetic algorithm සහජ ඇල්ෙගා�දමය kugZ topKiw

142. geographical භ�ෙග�ල�ය ෙතාරත�� පද්ධත�ය Gtpapay; jfty;

information /�හිතැන් ෙතාරත�� පද්ධත�ය Kiwik
system(GIS)

143. graph plotter ප�ස්තාර ලක�ණ�කරණය gltiuap

144. graphic tablet �ත�කඵලකය tiutpay; tptukhf;fp

145. grid computing ජාලක ප�ගණනය Nfhl;Lr;rl;lff; fzpik

146. guided media නියමු මාධ� topgLj;jg;gl;l Clfk;

147. half adder අ�ධාකලකය miu $l;b

148. hand trace හස්තානුෙ��නය ifr; RtLfs;

149. hard disk දැ� තැ�ය / දෘඪ �ස්කය td;jl;L

150. hardware දෘඪාංග td;nghUs;

151. hexadecimal �� දශමය gjpdWkk;

152. hierarchical model ධූරාවල� ආකෘත�ය gbepiy khjpup

153. host සත්කාරකය tpUe;Njhk;gp

154. hub නාභිය Ftpad;

155. human operator �නිස්�යාක�ෙව� kdpj ,af;Fgtu;

156. hybrid approach ෙදමුහුන් ප�ෙ�ශය fyg;G mZfy;

157. hyperlink අ�ස�බන්ධකය kP ,izg;G

158. Integrated circuits ( IC) අනුකල�ත ප�ප� xUq;fpize;j Rw;W

159. icon නි�පකය rpW glk;

90 121
160. identity ස�වසාම� milahsk;

161. image �පය gbkk;

162. imperative �ධානාත්මක fl;lis

163. incremental ව�ධනාත්මක VWkhd> mjpfupg;G

164. indexed allocation අනු��ක ��ාජනය Rl;b xJf;fL

P

165. information ෙතාරත�� jfty;

166. inkjet printer ත�න්ත ��� මු�කය ikj;-jhiumr;Rg;nghwp

167. instant messaging ��නික ප�ව�ඩ යැ�ම cldbr; nra;jpaply;

168. integrated development සෙම�ධානික xUq;fpize;j tpUj;jp

environment(IDE) R+oy;
ස�ව�ධන ප�සරය

169. integration test අනුකලන ප���ණය xUq;fpize;j Nrhjpg;G

170. intelligent and බුද්�මත් සහ �ත්තෙ�ගී Ez;zwpTk;

emotional computing ප�ගණනය czu;jpwDkpf;f
fzpj;jy;

171. interface අත�� මුහුණ ,ilKfk;

172. internet service අන්ත�ජාල ෙස්වය සපයන්නා ,izar; Nrit

provider( ISP) toq;Fdu;

173. interpreter අ���න�ාසකය nkhopkhw;wp

174. interrupt අත�� ��ම ,ilA+W

175. intranet අන්ත:ජාලය/ අන්ෙත�ජාල mftpizak;

176. internet of things (IoT) සා�ව �ව� අනත් �ජාලය/ nghUl;fspd; ,izak;
සබැඳ� �ව� අන්ත�ජාලය

177. iteration ප�න�කරණය kPs; nray;

178. karnaugh map කාෙන� සිත�යම fhNdh tiuglk;

179. knowledge දැනු� කළමනාකරණ පද්ධත�ය mwpT Kfhikj;Jt

management system( Kiwik
KMS)

180. large scale integration ��ාල ප�මාණෙය් අණ�කලනය ghupa msT

(LSI) xUq;fpizg;G

181. latency පමාව/ග�ප්තතාව kiwepiy

91
122
182. least significant අඩුමෙවෙසසි rpWk kjpg;G

183. legend �ස්තර පාඨය Fwp tpsf;fk;

184. life cycle of data දත්ත �වන ච�ය juT tho;fi

; f tl;lk;

185. light emitting ආෙල�ක �ෙම�චක ද�ෙය�ඩ xspfhYk; ,Uthapj;

diode(LED) display සන්ද�ශකය jpiu / xsp ckpOk;
,U Kidak;

186. linked allocation සබැඳ� ��ාජනය ,izg;G xJf;fL

P

187. linker සන්ධාරකය ,izg;gp

188. liquid crystal display( �වස්��ක සන්ද�ශකය jputg;gspq;Ff; fzpdpj;

