Additional Grammar Exercises

Index

To Be Page 3
To Be – Negatives and Questions Page 4
Plural Nouns Page 5
A/An Page 6
Have/Has Page 7
There is / There are Page 8
Possessive Form of Nouns Page 9
This/That, These/Those Page 10
Imperative Form Page 11
Good/ Well Page 12
It Takes Page 13
Contractions Page 14
Contractions Negative Page 15
Articles Page 16
Going to Future Page 17
Going to Past Page 18
Short Answers Page 19
Much, Many, A lot of Page 20
Also, Too, Either Page 21
Any, Some Page 22
Anyone, Someone Page 23
For/Since Page 24
Already/Yet Page 25
Say/Tell Page 26
As….as/So…as Page 27
Would Rather Page 28
Had Better Page 29
Tag Endings Page 30
Tag Endings after Negative Sentences Page 31
It/There Page 32
Positions of Adverbs Page 33
Word Order Page 34
Still/Anymore Page 35
Direct & Indirect Speech Page 36
Indirect Speech Questions Page 37
Indirect Speech Commands Page 38
Wish Page 39
Too/So Page 40
Either/Neither Page 41
Auxiliary Verbs Page 42
Exclamations Page 43

2
To Be
Present Tense I am we are
you are you are
he is
she is they are
it is

Supply the correct form of the present tense of to be as in the example.

1) She __________a good singer.

(She is a good singer.)
2) They _________ co workers.
3) I _________an engineer.
4) Carlos ________absent from school today.
5) We ________both students.
6) The weather today _________ good.
7) The sky_______ clear.
8) Aaron and Matthew ________brothers.
9) She and I_______ cousins.
10) I_____ a teacher.
11) She _________ the mother of four children.
12) You __________ a lawyer.
13) Today ________ Monday.
14) Sonia and Luther _________both good doctors.
15) The student in that room_______ from Mexico.
16) He _________ the CEO of the company.
17) We ________students at Cincilingua.
18) Their baby_______ named Matthew.
19) December 25th _______ Christmas Day.
20) He _________ divorced.
21) They _________ on vacation.
22) I _________ hungry.
23) He ________ sick.
24) She _________ funny.
25) We ________ lost.
26) They _______ from Virginia.
27) Miss Jones and her class _______ in room 212.
28) Barcelona and Manchester United ________ soccer teams.
29) Soccer balls _________ manufactured in India.
30) My morning teacher _______ Sharon.
31) My afternoon teacher _________ Lester.
32) Ohio _______ in the mid-west.
33) The Cincinnati Reds ________ a professional baseball team.
34) The Bengals ________ in the AFC (American Football Conference).
35) Cincinnati ________ located in Southern Ohio.

3
To Be
Negatives and Questions
Form the negative of the verb to be by placing not after the verb.

I am an Engineer.
I am not an Engineer.

Form questions with the verb to be by placing the verb before the subject.

They are attending a meeting today.

Are they attending a meeting today?
Why are they attending a meeting today?

A. Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative as in the example.

1) She is in Cincinnnati now.

(She is not in Cincinnati now.)
2) You are hungry
3) He and she are co-workers.
4) He is very funny.
5) Both basketball players are tall.
6) He is a member of the club.
7) He is a good golf player.
8) Jose is a manager at Ford.
9) It is hot today.
10) He is in his office.
11) Mario is a student.
12) The Policeman is on duty.
13) The owners are on vacation.
14) They are excellent students.
15) Cincinnati is an exciting city.
16) The Zoo is the second largest in the United States.
17) There are many Jelly Fish at the Aquarium.
18) The Performances at the Aronoff Center are always good.
19) She is angry.
20) I am sleepy.
21) The books are on the shelf.
22) Mr. & Mrs. Jones are from Wales
23) Giraffes are interesting to watch.
24) Orlando, Florida is a popular vacation destination.
25) The movie is three hours long.
26) The Museum Center is an interesting place to visit.
27) The Flying Pig Marathon is in Cincinnati each year.
28) The games at lunch are fun.
29) The school is closed on Sundays.
30) Chicago is four and a half hours from Cincinnati.

B. Change the sentences in Exercise A from statements to questions as in the example.

1) She is in Cincinnati now.
(Is she in Cincinnati now?)
4
Plural Nouns

Most nouns form their plurals by adding s.

book – books manager – managers

car – cars giraffe – giraffes

Nouns ending ins s, z, ch, sh, and x form their plurals by adding es

fox – foxes pass - passes

church – churches crash – crashes

Some nouns have irregular plurals

man – men foot – feet

child – children woman – women
tooth – teeth mouse - mice

A. Give the plural forms of these nouns

house __houses____________ buzz _________________

salesman _________________ glass _________________
player ___________________ foot __________________
dish ___________________ friend _________________

B. Change the following sentences from singular to plural as in the example.

1) The pencil is on the desk.

(The pencils are on the desk.)
2) The glass is on the coffee table.
3) The fish is in the aquarium.
4) She is a young woman.
5) The tax is high
6) The child is at school.
7) This box is for the yard sale.
8) That church is located downtown.
9) The man is at the baseball game.
10) The picture is on the wall.
11) My friend is from Europe.
12) The video is in the closet.
13) The potato is in the oven.
14) The steak is on the grill.
15) The man is in the car.
16) The dessert is on the table.
17) The fox is in the woods.
18) The house is painted yellow.
19) The salesman is at the door.
20) He is an old man.

5
A / An

A changes to an before any word beginning with a vowel sound

A book a man a woman a hotel

An apple an orange an umbrella an hour

Complete the following sentences with a or an.

1) It is ___________ lovely day.

(It is a lovely day.)
2) It is __________old building.
3) It is __________ one-story building.
4) It is __________tall tree.
5) The gift is ______ birthday present.
6) It is ______ egg.
7) It is ______ exception to the rule.
8) It is ______ windy day.
9) It is ______ hour till lunch.
10) He is _______ unusual man.
11) He is _______ honest man.
12) The car is ________ used car.
13) It is _______ apple.
14) It is _______ old bus.
15) It is ________ empty box.
16) They have ______ big house.
17) Alfred is _______ intelligent man.
18) Raymond and Patsy have ______ new car.
19) Today is ________ holiday.
20) We have ________ ostrich.
21) Don’t forget to bring ______ umbrella.
22) Cynthia has _______ horse.
23) He will be here in ______ hour.
24) It is _______ honor to meet you.
25) He owns _______ house in Miami.
26) They take _______ vacation each July.
27) Bill and Betsy bought ______ boat last weekend.
28) The little boy picked out _______elephant toy at the Zoo gift shop.
29) He has _______unusual haircut.
30) That dog has ______ loud bark.
31) I want to have _______ big birthday celebration for him.
32) That is ________ funny Halloween costume.
33) The weatherman said ________ tornado was is in the area.
34) That is ________ amazing movie.
35) Knox is at ________ beach in Florida this week.

