PRACTICE 1

I. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER.

1. The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for
material scientists and engineers __________ in micro- and nano- fabrication. Among
notable advances in this field __________ DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid
materials.
A. interested/ are B. interested/ is
C. are interested / is D. are interested / are
2. The immune systems may become too aggressive in trying to fight Covid-19 and as a
result may cause __________ damage to other organs.
A. cell B. cells C. cellular D. cellularly
3. Even small ____________ in calcium level can impair muscle and nerve function.
A. variation B. variations C. vary D. variety
4. Found only in the heart, cardiac muscle is responsible for __________ blood
throughout the body. Cardiac muscle tissue cannot be controlled __________, so it is
an involuntary muscle.
A. pumping/ consciously B. pumping/ unconsciously
C. pump/ consciously D. pump/ unconsciously
5. Patients should also be encouraged to remain __________ active as much as
possible.
A. physical B. physically C. physic D. physician
6. Hormones are chemical messengers __________ by the body. They transfer
information from one set of cells to another __________ the functions of different parts
of the body.
A. created/ to coordinate B. that are created/ coordinates
C. created/ coordinates D. creating/ to coordinate
7. The trapezius is a sheet of muscle that ________ from the neck across the back
shoulder.
A. that extend B. extends C. extending D. All are correct.
8. Patients should __________ tasks that are less important to do in their daily lives.
A. deprioritize B. deprioritizing C. deprioritized D. prioritize
9. If there is no pain, the principal signs may be __________ (impaired absorption of
nutrients by the lining of the small intestine, resulting in diarrhoea and weight loss) or
diabetes mellitus (a disorder caused by insufficient or absent production of the hormone
insulin).
A. absorbed B. absorbing C. malabsorption D. absorption
10. Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum ________ it to contract and relax, moving
the testicles closer to the body for ________ or farther away from the body to cool the
temperature.

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 A. allows/ warm B. allow/ warmth
C. allowing/ warmly D. allowed/ warmth
11. Some common neurological issues are memory loss, __________, and cognitive
impairment.

A. tremor B. tremors C. tremored D. tremoring

12. The largest region of the brain is the cerebrum, ________ of two halves known as
the left and right hemispheres.
A. that consists B. consists C. consisted D. which consists
13. While the vestibular apparatus contains sensory receptors for _________ , the
cochlea contains the sensory receptors for _________.
A. balance/ position B. position/ hearing
C. hearing/ balance D. position/ balance
14. In rare cases, the thyroid gland is absent at birth, producing cretinism. When
untreated, this congenital hypothyroidism is ____________ by severely stunted physical
and mental growth.
A. characterised B. referred C. compared D. responded
15. __________ means pain in the breast caused by congestion during lactation, or
other causes.
A. Ostalgia B. Mastalgia C. Urodynia D. Arthralgia
16. A cytokine storm may cause significant tissue __________ and organ damage.
A. inflamed B. inflame C. inflammatory D. inflammation
17. Early __________ through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer.
The __________ of screening in breast cancer are controversial.
A. detection/ benefit B. detect/ beneficial
C. detection/ benefits D. detected/ benefits
18. Nails feel a great deal harder than skin __________ they contain large amounts of a
special kind of keratin __________ hard keratin.
A. because/ called B. although/ known as
C. nevertheless/ called as D. moreover/ known
19. Osteoporosis is a health condition __________ bones, __________ them fragile
and more likely to break.
A. which weakens/ make B. weakens/ making
C. that weakens / making D. weaking/ make
20. Osteoporosis develops slowly over several years and is often only _________ when
a fall or sudden impact causes a bone to break (fracture).
A. diagnose B. diagnosing C. diagnoses D. diagnosed