LCD) jpiu

189. list ලැයිස්ත�ව gl;bay;

190. liveware �වා�� capu; nghUs;

191. local publishing ස්ථානීය ප�සිද්ධ ��ම cs;sf ntspaPL

192. local area network ස්ථානීය ප�ෙද්ශ ජාලය ,lj;Jup tiyaikg;G

(LAN)

193. logic gate තා��ක ද්වාරය ju;f;fg; gliy

194. Logical Data තා��ක දත්ත ආකෘත�කරණය ju;f;fj; juT

Modeling( LDM) khjpupAUthf;fy;

195. logical data structure තා��ක දත්ත ව�හය ju;f

; f
; j; juTf;
fl;likg;G

196. logical design tools තා��ක සැලසු� ෙමවල� ju;f;f tbtikg;Gf;

fUtp

197. looping �පනය tisa tuy;

198. machine code යන්ත� ෙ�තය ,ae;jpuf; FwpaPL

199. machine-machine යන්ත�-යන්ත� සහපැවැත්ම ,ae;jpu- ,ae;jpu

coexistence xUq;fpUj;jy;;

200. magnetic ink character ච��බ�ත ත�න්ත අනු ලක�ණ� fhe;j ik vOj;JU
reader( MICR) �යවනය thrpg;ghd;;

201. magnetic stripe reader ච��බක ත�� �යවනය fhe;jg;gl;b thrpg;ghd;

202. magnetic tape ච���ක ප�ය fhe;j ehlh

203. malware අනිශ්ඨ මා�කා�� jPk;nghUs;

92
123
204. management කළමනාකරණ ෙතාරත�� Kfhikj;Jt jfty;
information system පද්ධත�ය Kiwik
(MIS)

205. man-machine �නිස-් යන්ත� සහපැවැත්ම kdpjd; - ,ae;jpuk;

coexistence xUq;fpUj;jy;;

206. media access control මාධ� ප�ෙ�� පාලක Clf mZfy;

(MAC) fl;Lg;ghL

207. memory management මතක කළමනාකරණ ඒකකය epidtf Kfhikj;Jt

unit( MMU) myF

208. mesh topology බැඳ� ස්ථලකය fz;zp ,lj;jpay;

209. microprocessor ���� සකසනය Ez;nrayp

210. microwave ���� තරංග Ez;ziy

211. mini disk ක�ඩා තැ�ය rpW tl;L

212. mobile computing ජංගම ප�ගණනය nry;yplf; fzpik

213. mobile marketing ජංගම අෙළ�කරණය nry;yplr;

re;ijg;gLj;jy;

214. modularization ෙමා�යුලකරණය $W epiyahf;fk;

215. modulation මූ�ජනය gz;Ngw;wk;

216. most significant වැ�ම ෙවෙසසි mjpAau; kjpg;G

217. mother board මව� ප�ව�ව jha;g;gyif

218. multi agent systems බහු කාරක පද්ධත� gy;Kftu; Kiwik

219. multi user-multi task බහු ප��ීලක - බහු කා�යය gw;gadu;-gw;gzp

220. multi-core processors බහු හර සකසන gy;fU nrayp

221. multimedia objects බහු මාධ� වස්ත� gy;Y}lf nghUs;

222. multiplexer බහු පථකාරකය gy;Nru;g;gp

223. multiplexing බහු පථකරණය gy;Nru;g;G

224. multiprocessing බහු සැකසුම gd;Kiwtopahf;fp

225. multitasking බහුකා�ය ��ම gw;gzp

226. multi-threading බහු-අනු�යායනය gy; nray;$W

227. nature inspired ප�කෘත� ෙප�්�ත ප�ගණනය/ ,aw;if cs;sPu;g;Gf;

124
93
 computing ප�කෘත� අනුෙප�්�ත ප�ගණනය fzpg;G

228. nested loop නී�ත �පය ePbj;j tisak;

229. network addresses ජාල ෙයාමු ප�ව�තනය tiyaikg;G Kftup

translating (NAT) ngau;g;G

230. network architecture ජාල නි��තය tiyaikg;Gf;

fl;likg;G

231. network layer ජාල ස්ථරය tiyaikg;G mLf;F

232. network model ජාල ආකෘත�ය tiyaikg;G khjpup

233. neural network ස්නායුක ජාලය euk;gpay; tiyaikg;G

234. non-functional කා�ය�ද්ධ ෙනාවන අවශ�තාව nray;rhuhj; Njitfs;

requirement

235. normalization ප�මතකරණය ,ay;ghf;fy;