6
To Have
Present Tense

I have we have
you have you have
he has
she has they have
it has

Complete the following sentences with the correct form of to have.

1) You ______ a new car.

(You have a new car.)
2) She ________ one sister and two brothers.
3) You ________ brown eyes.
4) Dr. Jacobson ________ many patients.
5) Melissa ________ a date with John tonight.
6) I _______ a headache.
7) You and I ________ many things in common.
8) She _______ a strong accent.
9) Both girls _________ blonde hair.
10) The giraffe ________ a long neck.
11) The living room _______ two large windows.
12) Mr. & Mrs. Smith _________ bad colds.
13) The building __________ two entrances.
14) Kings Island __________ several roller coasters.
15) Cincinnati _________ a great Art Museum.
16) That company __________ a lot of employees.
17) I __________ blue eyes.
18) He _______ spiked hair.
19) The dog ______ several toys.
20) Scott ________ a collection of comic books.
21) Andrew_________ a new suit.
22) Jenny __________ many purses.
23) He _________nine children.
24) They ___________ a cabin at the lake.
25) She __________ a vacation club membership in that company.
26) She __________ a twin sister named Isabelle.
27) The circus _________ a baby elephant.
28) Flamingos _________ long legs.
29) Cincinnati _________ several stores and malls.
30) The Haunt at Kings Island _________ many haunted houses.

7
There is / There are

We use there is with singular nouns; we use there are with plural nouns

There is a pencil on the table. There are pencils on the table.

There is one child in the car. There are three children in the car.

Complete the following sentences with There is or There are.

1) ____________ no Austrians in this class.

(There are no Austrians in this class.)
2) _____________ no restaurants in this section of town.
3) _____________ two lamps in this room.
4) _____________ someone at the door.
5) _____________ twelve months in a year.
6) _____________ no one at home.
7) _____________ nobody in the room now.
8) _____________ dishes but no silverware on the table.
9) _____________ a lot of students absent today.
10) _____________ a post office on the corner of Allison and Sherman.
11) ______________ only one door.
12) ______________ seven days in a week.
13) ______________ a supermarket on Montgomery Road.
14) ______________five elementary schools in that neighborhood.
15) ______________a lot of interest in this subject.
16) ______________two performances of the circus today. (noon and 8:00 pm)
17) ______________a rumor going around that they are engaged.
18) ______________twenty people going on the trip.
19) ______________two people in the hot air balloon.
20) ______________a new dinner theater in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee.
21) ______________ many theaters in New York City.
22) ______________a new theater on the Corner of 5th and Elm.
23) ______________ four giraffes at the Cincinnati Zoo.
24) ______________ a baby zebra at the Zoo too.
25) ______________ a meeting at 10 o’clock tomorrow.
26) ______________ visitors from Headquarters coming to see the plant.
27) ______________ a new manager in that department.
28) ______________129,000 employees working for Proctor and Gamble.
29) ______________ an election next week.
30) ______________ ten emergency exits in that arena.
31) ______________ a new show at the La Comedia dinner theater.
32) ______________ twenty four hours in a day.
33) ______________ a meeting with several managers from Headquarters at 2:30 PM.
34) ______________no students from Tahiti at school this week.
35) ______________ an eyelash on your cheek.

8
Possessive Form of Nouns

When a noun does not end in s, form the singular and sometimes the plural possessive by adding an
apostrophe s (’s)

the boy – the boy’s scarf the girl – the girl’s doll
the lady – the lady’s hat the children – the children’s toys

When a noun already ends in s, form the singular possessive by adding an apostrophe s (’s) and form the
plural possessive by adding only an apostrophe (’)

the boss – the boss’s briefcase the boys – the boys’ books
Charles – Charles’s house the ladies – the ladies’ tickets

Note that the possessive is used even when the noun modified is not expressed.

She went to Brian’s (Brian’s home)

I have an appointment at the dentist’s. (the dentist’s office)

Insert the apostrophe in the correct places in the following sentences.

1) Mr. Browns car is in front of the house.

(Mr. Brown’s car is in front of the house.)
2) She buys her clothes in New Yorks best shops.
3) The mens room is at the end of the hall.
4) He goes to the dentists office twice a year.
5) Lincolns Birthday is February 12.
6) The childs toys are in the toy box.
7) The Thompsons neighbors are from Singapore.
8) Mr. Fredericks daughter is fourteen years old.
9) Isabelles father is in Europe on business.
10) The churchs steeple is very tall.
11) The elevators doors are made of glass.
12) Toms brothers are coming with us.
13) The owners son is having a party for them.
14) That companys employees are going on strike.
15) His girlfriends birthday is this Friday.
16) The local teams mascot is a tiger.
17) The highschools principle is retiring.
18) The cheerleaders new uniforms will arrive on Monday.
19) The buildings first floor has two restrooms.
20) Brians briefcase is locked.
21) The musicians instrument is in the case.
22) The restaurants menu has many choices.
23) The couples car is being repaired.
24) Kathleens dog is sick.
25) Jerrys car is in the shop.

9
This / That; These / Those

This indicates that something is near us; that indicates that it is at a distance

This cell phone is in my hand.

That cell phone is over there on the table.

The plural of this is these; the plural of that is those

These pencils are in my hand.

Those pencils are over there on the table.

Change the following sentences from singular to plural. (Remember to change the verbs / nouns when
necessary.)

Ex. This exercise is easy.

(These exercises are easy.)

1) This room is too small for our furniture.

2) That pencil on the floor is Tom’s.
3) That CD belongs to Jason.
4) That dog on the other side of the fence is Toby’s.
5) That book on the table is Matthew’s.
6) This is my car.
7) That is Herman’s boat.
8) This is my book, not Sally’s.
9) This chair is very comfortable.
10) That man with the black suite is the Frederick’s son.
11) That corner office is the CEO’s.
12) That letter on the table is for Mr. Jones.
13) This car belongs to my sister.
14) This message is for you.
15) That book is out of date.
16) That magazine is Mr. Smith’s.
17) This game belongs to my cousin.
18) That toy belongs to Knox.
19) This cat belongs to Patricia.
20) That cup belongs to Greg.
21) This briefcase is Brian’s.
22) That coin is from Keith’s collection.
23) This DVD needs to be returned to the Library.
24) That actor works for MGM studios.
25) This phone is broken.
26) That is a certified document.
27) This is my Olympic Bronze medal.
28) This calculator doesn’t work.
29) That man is a millionaire.
30) This cup of coffee is cold.