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II. FIND THE MISTAKE.
1. These days, the term ‘cretin’ is rarely used as it has negatively connotations in
popular speech.
2. Hair, which is also made of keratin, cover the majority of the surface area of the body.
3. The ureters drain urine from the renal pelvis and delivers it to the bladder, a muscular
organ that lies anteriorly in the lower part of the pelvis, just behind the pubic bone.
4. Bone cells, or osteocytes, is embedded in a hard substance called matrix.
5. The glands produce parathyroid hormone, which helps to regulate the level of
calcium in the blood. Even small variations in calcium level can impairs muscle and
nerve function.
6. Twenty-four hours from the time the material passed the lips and entered the
gastrointestinal system, waste products will have arrived in the rectum to defecate.
7. Insulin lowers the blood sugar level by instruct the liver to take glucose out of
circulation and store it, while glucagon instructs the liver to release some of its stored
supply to raise the blood sugar level.
8. If you are diagnose with high blood pressure, your doctor may recommend taking 1 or more
medicines to keep it under control.
9. The unique material properties of DNA has made it an attractive molecule for
material scientists and engineers interested in micro- and nano- fabrication. Among
notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials.
10. Some people with high blood pressure may also need take 1 or more medicines to stop
their blood pressure getting too high.
III. GAP-FILLING
Skin cancer — the 1. _______ growth of skin cells — most often develops on skin
exposed to the sun. But this common form of cancer can also occur on areas of your skin
not ordinarily exposed to sunlight.
There are three major types of skin cancer — basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell
carcinoma and melanoma.
You can reduce your risk of skin cancer by 2. _______ or avoiding exposure to ultraviolet
(UV) radiation. Checking your skin for suspicious changes can help detect skin cancer at
its earliest stages. Early detection of skin cancer gives you the 3. _______ chance for
successful skin cancer treatment.
Where skin cancer develops
Skin cancer develops 4. _______ on areas of sun-exposed skin, including the scalp, face,
lips, ears, neck, chest, arms and hands, and on the legs in women. But it can also form
on areas that rarely see the light of day — your palms, beneath your fingernails or
toenails, and your genital area.
Skin cancer affects people of all skin tones, including those with darker complexions.
When melanoma occurs in people with dark skin tones, it's more likely 5. _______ in

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areas not normally exposed to the sun, such as the palms of the hands and soles of the
feet.
Basal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms
Basal cell carcinoma usually 6. _______ in sun-exposed areas of your body, such as your
neck or face.
Basal cell carcinoma may appear as:
• A pearly or waxy bump
• A flat, flesh-colored or brown scar-like lesion
• A bleeding or scabbing sore that heals and returns
Squamous cell carcinoma signs and symptoms
Most often, squamous cell carcinoma occurs on sun-exposed areas of your body, such
as your face, ears and hands. People with darker skin are more likely to develop
squamous cell carcinoma on areas 7. _______ aren't often exposed to the sun.
Squamous cell carcinoma may appear as:
• A firm, red nodule
• A flat lesion with a scaly, crusted surface
Melanoma signs and symptoms
Melanoma can develop anywhere on your body, in otherwise normal skin or in an existing
mole that becomes 8. _______. Melanoma most often appears on the face or the trunk
of affected men. In women, this type of cancer most often develops on the lower legs. In
both men 9. _______ women, melanoma can occur on skin that hasn't been exposed to
the sun.
Melanoma can affect people of any skin tone. In people with darker skin tones, melanoma
tends to occur on the palms or soles, or under the fingernails or toenails.
Melanoma signs include:
• A large brownish spot with darker speckles
• A mole that changes in color, size or feel or that bleeds
• A small lesion 10. _______ an irregular border and portions that appear red, pink,
white, blue or blue-black
• A painful lesion that itches or burns
• Dark lesions on your palms, soles, fingertips or toes, or on mucous membranes
lining your mouth, nose, vagina or anus.

1 A normal B normally C abnormal D abnormally

2 A limiting B limited C limits D limit
3 A great B greater C greatest D most greatest
4 A primary B primarily C secondary D secondarily
5 A occur B to be occurred C occurring D to occur

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6 A occur B occurs C occurring D that occurs
7 A which B who C that D A & C are correct
8 A cancerous B cancer C cancerously D cancered
9 A or B and C with D but
10 A for B of C with D in

IV. READING COMPREHENSION

WHAT’S IN BLOOD?

A.
Blood is the most specialised fluid within living animals, playing an absolutely critical role.
It symbolises life (‘new blood’), health (‘get your blood running’), personality (‘good or bad
blood’), and family (‘your bloodline’). This red fluid itself is something which most people
would rather not see, yet it contains such a complex soup of proteins, sugars, ions,
hormones, gases, and basic cellular components that it is certainly worth considering in
some detail.
B.
By volume, half of blood is the liquid part, called plasma. The rest comprises specialised
components, the main one being red blood cells (technically known as erythrocytes).
These transport oxygen molecules throughout the body, and also give blood its colour
(from the hemoglobin protein within, which turns red when combined with oxygen). Red
blood cells, as with all cells in the human body, have a limited operating life. They are
produced within the marrow of bones, principally the larger ones, and live for about four
months before they fall inactive, to be then reabsorbed by the spleen and liver, with waste
products absorbed into the urine.
C.