236. null අභිශ�න� ntw;W

237. object code වස්ත� ෙ�ත/ nghUs; Fwp

238. object oriented වස්ත� නැඹු� / පාදක nghUs; Nehf;Fila

239. object- relational වස්ත�-ස��න්ධක ආකෘත�ය nghUs; cwTepiy

model khjpup

240. octal අෂ්ටමය vz;kk;

241. office automation කා�යාල ස්වයංකරණ පද්ධත�ය mYtyfj; jd;dpaf;f

system (OAS) Kiwik

242. offline මා�ග අපගත/ මා�ගගත njhluW epiy

ෙනාවන

243. one’s compliment එෙකහි අනුප�රකය Xd;wpd; epug;gp

244. online මා�ගගත njhluwh epiy

245. open source �වෘත මූලාශ� jpwe;j %yk;

246. operational feasibility ෙමෙහයු� ශක�තාව nraw;ghl;Lr;

rhj;jpag;ghL

247. operator category කාරක ප�ව�ගය nrayp tif

248. operator precedence කාරක ප�මුඛතා nrayp Kd;Dupik

249. optical character reader ප�කාශ අණ� ලක�ණ� �යවනය xspapay; vOj;JU
(OCR) thrpg;ghd;;

94 125
250. optical mark reader ප�කාශ ලක�ණ� �යවනය fhe;j ik vOj;JU
(OMR) thrpg;ghd;

251. output ප�ත�දානය ntspaP;L

252. packet switching ෙපාද� හුවමා�ව nghjp kilkhw;wy;

253. paging ප�ට�කරනය gf;fkply;

254. paradigm සුසමාද�ශය/ Nfhl;ghl;Lr; rl;lfk;

ප�ත�මානය/ප�ත��පය

255. parallel සමාන්තර ස්ථාපනය rkhe;ju mKyhf;fk;

implementation

256. parameter passing පරා�ත� ය��ම gukhdf; flj;jy;

257. parity සමතාව rkepiy

258. password මුර පදය flTr;nrhy;

259. payment gateway ෙගව�� වාසල් ද්වාරය gzf; nfhLg;gdT

Eiothapy;

260. periodic refreshing �ව�ත ප�ෙබ�ධකරණය fhyKiw GJg;gpj;jy;

261. peripheral device ප�යන්ත උපාංගය / උප�මය Gwr; rhjdk;

262. phablet ���ල� ngg;yl;

263. phased implementation �ව�ස්ථාපනය / ප�යවර fl;l mKyhf;fy;

�යාත්මක��ම

264. phase modulation කලා මු��නය epiy gz;Ngw;wk;

265. phishing තත�බෑම topg;gwpj;jy;

266. physical layer ෙභෟත�ක ස්ථරය ngsjPf mLf;F

267. physical memory ෙභෟත�ක මතකය ngsjPf epidtfk;

268. pilot implementation නියාමක ස්ථාපනය / නියාමක Kd;Ndhb mKyhf;fy;

�යාත්මක ��ම

269. piracy ෙචෟරත්වය/ ���නය fsT

270. pirated software ෙචෟර/���ත ම��කාංග jpUl;L nkd;nghUs;

271. plagiarism ග�න්ථ/රචනා ෙචෟ�යය fUj;Jj; jpUl;L

272. point to point ඍජ� ල��� ස�බන්ධතාව Xd;Wlndhd;W

connection ,izg;G

95
126
273. pointing device දැ�ව�� උපාංගය Rl;b rhjdk;

274. port ෙකෙවනිය thapy;> Jiw

275. portable external hard ජංගම/සුවහනීය බාහිර දෘඪ fhtj;jF Gw td;jl;L

disk තැ�ය

276. portal ද්වාරය/ ආමුඛද්වාරය tiythry;

277. Point of sale (POS) �ක�ණ�� ෙපාල යන්ත� tpw;gid ,l ,ae;jpuk;

machine

278. postulate උපකල්පනය vLNfhs;

279. power supply ��ල� සැපයුම/ජව සැපයුම kpd; toq;fp

280. presence check තථ�තා ප��ෂාව ,Uj;jy; rupghu;jj

; y;