10
Imperative Form

The imperative form expresses a command or request. The subject you (singular or plural) is understood
but not expressed.

Come back tomorrow. (You) come back tomorrow. Wait on the porch.

The negative of the imperative form uses don’t

Don’t come back tomorrow. Don’t wait on the porch.

Please, used at the beginning or end of an imperative sentence makes it more polite.

Please come back tomorrow. Wait on the porch, please.

A. Give the negative imperative form of these sentences

Ex. Sit there.

Don’t sit there.

1) Give this to John.

2) Send money
3) Open the door
4) Help Anna with her homework.
5) Close the door.
6) Leave your hat there.
7) Wait in the lobby.
8) Turn the lights on.
9) Call him at 2:00.
10) Let him talk with her.
11) Put your feet on the table.
12) Let Alex know about this.
13) Go home.
14) Give that to me.
15) Mail the letter.
16) Call the manager.
17) Give me the money.
18) Tell me.
19) Put your coat in the closet.
20) Turn the volume down.

B. Make the sentences in Exercise A more polite by adding please at the beginning or end.

C. Write five of your own imperative commands or requests.

11
Good, Well

Good is an adjective and must modify a noun

He is a good swimmer.

Well is usually used as an adverb

He swims well.

Well is occasionally used as an adjective. It is used as an adjective only when it means to be in good
health.

Knox was sick, but now he is well.

Supply good or well in the following sentences.

Ex. He plays the piano__________.

He plays the piano well.

1) The weather today is very ___________.

2) Everything that he does, he does _____________.
3) This pen does not work ___________.
4) Don plays tennis ____________.
5) She speaks German _____________.
6) How do you feel? _____________, thank you.
7) He was sick last week, but now he is ____________ again.
8) Doug swims ____________.
9) His sister is also a _____________ swimmer.
10) In don’t understand her____________ when she speaks fast.
11) Taking vitamins is _____________ for you.
12) She is a ____________ teacher.
13) She teaches ___________.
14) He is a ____________ student.
15) The new George Clooney movie is not very ____________.
16) The band instructor plays the trumpet ____________.
17) Sandra Bullock is a _____________ actress.
18) She acts ______________.
19) Celine Dion sings ______________.
20) She is a ___________ singer.
21) Avatar is a ____________ movie.
22) Our lunch today was very ______________.
23) The chef cooks ______________.
24) Grammar exercises are ___________ for students.
25) The guitar player in that band is a ____________ musician.
26) He plays the guitar _____________.

12
It Takes

It takes expresses a period of time which is necessary in order to complete some action. It takes is always
followed by an infinitive.

It takes me 20 minutes to drive to work in the morning. (Present)

It took 2 weeks to receive the tickets in the mail. (Past)
It will (It’ll) take you 7 ½ hours to drive to Mackinaw City, Michigan. (Future)

Rewrite these sentences using “it takes”.

Ex. He drove to work in 20 minutes.

It took him 20 minutes to drive to work.

1) He recovered from his sickness in two weeks.

2) The bus went over the mountain in six hours.
3) We painted the living room in 2.5 hours.
4) I wrote the report in one hour.
5) He learned to speak English well in only three months.
6) The actress puts on her makeup in 20 minutes.
7) The artist painted that painting in five hours.
8) The children walk to school in about 25 minutes.
9) The letter reached him in about 3 days.
10) I’ll run to Wal-Mart and get the cleaning supplies in just 15 minutes.
11) He learned how to play the bass guitar in just a few days.
12) I can drive to Pigeon Forge, Tennessee in about four and a half hours.
13) They built the bridge in one year.
14) They drove across the United States in three days.
15) Tony walks to the gym in about 15 minutes.
16) Kathleen cooks dinner in about one hour.
17) Ed rakes the leaves in about 40 minutes.
18) Sarah’s car was repaired in two days.
19) Joshua’s new roof was put on in one day.
20) You can fly from here to New York in two hours.
21) He read the book in a week.
22) Alfred drove to Columbus yesterday in two hours.
23) The earth orbits the sun in 365 and a quarter days.
24) The Amish build a barn in one day.
25) The secretary typed the letter in 10 minutes.
26) Orlando, Florida is 18 hours from Cincinnati.
27) They filmed the movie in 3 months.
28) He saved money for 2 years to go on that trip.
29) Aaron sleeps for about 6 hours before he feels rested.
30) The Barber cuts his hair in about 15 minutes.
31) The Kentucky Horse Park is an hour from here by car.
32) It was a 21 hour trip by bus from Virginia to Ohio with all the stops.
33) I will need about an hour to explain the new process.
34) On average I need 5 minutes to type a simple email in English.
35) My trip to Cincinnati was 9 hours long.
13
Contractions
Affirmative
These contracted forms are used more frequently than their full forms in spoken English.

I am – I’m I will – I’ll there is – there’s

you are – you’re you will – you’ll there are – there’re
he is – he’s he will – he’ll
she is – she’s she will - she’ll
it is – it’s it will – it’ll
we are – we’re we will – we’ll
they are – they’re they will – they’ll

Note that the following types of contractions with objects or proper nouns as subjects of the sentence
appear in spoken English but generally not in written English.

The telephone is ringing. The telephone’s ringing.

The Fredericks are on vacation The Fredericks’re on vacation.

Give the contracted forms of the verbs in these sentences.

Ex. He is a good employee.

He’s a good employee.

1) It will be summer soon.

2) They are coming to visit next weekend.
3) Tom is very busy.
4) Their grandparents will stay in Florida all winter.
5) There is someone at the door.
6) I will be back by 3:00 PM.
7) He is waiting for you in the lobby.
8) The wind is blowing hard.
9) They are good friends.
10) He will finish painting the room today.
11) They are planning to leave in the morning.
12) The plane is just taking off now.
13) You are very kind, thank you.
14) I am glad that you were able to visit.
15) The Professor will know the answer to this question.
16) She will finish the laundry before supper.
17) Their dog is very tiny.
18) The performance will begin at 7:30.
19) What is going on here?
20) Who is going to tell her the good news?
21) We are going to the dinner show on Sunday evening.
22) His wife is in the hospital.
23) We are leaving at 5:00 am.
24) I will return to take another English course next Fall.
25) She is planning a surprise birthday party for her boyfriend.