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This contrasts with the other main cells of human blood: the white blood cells, technically
known as leukocytes. Similarly produced in the bone marrow, they are active only for
three or four days, yet they are essential in defending the body against infections. White
blood cells come in many different types, each designed to deal with a different sort of
invader bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasite. When one of these enters the body, the white
blood cells quickly determine its nature, then, after mustering sufficient numbers of a
specific type (the period in which you are sick), they launch themselves into the fight,
enveloping each individual invasive cell, and breaking it down (leading to recovery).
D.
That leaves the last main component of blood: platelets. Their technical name is
thrombocytes, and they are much smaller than red and white blood cells. Also circulating
freely, they are responsible for clotting the blood, and this is necessary to heal both
external and internal injuries. Again, they are produced in the bone marrow, and have the
interesting ability to change shape. There are several diseases related to the breakdown
in the regulation of their numbers. If too low, excessive bleeding can occur, yet if too high,
internal clotting may result, causing potentially catastrophic blockages in parts of the body
and medical ailments we know as strokes, heart attacks, and embolisms.
E.
Blood’s complexity presents particular difficulties in the advent of emergency
transfusions. These are avoided whenever possible in order to lower the risk of reactions
due to blood incompatibility. Unexpected antigens can trigger antibodies to attack blood
components, with potentially lethal results. Thus, if transfusions are to take place, a
thorough knowledge and classification of blood is essential, yet with 30 recognised blood-
group systems, containing hundreds of antigens, this presents quite a challenge. The
ABO system is the most important. On top of this is the Rhesus factor, which is not as
simple as positive or negative (as most people think), but comprises scores of antigens.
These can, however, be clustered together into groups which cause similar responses,
creating some order.
F.
Of course, the simplest system to avoid adverse transfusion reactions is for patients to
receive their own blood - for example, in a series of blood donations in anticipation of an
operation scheduled some months in advance. The second-best system is to undertake
cross-matching, which involves simply mixing samples of the patients’ blood with the
donors’, then checking microscopically for clumping - a key sign of incompatibility. Both
of these systems are obviously impractical in an emergency situation, which is why
meticulous testing, documentation, and labeling of blood are necessary.
G.
In a true emergency, a blood bank is needed, with an array of various types of blood on
hand. Hence, blood donations must be a regular occurrence among a significant segment
of the population. In the developed world, unpaid volunteers provide most of the blood for
the community, whereas in less developed nations, families or friends are mostly
involved. In the era of HIV and other insidious blood-borne diseases, potential donors are

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carefully screened and tested, and a period of about two months is recommended before
successive whole blood donations.
H.
Given the vital role which blood plays, it is strange to think that for almost 2000 years
bloodletting was a widespread medical practice. It was based on the belief that blood
carried ‘humours’, whose imbalances resulted in medical illnesses. Bleeding a patient
was supposed to remove an undesirable excess of one of these. Furthermore, the fact
that blood circulated around the body was unknown. It was instead assumed to be quickly
created, and equally quickly exhausted of its value, after which it could stagnant
unhealthily in the bodily extremities. Although the logic was there, it goes without saying
that very few patients responded positively to such treatment.
QUESTIONS 27-33
This passage has eight paragraphs, A-H. Choose the correct heading for Paragraphs B-
H from the list of headings. Write the correct number, i-x, for each answer.

List of headings

i Not as big, but needing just enough

ii Some attitudes to blood

iii Good, but not so quick

iv Two ideas see a wrong conclusion

v Complicated identification

vi An interesting treatment

vii A shorter life, but just as important

viii The Principal part that adds some colour

ix Bone marrow and blood

x Maintaining supplies

Answer Answer

Paragraph A Example: ii Paragraph E 30. __________

Paragraph B 27. __________ Paragraph F 31. __________

Paragraph C 28. __________ Paragraph G 32. __________

Paragraph D 29. __________ Paragraph H 33. __________

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QUESTIONS 34-37
Complete the table. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for
each answer.

Blood Component Associated Fact

red cells upon dying, dealt with by 34. __________________

white cells require 35. __________________ before attacking invaders

platelets Their numbers need careful 36. __________________

37. Many varieties exist.

__________________

QUESTIONS 38-40
Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
_______ 38. Blood cross-matching can be done without special equipment.
_______ 39. In poorer countries, family members often donate blood.
_______ 40. Bleeding people was a painful process.