281. presentation layer සම�පන/ඉද��පත් ��� ස්ථරය Kd;itg;G mLf;F

282. primary key ප�ාථ�ක/මුල් යත�ර Kjd;ikr; rhtp

283. primitive data type ප�ාථ�ක දත්ත ව�ගය G+u;tPfj; juT tif

284. privacy ෙපෟද්ගල�කත්වය me;juq;fk;

285. private key ෙපෟද්ගල�ක යත�ර gpuj;jpNafr; rhtp

286. process �යාවල�ය/�යායනය/ සැකසුම nray;/

Kiwtopahf;fy

287. process control �යායන පාලන ඛ��ය nray; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj;

block(PCB) njhFjp

288. process management �යායන කළමනාකරණය nray; Kfhikj;Jtk;

289. process states �යායන තත්ත්ව nray; epiy

290. process transition �යායන සං�මණය nray; epiykhwy;

291. product නිෂ්පාදන වා�ජ�කරණය jahupg;G

commercialization tu;j;jfkakhf;fy;

292. product of sum (POS) �ක�යන්ෙග් ග��තය $l;Lj;njhifapd;

ngUf;fk;

293. program translator �මෙල්ඛ ප�ව�තක nra;epuy;

nkhopngau;g;ghd;

294. proprietary හි�ක� සහිත jdpAupik

295. protocol නියමාවල�ය elg;nghOq;F

96
127
296. prototyping මූලාකෘත�කරණය %ytif khjpup

297. proxy server නිෙය�ජන ෙස්වාදායකය gjpyhs; Nritafk;

298. pseudo code ව�ාජ ෙ�තය Nghypf;Fwp

299. public switch ෙපා� ස්�� �රක�න ජාලය nghJ Mspaplg;gl;l

telephone network njhiyNgrp
(PSTN) tiyaikg;G

300. public key ෙපා� යත�ර nghJr; rhtp

301. pulse code modulation ස්පන්ද ෙ�ත මූ�ජනය Jbg;Gf;Fwp gz;Ngw;wk;

302. pulse width modulation ස්පන්ද �තර මු�ජනය Jbg;G mfyg;

gz;Ngw;wk;

303. radio button �කල්ප ෙත්�ම NubNah nghj;jhd;

304. random access memory සස��ා� ප�ෙ�ශ මතකය jw;Nghf;F mZfy;

(RAM) epidtfk;

305. range check පරාස ප���ාව tPr;R rupghu;j;jy;

306. rapid application ශීඝ� ෙයදව�� ස�ව�ධනය Jupj gpuNahf tpUj;jp

development (RAD)

307. read only memory පඨන මාත� මතකය thrpg;G kl;Lk;

(ROM) epidtfk;

308. real time ත�� කාල�ක epfo;Neuk;

309. record �පලැ�යාන gjpT

310. redo නැවත ��ම kPsr; nra;

311. redundancy සමත���තතාව kpifik

312. reference model ෙයාමු ආකෘත�ය tiyaikg;gpd;

fl;likg;G

313. refreshing ප�බු� ��ම Gj;Japu;g;gpj;jy;

314. register memory ෙර�ස්තර මතකය gjptfk;

315. relational ස�බන්ධක njhlu;G> cwTepiy

316. relational model ස�බන්ධක ආකෘත�ය cwTepiy khjpup

317. relational database ස�බන්ධක දත්ත සමුදාය cwTepiy juTj;jsk;

318. relational instance ස�බන්ධතා නිද�ශනය njhlu;G Kiw

vLj;Jf;fhl;L

128 97
319. relational schema ස�බන්ධතා ප�පා�ක සටහන njhlu;G Kiwj; jpl;lk;

320. relationship ස�බන්ධතාවය njhlu;GKiw

321. remote �රස්ථ njhiy> J}u

322. render �දැහු toq;F

323. repeater ප�න�කථකය kPsp> kPl;b

324. repetition ප�න��ත�ය kPs; nray;

325. reset button ප�ත�ාර�� ෙබාත්තම kPsikg;Gg; nghj;jhd;

326. retrieve සමුද්ධරණ kPsg;ngW

327. return value ප�ත�ාගමන අගය jpUk;gy; ngWkhdk;

328. reverse auction ප�ත�ෙවන්ෙද්සිය vjpu;khw;W Vyk;

329. ring topology මු� ස්ථලකය tisa ,lj;jpay;

330. router මං හසු�ව topg;gLj;jp>

topr;nrYj;jp

331. routing මං හැසිර�ම topr;nrYj;jy;