14
Contractions
Negative

These contracted forms are used more frequently than their full forms in spoken English.

are not – aren’t do not – don’t

is not – isn’t does not – doesn’t
was not – wasn’t did not – didn’t
were not – weren’t will not – won’t

Use the contracted forms of these negative verbs.

Ex. She did not come to school yesterday.

She didn’t come to school yesterday.

1) There were not many students absent from school today.

2) Tim was not at the party last night.
3) You did not talk to the bus driver.
4) She is not a good sport.
5) I will not be back until Tuesday.
6) She and her husband do not like to eat out.
7) He does not speak clearly.
8) They are not from the United States.
9) They will not renew their magazine subscription.
10) George is not studying medicine anymore.
11) They are not satisfied with their new car.
12) Rhonda was not at the wedding.
13) You are not the only person that thinks like that.
14) There were not picked for the baseball team.
15) I am not going on the hike because I broke my ankle last week.
16) He will not be taking a vacation this year.
17) Their house did not get damaged in the tornado.
18) Olivia is not coming back next year.
19) That actor was not in the original pilot.
20) The contract was not renewed.
21) Joy did not go on vacation last week.
22) Maggie was not here yesterday.
23) Greg did not come to the picnic on Saturday.
24) Brenda is not here today.
25) Susan does not have a white van.
26) We are not giving out candy this year for Halloween.
27) The were not invited to the wedding.
28) He was not in our department at that time.
29) Their family will not go to any restaurant that serves alcohol.
30) She does not understand why people become addicted to Face book and other social media.

15
Articles

A and an are indefinite articles. They refer to objects that have not been specifically identified.

A book is on the table.

An apple is in the lunch box.

The is a definite article. It refers to a particular object.

The book that I am reading is on the table.

Complete the following sentences with the correct article.

Ex. _________chair you are sitting in is very comfortable.

The chair you are sitting in is very comfortable.

1) There is __________pencil (no particular pencil) on the desk.

2) I must buy ________ new pair of shoes. (At this moment I have no particular pair of shoes in
mind)
3) There is ________customer (no particular customer) in the lobby who wishes to see you.
4) ___________ cat which Sarah is carrying is grey.
5) ___________movie which I am watching right now was filmed in Montana.
6) I want to buy _________good book (no particular book) to take on my flight.
7) __________ good book (any good book) is always enjoyable to me.
8) Matt bought __________ new car shirt yesterday. (As yet no definite shirt)
9) __________shirt which Matt bought yesterday (now a definite shirt) is made of wool.
10) ________ dog (no particular dog) was barking outside this morning when I got up.
11) I am going to eat dinner in __________ restaurant tonight. (At this moment, no definite
restaurant)
12) __________ restaurant I ate at last Friday (now a definite restaurant) wasn’t very good.
13) _________ telephone in our office rings often. (a specific telephone)
14) __________medicine which __________ doctor gave me helped my sore throat. (a specific
medicine and doctor)
15) The U.S. Constitution guarantees _________ right to free speech. (a specific right)

Nouns of indefinite quantity or quality do not take an article.

Gold is an important metal

Honesty is the best policy.

When such nouns are used to indicate a particular quality or quantity, they should be preceded by the.

The gold in this ring is very old.

The honesty of the man is to be commended.

No article is used before the name of persons, countries, streets, cities, or towns when they are used as
proper nouns.

Mr. Smith is going to Denmark.

16
Going to
Future Tense

Another way (in addition to will + the simple form of the verb) to express the future tense is to use the
appropriate form of to be going to and the simple form of the verb. The contracted forms are generally
used.

I am (I’m) going to visit we are (we’re) going to see

You are (you’re) going to visit you are (you’re) going to see
He is (he’s) going to visit
She is (she’s) going to visit they are (they’re) going to see
It is (it’s) going to see

Complete the following sentences with the going to form of the future tense, using the verbs in
parentheses. Use both the full form and the contracted form.

Ex. They ___________(visit) us next summer.

They are going to visit us next summer.
They’re going to visit us next summer.

1) We ___________________(eat) out tonight.

2) She__________________(leave) for Florida on Saturday morning.
3) He__________________(wait) for us after the show.
4) Mary _________________(start) school on Monday.
5) Tomorrow _________________ (be) another cold day.
6) That company __________________(move) their call center to India.
7) Brian __________________(take) Kathleen to the movies tonight.
8) He ___________________(drive) to Memphis tomorrow.
9) We____________________(get) up early in the morning to fly to Orlando.
10) You _____________________(have) an exam on Friday morning.
11) I believe it__________________(snow).
12) Aaron ____________________(study) to be an architect.
13) Mr. and Mrs. Frederick ___________________(build) a summer home on Mackinac Island.
14) I _______________________(stay) home tonight and watching movies.
15) They______________________(eat) in tonight.
16) Our family _______________________(go) to go to Kings Island on Saturday.
17) They_________________________(cook) out for the holiday.
18) We __________________________(save) money for a new car.
19) Brian and I ______________________(see) the new Adam Sandler movie Friday night.
20) The new neighbors__________________(move) in this weekend.
21) The marching band __________________(take) a trip to Washington D.C. in the spring.
22) Dad and I _______________________(get) up early tomorrow morning and go fishing.
23) The students________________________(rent) a car and go shopping at the Outlet Mall.
24) Aaron and Marie _____________________(get) married on Saturday.
25) The school __________________________(take) a tour to the Zoo this weekend.

17
Going to
Past Tense

The past form of going to indicates an action which was planned or intended but which did not happen.
Use the appropriate past tense form of to be going to and the simple form of the verb.

I was going to call we were going to speak

you were going to speak you were going to speak
he was going to speak
she was going to speak they were going to speak
it was going to speak

Substitute the past tense form of going to for the verbs in italics

Ex. I intended to do it yesterday, but I was too busy.

I was going to do it yesterday, but I was too busy.

1) We planned to go to a movie last night but the weather was too bad.
2) I planned to return the library book today, but I left it at home.
3) We intended to go swimming, but the weather was too cold.
4) At first he intended to ask Susan to the dance, but finally he invited Gina.
5) They planned to get married in March but they waited until December.
6) I planned to take a vacation this year, but I didn’t save enough money.
7) I intended to go to the meeting, but my car broke down.
8) They planned to go to Kings Island yesterday, but it was too cold.
9) I planned to go to the Reds game on Friday, but I got sick.
10) I intended to buy pink roses, but the florist didn’t have anymore.
11) I planned to bake a cake, but I didn’t have any eggs.
12) Martha intended to go to the doctor, but the appointment was cancelled.
13) Their parents planned to have a cook out for the holiday, but it rained.
14) John intended to surprise his wife with tickets to the musical, but it was sold out.
15) He intended to come to Cincilingua last year, but he was too busy at work to leave.
16) Mr. and Mrs. McDaniel planned to go camping on the Fourth of July, but Mr. McDaniel was
in the hospital.
17) Hollywood intended to release the new movie on the Labor Day weekend, but there were some
delays in filming.
18) The teacher planned to take the students on a field trip, but several students forgot to bring
their permission slips so she had to postpone it.
19) Joshua intended to study medicine, but he couldn’t afford the tuition.
20) I planned to get the oil in my car changed yesterday, but I had to work late.
21) Missy planned to cash her check, but misplaced it and couldn’t find it.
22) Martin intended to send his sister a birthday card, but forgot all about it.
23) William planned to buy a new car this year but decided to wait until next year.
24) The doctor intended to schedule the patient for the test, but the insurance company didn’t
approve it.
25) The Jones family intended to use their tax refund on home repairs, but they had to pay the
hospital bill instead.

18
Short Answers

Short answers are the most common way of answering direct questions. A short answer consists of the
subject of the sentence and an auxiliary verb or part of to be. Note that if there is no auxiliary verb in an
expected answer the verb to do is used.

Can you play the piano? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.

Does she know the answer? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
Are they coming? Yes, they are. No they aren’t.

Pronouns generally replace nouns in short answers.

Will Mr. Schaeffer be here soon? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.

Did it snow yesterday? Yes, it did. No, it didn’t.

Give the affirmative short answers to these questions.

Ex. Can you speak English?

Yes, I can.

1) Did you have birthday parties when you were a child?

2) Did you watch television yesterday?
3) Are you going to eat out tonight?
4) Do you live in Peru?
5) Do you like baseball?
6) Do you speak Portuguese?
7) Are you afraid of heights?
8) Does your spouse speak English?
9) Do you have any children?
10) Will you be in class tomorrow?
11) Can you play the guitar?
12) Do you like soccer?
13) Will you travel to the United States again soon?
14) Are you going to take a vacation this year?
15) Do you work on holidays?
16) Will you travel a lot for business this year?
17) Do you like American movies?
18) Is the weather warm today?
19) Were you busy yesterday?
20) Do you live in a big city?
21) Do you like fast food?
22) Will you buy any souvenirs in Cincinnati?
23) Did you bring a camera with you?
24) Do you like to read books?
25) Did you study last night?

Give the negative short answers to the questions above.

Ex. Can you speak English?

No, I can’t.
19
Much, Many, A lot of

Much is used with non-countable nouns; that is, things that cannot be counted and do not add s to show
plurality.

These nouns do not normally have plural forms.

much coffee much sugar much rain

Many is used with plural countable nouns.

many cans of coffee many packs of sugar

many pencils many students

A lot of is used interchangeably with much and many. A lot of is the most commonly used term of these
three.

A lot of salt a lot of books a lot of love

Complete the following sentences with much or many.

Ex. There aren’t ____________ Mexican restaurants in this city.

There aren’t many Mexican restaurants in this city.

1) He doesn’t drink ____________ coffee.

2) He doesn’t drink ____________ cups of coffee.
3) How ____________time did you spend on your homework last night?
4) Does your company produce ___________ different kinds of products?
5) How __________times a month do you go to a movie?
6) She doesn’t use __________sugar in her tea.
7) She doesn’t use___________ packs of sugar in her tea.
8) There aren’t _____________ mountains in that part of the country.
9) There isn’t ______________ milk in this pitcher.
10) There are _______________cups of milk on the table.
11) Does he spend ___________ money on his clothes?
12) How ___________ windows are in the room?
13) How ___________ rain did we get yesterday?
14) How ___________ inches of rain did we get yesterday?
15) How ____________ barrels of oil does Venezuela produce each day?
16) Is there____________ oil in Venezuela?
17) How ________ money do you spend in restaurants each week?
18) How _________ times do you eat in a restaurant each week?
19) How__________ cousins to you have?
20) How __________ time will you spend in Cincinnati?

Which sentences can you substitute a lot of for much or many?

20
Also, Too, Either

Also and too change to either in negative sentences.

I want to go too
I don’t want to go either.

They also want to see that movie.

They don’t want to see that movie either.

Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.

Ex. Margaret likes to go to baseball games, too.

Margaret doesn’t like to go to baseball games either.

1) Gil also likes to go to the theater.

2) He also likes American football.
3) These shoes were also expensive.
4) He eats at that restaurant too.
5) My parents like to go to the symphony too.
6) Jim also likes to play tennis.
7) My children like that video game too.
8) We celebrate that holiday too.
9) They are going on the trip to Hawaii too.
10) My brother also lives in Cincinnati.
11) She likes to go to the Aronoff Center too.
12) They want to go to Kings Island too.
13) Mia also wants to learn basket weaving.
14) He wants a ticket to the Nascar race too.

Change the following sentences from negative to affirmative.

Ex. Tom doesn’t know her well either.

He also knows her well.
He knows her well too.

1) They don’t like to watch television either.

2) Mark can’t swim well either.
3) I can’t play the piano either.
4) He doesn’t come to work by bus either.
5) Ronald isn’t a friendly person either.
6) He doesn’t work hard either.
7) The manager won’t be back before 1:00 either.
8) We are not taking a vacation this year either.
9) He wasn’t involved in the accident either.
10) She didn’t hear about the fire either.
11) Mildred doesn’t watch horror movies either.
12) Doug can’t go on the trip either.
13) She doesn’t drink alcohol either.
14) We don’t associate with them either.
21
Any, Some

Use any in negative sentences; use some in affirmative sentences.

Brian took some work home with him.

Brian didn’t take any work home with him.

Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.

Ex. There are some extra pencils in that closet.

There aren’t any extra pencils in that closet.

1) They have some nice clothes in that store.

2) We learned some new words at lunch yesterday playing the game.
3) There are some great restaurants on that street.
4) We toured some historical places in Virginia last summer.
5) We walked to three of the fishing piers at Myrtle Beach.
6) There are some students from Chile here this week.
7) There are many Bengals fans at the hotel this weekend.
8) There are some good movies playing at the Cinema.
9) Cincinnati has some shoe stores downtown.
10) The book store has some interesting books on space travel.

Change the following sentences from negative to affirmative.