332. scanner සුප���සකය EZF Nehf;fp

333. scheduler නියමකරණය xOq;FgLj;jp

334. scope of variable ��ල� පරාසය khwp nraw;gug;G

335. query �මසුම tpdty;

336. selection ෙත්�ම njupT

337. selector වරකය Nju;tp> Nju;e;njLg;gp

338. sensor සංෙ�දකය czup

339. sequence අනු�මය njhlu;

340. sequential circuit අනු��ක ප�පථය njhlu;r; Rw;W

341. sequential search අනු��ක ෙසව�ම tupirKiwj; Njly;

342. server ෙස්වාදායකය / අනුග�ාහකය Nritafk;

343. session layer සැසි ස්ථරය mku;T mLf;F

344. sharable pool හුවමා� ප�ංජය gfpujF nghJ ,lk;

345. sign-magnitude ලක�ණ�වත් ප�මාණය / සංල���ත FwpAila tPr;rsT

98 129
 ප�මාණනය / �ං�ත
ප�මාණනය

346. single user-multi task ඒක ප��ීලක-බහු කා�යය jdpg;gadu;-gw;gzp

347. single user-single task ඒක ප��ීලක-ඒක කා�යය jdpg;gadu;-jdpg;gzp

348. smart card සුහු� කා�පත #l;bif ml;il

349. smart phone සුහු� �රකථනය #l;bifj; njhiyNgrp

350. smart system සුහු� පද්ධත�ය #l;bif Kiwik

351. social networking සමාජ ජාලකරණය r%f

tiyaikg;ghf;fy;

352. software මෘ�කාං� nkd;nghUs;

353. software agent මෘ�කාං� කාරක nkd;nghUs; Kftu;

354. sort ෙත්�ම tupirg;gLj;J

355. source ප�භව %yk;

356. spiral model ස�ප�ල ආකෘත�ය RUsp khjpup

357. spooling එත�ම Rw;Wjy;

358. Star topology තාරකා ස්ථලකය tpd;kd

P ; ,lj;jpay;

359. stepwise refinement ප�යවරාකාර ප��පහ�ව gbKiw ePf;fy;;

360. storage ආචයනය Nrkpg;G

361. storage allocation ආචයන �භාජනය Nrkpg;G xJf;fy;

362. stored program concept ආ�ත �මෙල්ඛ සංකල්පය Nrkpf;fg;gl;;l nra;epuy;;

vz;zf;fU

363. structure ව�හය fl;likg;G

364. structure chart ව�හ සටහන fl;likg;G tiuG

365. structured ව�හ�ත fl;likg;Gila

366. structured query ව�හ�ත �මසු� බස fl;likg;G tpdty;

language( SQL) nkhop

367. submit button ෙයාමු ෙබාත්තම rku;g;gpj;jy; nghj;jhd;

368. subnet mask උප ජාල ආවරණය cgtiy kiwKfk;

369. sub-netting උප-ජාලනය cgtiyaikg;G

130
99
 370. sub-program
370.
370. sub-program
sub-program උප-�මෙල්
උප-�මෙල්
උප-�මෙල්
ඛඛඛ
යයය Jizr;
Jizr;
Jizr;nra;
nra;
nra;
eepuy;
epuy;
puy;

371. sum
371.
371. sum
sumofofofproducts
products (SOP) ග�ග�ග�
products(SOP)
(SOP) � � �
තයන්
තයන්
තයන්ෙෙග්
ෙග්ග්�ක�ය
�ක�ය
�ක�ය ngUf;
ngUf;
ngUf;ffq;fq;q;
ffspd;
fspd;
spd;
$l;
$l;
$l;
LLLj;j;n
j;njhif
njhif
jhif

372. supply
372.
372. supply
supplychain
chain
chain සැපයු
සැපයු
සැපයු���දාම
දාම
දාමකළමනාකරණය
කළමනාකරණය
කළමනාකරණය tpepNahf
tpepNahf
tpepNahf
management
management
management rq;
rq;
rq; fpypj;
pypj;
ffpypj; njhlu;
jhlu;
nnjhlu;
Kfhikj;
Kfhikj;
Kfhikj; JJJ tk;
tk;
tk;

373. swapping
373.
373. swapping
swapping ප�ප�ත
ප�තත
�හ�හ�හ
රණය
රණය
රණය ,lkhw;
,lkhw;
,lkhw;wwy;
wy;y;