Ex. I didn’t see anything good on TV last night.

I saw some good shows on TV last night.

1) Don’t pour me any lemonade please.

2) He doesn’t want any bananas.
3) I never see any $2 bills these days.
4) There aren’t any good seats left for the concert tonight.
5) There aren’t any home games this week.
6) There isn’t anything good on the menu.
7) She doesn’t want any soup.
8) Mike doesn’t want any coffee.
9) You won’t need any winter clothes here in July.
10) We don’t need any more chairs in this room.

Complete the following sentences with some or any.

Ex. I don’t have _______ money with me.

I don’t have any money with me.

1) The doctor gave me _________ medicine for my cough.

2) He never gives his patients __________ candy.
3) There are _________ famous museums in Washington D.C., but we didn’t have time to visit
__________.
4) Please put ___________ water in that vase; the flowers are wilting.
5) They are having ____________ trouble with the engine of their new car.
22
Anyone , Someone

Use anybody, anyone, anything, and anywhere in negative sentences.

Use somebody, someone, something, and somewhere in affirmative sentences.

We heard someone walking in the hallway.

We didn’t hear anyone walking in the hallway.

Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.

Ex. She told us something about her vacation.

She didn’t tell us anything about her vacation.

1) I misplaced the book somewhere in the hotel room.

2) There is someone on the phone.
3) Kate will bring someone with her.
4) Harold said he saw someone in the hallway.
5) Barbara went somewhere in the Caribbean last year.
6) She has something important to say to you.
7) There is something in that backpack.
8) There is something smudged on the window.
9) There is someone in the backseat of that car.
10) They will bring something with them.
11) We heard someone at the door.
12) He took someone to the dance.
13) Someone was in the abandoned building
14) There is something stuck in the lock.

Change the following sentences from negative to affirmative.

Ex. He doesn’t know anything about the surprise party.

He knows something about the surprise party.

1) There wasn’t anyone at the door.

2) There wasn’t anyone in line for the rollercoaster.
3) There isn’t anyone in the office right now.
4) There isn’t anything the matter with West’s car.
5) We haven’t spoken to anybody about the matter.
6) Her purse isn’t anywhere in this room.
7) They couldn’t find him anywhere.
8) I don’t think there is anything wrong with this computer.
9) There wasn’t anything in the envelope.
10) The company hasn’t hired anyone for the position.
11) You can’t buy Grippo’s potato chips anywhere here.
12) She doesn’t know anything about car engines.
13) There isn’t anyone home.
14) I don’t know anyone from Portugal.

23
For, Since

For shows the length of time of the action

He has lived there for 38 years.

Since shows the time that the action began.

He has lived there since 1975.

Change these sentences to introduce since in place of for. Then make whatever other changes are
necessary.

Ex. He has been sick for almost a week.

He has been sick since last Tuesday.

1) I have been working here for 22 years.

2) She is so sick that she hasn’t eaten anything for two days.
3) He has been in the Army for almost a year.
4) I have been waiting for you for nearly thirty minutes.
5) It has been raining steadily for the past two hours.
6) Mr. and Mrs. Walden have been living here for 18 years.
7) We have not seen her in a month or longer.
8) They have been traveling in Europe for a week.
9) He has been collecting stamps for 65 years.
10) He has been working on that project for six months.
11) I have been living here for 8 years.
12) We have been members of the club for 22 years.
13) We have been waiting in the Doctor’s office for over an hour.

Change these sentences to introduce for instead of since. Then make whatever other changes are
necessary.

Ex. It has been snowing steadily since last night.

It has been snowing steadily for 15 hours.

1) The supervisor has been absent since last Friday.

2) I haven’t seen Cheryl since elementary school.
3) They have been living in that town since 1986.
4) Mr. and Mrs. Kirtley have lived in the same house since 1946.
5) My father has been working for that company since 1991.
6) They haven’t taken a vacation since 2005.
7) That couple hasn’t eaten in a restaurant since 1945.
8) The baby hasn’t taken a nap since this morning.
9) She has been working two jobs since 1995.
10) He has been watching NASCAR since 1980.
11) They have been in love since high school.
12) He has wanted to be a doctor since he was a child.
13) The mother hasn’t gotten much sleep since her baby was born.

24
Already, Yet

Yet means so far; it is used in negatives and questions.

Jerry hasn’t called yet. Has Jerry called yet?

Already mans by this time or previously; it is used in affirmative statements and questions.

They have already left. Have they already left?

Complete the following sentences with yet or already as required by meaning.

Ex. Sam hasn’t emailed us __.

Sam hasn’t emailed us yet.

1) The meeting has ________ started.

2) Has the meeting started ________?
3) They have __________ mailed the letter.
4) My friend has ____________ bought the tickets.
5) We have ___________ eaten breakfast.
6) Have you eaten breakfast __________?
7) Have you seen that movie _________?
8) Have the police caught the criminal _________?
9) She has _________ put up her Christmas decorations.
10) Have you heard their new song ________?
11) She __________ had her baby.
12) Has she had her baby _________?

Give a negative answer with yet to the following questions.

Ex. Has Star arrived yet?

No, Star hasn’t arrived yet.

1) Have you finished your homework yet?

2) Have you booked the flight yet?
3) Have you seen Matt’s new car yet?
4) Has the boss returned from lunch yet?
5) Has that team won a championship yet?
6) Has the mail arrived yet?
7) Have you paid the rent yet?
8) Have you made the reservation yet?
9) Have you taken the trash out yet?
10) Have you received your invitation to the wedding yet?
11) Have you had the timing belt changed in your car yet?
12) Have you had your surgery yet?

Give an affirmative answer with already to the last group of questions.

Ex. Has Star arrived yet? (Yes, Star has already arrived.)

25
Say, Tell

Use say for direct quotations.

Sharon said, “I am very busy.”

Robert said to me, “I don’t feel well.”

Use say for indirect quotations when the person to whom the words are spoken is not mentioned.

Sharon said that she was very busy.

Use tell for indirect quotations when the person to whom the words are spoken is mentioned.

Robert told me that he didn’t feel well.

Note these idiomatic uses of tell:

to tell a lie to tell the truth to tell time

to tell a story to tell as secret to tell about something

Supply the correct form of say or tell in these sentences.

1) Who __________ you (that) she was a retired doctor?

2) The teacher ___________ us (that) he was going to Myrtle Beach on vacation.
3) George ____________ me about his trip. He ___________ (that) he had a blast.
4) Could you please _______ me what time it is?
5) Rachel ________ Robin (that) she wanted to buy a house.
6) Ellie _________ that she was going to Old Man’s Cave for the weekend.
7) Gil __________ me (that) he goes hunting every November.
8) Greg __________ Ruth (that) he would be out of town the week of October 14th.
9) She __________ her boss (that) she couldn’t finish the report today.
10) I __________ Jim(that) he would begin work at 8:00 AM all week.
11) Please__________ me all about the wedding that you attended last weekend.
12) Neil _________ to me, “Have a fabulous afternoon!”
13) The twins who go to my school look so much alike that I can’t _________ them apart.
14) As part of his presentation, the Manager ___________ the audience several funny stories.
15) Carlos _________ (that) English is easy for him.
16) Jillian always __________ the truth because here parents trained her never to _________ a lie.
17) Karen __________ to me, “ I will never talk to him again.”
18) Todd __________ that he wasn’t feeling well enough to go to the party.
19) My Supervisor _________ me (that) I could take my vacation in March or December.
20) Could you _________ me how to get to 5th Street from here?
21) He has __________ me the same thing several times.
22) What did Steve ________ about the tennis match?
23) Jeffery ________ me (that) he speaks Portuguese.
24) Maggie ________ that she was going out of town for the weekend.
25) Donald __________ me (that) he wouldn’t be able to work on the holiday.

26
As….as / So….as

As….as expresses equality of comparison. The phrase may be used with both adverbs and adjectives.
Negative constructions use so…as.

She is as tall as her sister. She is not so tall as her sister.

He is as old as I am. He is not so old as I am.
He works as rapidly as the boy. He does not work so rapidly as the boy.
He can run as fast as I can. He cannot run so fast as I can

Supply the phrase as….as or not so….as. Also change all adjectives to their corresponding adverb forms
where necessary.

1) Ray is _________ (tall) __________ his brother.

2) We travel there _________ (often) ____________ we can.
3) Their house is __________(large) _____________ yours.
4) His singing voice is not ____________ (good) ___________ hers.
5) Fourth Street is not ___________ (wide) ____________ Central Parkway.
6) This winter is not ____________(bad) _____________as it was last year.
7) Brian is not ___________(athletic)___________ his friend.
8) We rushed to the hospital ___________ (soon) __________ possible.
9) I was running late, so I drove to work ________ (fast) __________ I could.
10) The student didn’t prepare his homework _________ (careful) _________ he should.
11) Mrs. Dixon isn’t ___________ (old) ___________ Mr. Dixon.
12) Their children don’t get up every morning _________ (early) __________ their parents.
13) Clearwater Beach is not _________ (nice) ___________ Virginia Beach.
14) Kings Island is ___________ (big) ____________ Cedar Point.
15) This building is not _________ (old) _____________ that one.
16) Skyline is not _________ (expensive) _________ Boi na Brasa.
17) The Knoxville Zoo is not _________ (big) ___________ the Cincinnati Zoo.
18) Ohio is ___________ (big) ______________ Germany.
19) Ohio is not ___________ (big) _____________ Texas.
20) George Clooney is__________ (tall) _____________ Johnny Depp.
21) I am not ____________ (rich) __________ he is.
22) We didn’t arrive ___________ (early) ___________ we expected.
23) Dustin Hoffman Is not ___________ (tall) ___________ Tom Cruise.
24) I would like to get my hair cut __________ (short) ___________ yours.
25) The new movie is ______________ (interesting) _____________ the last one.

27
Would Rather

Would rather followed by the simple form of the verb means to prefer. The contracted form ‘d rather is
generally used. Note the position and use of than.

I would rather go to Disney World than Universal Studios.

He’d rather play golf than go to a movie.
We’d rather go to our beach house this weekend. (an implied comparison with any other choice)

Change these sentences to introduce would rather. Use both the full form and the contracted form. Be
sure that rather appears only once in each clause.

1) I prefer to wait in the lobby rather than in the office.

(I would rather wait in the lobby than in the office. I’d rather wait in the lobby than in the office.)

2) She prefers to attend a small school; I prefer to go to a large one.

3) That family prefers to spend the summer in the country instead of at the beach.
4) I prefer to go to the cinema than go to a sporting event.
5) We prefer to drive to work.
6) He prefers to play golf than go bowling.
7) Jim prefers to live in a small town like Chester.
8) I prefer not to mention it to my parents at this time.
9) The student prefers to stay after class and finish his homework before he goes home.
10) My husband prefers to eat Mexican food than Italian.
11) Cynthia prefers to study Art than Music.
12) They prefer to meet us at the stadium.
13) I prefer to go to the Zoo than the Aquarium.
14) The Manager says that he prefers to talk to you in his office.
15) I prefer to live in the suburbs.
16) I prefer to drink orange juice than Coke.
17) I prefer to eat cereal for breakfast than something cooked.
18) They prefer to take their vacation in the winter.
19) We prefer to stay at an all inclusive resort than at a condo.
20) She prefers to take a cruise than go on another type of vacation.
21) He prefers to save money than spend it.
22) He prefers to sleep in than get up early.
23) Aaron prefers to go to the gym than watch TV.
24) We prefer to go to Tennessee than Georgia.
25) Children prefer to play than do their homework.

28
Had better

Had better with the simple form of the verb means it would be better or it would be advisable. The
contracted form ‘d better is generally used. Note that this term expresses a future thought even though it
is in a past form.

You had better see a doctor. You’d better see a doctor.

Change these sentences to introduce had better. Use the full form and the contracted form.

1) It would be better if you came back later.

(You had better come back later. You’d better come back later.)
2) I advise you to spend more time on your homework.
3) I would be better if she took a nap.
4) You should call the fire department at once.
5) It would be better if Bill gave you the money back.
6) You shouldn’t give strangers your personal information.
7) It would be better if she didn’t go out with him again.
8) It would be advisable for him to get a second job.
9) It would be better if you didn’t mention this to anyone.
10) It would be advisable for you to send them a thank you card.
11) It would be better if you told him the solution to the problem.
12) It would be better if you got a higher paying job.
13) It would be advisable to get plenty of sleep before the long trip.
14) You should make an appointment as soon as possible.
15) I advise you to call the doctor.
16) It would be better if she took the bus.
17) You should apologize to her.
18) It would be advisable for you to get your car checked.
19) You should change the oil in your car every 3,000 miles.
20) You should call to cancel that appointment.
21) It would be advisable for you to pay off all of your debt.
22) You should renew your subscription before it expires.
23) It would be better if you stop smoking.
24) I advise you to be careful.
25) He should get a lawyer.
26) You should take a nap.
27) She should slow down.
28) We should go home.
29) John should stop drinking.
30) They should apologize.
31) You should quit that job.
32) Ellen should audition.
33) Tony should move back here.
34) Randy should call her.
35) You should sell that car.