374. switch
374.
374. switch
switch ස්ස්ස්
���ය��ය
�ය Msp
Msp
Msp

375. syntax
375.
375. syntax
syntax කාරක
කාරක
කාරක�ත�
�ත�
�ත� njhlupay;
njhlupay;
njhlupay;

376. system
376.
376. system
systemdevelopment
development
development පද්
පද්
පද්
ධධධ
ත�ත�ත�සංව�ධන
සංව�ධන
සංව�ධන�වන
�වන
�වන��ය
��ය
��ය Kiwik
Kiwik
KiwiktpUj; tpUj;
tpUj;
jjpjp p
life
life
lifecycle(SDLC)
cycle(SDLC)
cycle(SDLC) tho;
tho;
tho;
ffi
; fi
;i
; ffftl;
tl;
tl;
llk;
lk;k;

377. table
377.
377. table
table වග�
වග�
වග�
වවව ml;
ml;
ml;
lltiz
ltiz
tiz

378. table
378.
378. table
tablecheck
check constraint වග�
checkconstraint
constraint වග�
වග�ප���ා
ප���ා
ප���ාසංෙර�ධකය
සංෙර�ධකය
සංෙර�ධකය ml;
ml;
ml;
lltiz
ltiz tizrupghu;
rupghu;
rupghu;
jj;j;jy;
;jy;y;
fl;
fl;
fl;
LLLg;g;gg;ghL
ghL
hL

379. tag
379.
379. tag
tag උසු
උසු
උසු
ලලල
නය
නය
නය Xl;
Xl;
Xl;
LLL

380. Technical
380.
380. Technical
Technicalfeasibility
feasibility
feasibility තා���ක
තා���ක
තා���ක�ක�තාව
�ක�තාව
�ක�තාව njhopDl;
njhopDl;
njhopDl;ggr;gr;r;rhj;
rhj;
rhj;
jjpaf;
jpaf;
paf;
fw;
fw;
fw;
iii
fff

381. telecommuting
381.
381. telecommuting
telecommuting �රස්
�රස්
�රස්
ථථථසංවාදය
සංවාදය
සංවාදය/ //�ර
�ර
�ර njhiynray;
njhiynray;
njhiynray;
සන්
සන්
සන්
නනන
ිෙිෙ�දනය
ිෙ�දනය
�දනය

382. testing
382.
382. testing
testingstrategy
strategy
strategy ප���ණ
ප���ණ
ප���ණඋප�මය
උප�මය
උප�මය guP
guP
guP
ll;rl;rpj;
;rpj;pj;
jjy; jy;y;cghak;
cghak;
cghak;

383. text
383.
383. text
textand
and
andfont
font
font පාඨ
පාඨ
පාඨසහ
සහ
සහඅ��ර
අ��ර
අ��ර thrfKk;
thrfKk;
thrfKk;vOj;
vOj;
vOj;
JJJUTk;
UTk;
UTk;

384. text
384.
384. text
textformatting
formatting
formatting පාඨ
පාඨ
පාඨහැ�ස�
හැ�ස�
හැ�ස�ගැන්
ගැන්
ගැන්��ම
�මම thrf
thrf
thrftbtikg;
tbtikg;
tbtikg;
GGG

385. text
385.
385. text
textinput
input
input පාඨ
පාඨ
පාඨආදාන
ආදාන
ආදාන thrf
thrf
thrfcs;
cs;
cs;sss
PLPLPL

386. normal
386.
386. normal
normalform
form
form ප�ප�ම
ප�මත
මතතඅවස්
අවස්
අවස්
ථථාව
ථාව
ාව ,ay;
,ay;
,ay;
gghf;
ghf;
hf;
ffy;
fy;y;tbtk;
tbtk;
tbtk;

387. thumbnail
387.
387. thumbnail
thumbnail සැෙක�
සැෙක�
සැෙක��
�� FWk;
FWk;
FWk;gglk;
glk;
lk;

388. time
388.
388. time
timedivision
division
division කාල
කාල
කාලෙ���
ෙ���
ෙ���මූමූ�
මූ��නය
��නය
�නය Neug;
Neug;
Neug;gpup;
gpup;
gpup;
TTT g;g;g;gz;
gz;
gz;
gghf;
ghf;
hf;
ffk;
fk;k;
modulation(TDM)
modulation
modulation (TDM)
(TDM)

389. time
389.
389. time
timesharing
sharing
sharing කාල
කාල
කාල���නය
���නය
���නය Neug;
Neug;
Neug;
ggfpu;
gfpu;
fpu;
TTT

390. timing
390.
390. timing
timing කාල
කාල
කාලගණනය
ගණනය
ගණනය Neuf;
Neuf;
Neuf;
ffzpg;
fzpg;
zpg;
GGG

391. top
391.
391. top
topdown
down
downdesign
design
design මුමු�
මු�න්
�න්න්��
��
��සැලසු
සැලසු
සැලසුමමම NkypUe;
NkypUe;
NkypUe;
JJJfPfPo
fPohd
ohd
hd
tbtikg;
tbtikg;
tbtikg; GGG

100
131
131
131
392. touch pad ස්ප��ක උපධානය / පාදකය njhL ml;il

393. touch screen ස්ප��ක ත�රය njhLjpiu

394. transaction processing ගනුෙදනු සැකසු� පද්ධත�ය gupkhw;wr; nrayhf;f

system( TPS) Kiwik

395. transitive dependency සං�ාන්ත� පරායත්තතාව khWk; rhu;G epiy

396. transport layer ප�වාහන ස්ථරය Nghf;Ftuj;J mLf;F

397. transport protocol ප�වාහන නියමාවල�ය Nghf;Ftuj;J

elg;nghOq;F

398. tuple උපලැ�යාන/ෙප්ල�ය gjpT/epiu

399. twisted pair ��� යුගල KWf;fpa Nrhb

400. two’s compliment ෙදෙකහි අනුප�රකය ,uz;bd; epug;gp

401. type check ප��ප ප��ෂාව tif rupghu;jj

; y;

402. constraint සංෙර�ධනය fl;Lg;ghL tif

403. ubiquitous computing ස�වව�ත� ආගණනය vq;Fk; tpahgpj;j

fzpik

404. undo අෙහ�සි ��ම nray;jtpu;

405. unguided media නියමු ෙනාවන මාධ� topgLj;jg;glhj Clfk;

406. uni-casting සෘජ� ස�ෙප�්ෂණය jdpg;gug;gy;

407. unicode යුනිෙක��/ ඒකෙ�ත Xw;iwf;Fwp Kiw

408. unique constraint අනන� සංෙර�ධකය jdpj;Jtf; fl;Lg;ghL

409. unit testing ඒකක ප��ෂණය myFr; Nrhjid

410. universal සා�වත� nghJ

411. updating යාවත්කාල�න ��ම jw;fhyg;gLj;jy;

412. user ප��ීලක gadu;

413. user defined ප��ිලක නි�වා�ත gadu; tiuaiw

414. validation වලංග� ��ම nry;Ygbahf;fy;

415. variable ��ල�ය khwp

416. very large scale ඉතා ��ාල ප�මාණෙය් kpfg; ngupastpyhd

integration (VLSI) අනුකල�ත xUq;fpizg;G

132
101
 417. video graphic adapter �ශ� �ත�ක අනුහු�ක��ව fhnzhsp tiuap
(VGA) nghUj;jp

418. virtual community අත�� ප�ජාව nka;epfu; r%fk;

419. virtual memory අත�� මතකය nka;epfu; epidtfk;

420. virtual storefront අත�� ෙවළඳ ප�ද�ශනාගාරය nka;epfu; filKfg;G

421. waterfall model ද�යඇල� ආකෘත�ය ePu; tPo;r;rp khjpup

422. wave length තරංග ආයාමය miy ePsk;

423. web portal ෙව� ද්වාරය tiy thry;

424. web server ෙව� ෙස්වාදායකය ,iza Nritafk;

425. web service provider ෙව� ෙස්වා සැපයු�ක� ,iza Nrit

toq;Fdu;

426. white box testing ස්ෙ�ත මංජ�සා ප���ාව ntz;ngl;br; Nrhjpg;G

427. world wide ෙල�ක �සි� �යමන cyfshtpa tiy

web(WWW)

428. uniform resource �කාකා� ස�පත් නිශ්චායකය rPu;ik ts

locator (URL) ,Ug;gplq;fhl;b

429. uniform resource �කාකා� ස�පත් හ�න්වනය rPu;ik ts

identifier(URI) milahsq;fhl;b

fuu mdßNdIsl Yío ud,dj ;jÿrg;a f.dvkef.ñka mj;S'

102 133