29
Tag Endings

Tag endings ask a question or invite confirmation of some fact we already know. Tag endings contain a
pronoun and an auxiliary verb but not a main verb. Use a negative tag ending after an affirmative
sentence.

Rodrigo can speak English, can’t he?

She’s an Italian, isn’t she?
You live in Cincinnati, don’t you?
They’ll be at the wedding, won’t they?

Add the correct tag ending to the following sentences.

1) He goes to work every day, ______________?

(He goes to work every day, doesn’t he?)
2) You could drive your sister’s car______________?
3) They have been studying English a short time, _____________?
4) Mary was kind to you,_________________?
5) William is a good teacher, _________________?
6) Your boss gave you a raise, __________________?
7) He plays the trumpet well, _________________?
8) They are in Florida now, ________________?
9) The Smith’s moved to China, __________________?
10) They are old friends, _______________?
11) The weather is very nice today, ____________________?
12) You will be back by 3’oclock, ___________________?
13) You have seen that movie, __________________?
14) You always buy your groceries at Kroger, _____________________?
15) You received the gift you wanted, __________________?
16) He played chess yesterday, ________________?
17) They play soccer in the park every Saturday, ________________?
18) Her family puts the Christmas tree up on Thanksgiving night, _________________?
19) She starts listening to Christmas music in September, __________________?
20) He painted his living room black, _______________?
21) They are having a cook out this Saturday, ____________________?
22) They are going to Disney World in December, __________________?
23) That group is recording a new CD, __________________?
24) The Company is expanding, __________________?
25) You bought tickets for Wicked, ________________?
26) You are going to volunteer to help, _______________?
27) They are a married couple, ___________________?
28) You want to change jobs, ________________?
29) He wants to be a photographer, ___________________?
30) You are going to watch the Super Bowl, ____________?

30
Tag Endings

Use an affirmative tag ending after a negative sentence

Abdul can’t speak English, can he?

He isn’t Romanian, is he?
You don’t live in Ohio, do you?
They won’t be at the funeral, will they?

Add the correct tag ending to the following sentences.

1) Brian doesn’t like to wake up early, _____________?

(Brian doesn’t like to wake up early, does he?
2) They wouldn’t answer your question, ________________?
3) She hasn’t ever been to Peru, ___________________?
4) We won’t have enough money to buy two tickets, _______________?
5) They didn’t go by car, _________________?
6) He isn’t studying Russian, ________________?
7) They aren’t going away for Thanksgiving this year, ________________?
8) You didn’t write that song, _______________?
9) You haven’t eaten breakfast yet, _________________?
10) You haven’t seen Todd this morning, __________________?
11) You didn’t wake up on time, _________________?
12) The parade isn’t at 3:00, ________________?
13) You won’t say anything about this, ___________________?
14) Her surgery isn’t today, ________________?
15) The milk hasn’t spoiled, _________________?
16) The batteries aren’t dead, ___________________?
17) The bank isn’t closed today, __________________?
18) That little boy doesn’t know how to swim, _______________?
19) He isn’t retiring, ____________?
20) You didn’t break the window, _______________?
21) Thurman isn’t married, ___________________?
22) You aren’t going to the football game tonight, __________________?
23) He isn’t going to invest in the stock market, ________________?
24) That company hasn’t launched any new products this year, ___________________?
25) The baby isn’t asleep, _________________?
26) The two companies haven’t merged yet, ________________?
27) Today isn’t Columbus Day, ______________?
28) We aren’t going to move, ______________?
29) You don’t like lima beans, ______________?
30) You haven’t been there before, _______________?
31) We aren’t going to the reception, ________________?
32) They aren’t going to the parade, _________________?
33) We don’t have to get up early, _________________?
34) She isn’t the new manager, _________________?
35) Today isn’t the day we are taking a test, ___________________?

31
It, There

The impersonal pronoun it is used in expressions of weather, time and distance.

It is a breezy day.
It is five o’clock.
It is a long way from Ohio to Nevada.

It is also used with the verb to be, an adjective and an infinitive

It is easy to learn English grammar.

It was difficult to remember your phone number.

When it or there is used to express the existence of an object or objects, some other word in the sentence
is the subject.

There is a spider in the room. (Spider is the subject.)

It was I who called you yesterday. (I is the subject.)
There are twelve people on a jury. (People is the subject.)

Complete the following sentences with It is or There is.

1) ______________ snowing very hard.

(It is snowing very hard.)
2) _______________four and a half hours from here to Chicago.
3) _______________time for you to take your medicine.
4) _______________a mailbox on the corner.
5) _______________almost three o’clock.
6) _______________a funny movie on TV tonight.
7) _______________impossible to finish this report before lunch.
8) _______________easy to understand why she moved out of that neighborhood.
9) _______________beginning to rain.
10) _______________cold in this office.
11) _______________a fly on the wall.
12) _______________plenty of time to do that today.

Complete the following sentences with It or There.

1) _________are a lot of resorts along the coast.

(There are a lot of resorts along the coast.)
2) __________are 31 days in December
3) __________is a very cold day.
4) __________is dangerous to drive when you are sleepy.
5) __________are several Latin Americans at this school.
6) __________is dark in here.
7) __________difficult to understand his accent.
8) __________are a lot of people at Magic Kingdom today.
9) __________ beginning to snow.
10) __________is no place like home.
11) __________are no students from Iceland.
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Position of Adverbs

Place adverbs of time (yesterday, last week, next month, tomorrow, etc.) at the beginning or end of a
sentence.

We saw a famous Nashville recording artist last week.

On Monday you are scheduled from 8:00 to 5:00.

Place adverbs of frequency (often, usually, generally, rarely, ever, etc.) before the main verb except when
the main verb is a form of to be.

He always comes to work late. She is never late for class.

Does he always come to work late? Is she always on time for class?

Note that in sentences with auxiliary verbs, adverbs of frequency are after the auxiliary verbs but before
the main verbs.

He has always come late to meetings.

We don’t usually eat out.

Place the indicated adverb in the correct place in these sentences.

1) I saw Pete Rose at Kings Island. (yesterday)

(I saw Pete Rose at Kings Island yesterday.)
2) We went to the Zoo. (on Saturday)
3) George has been a very good teacher. (always)
4) Albert is late for work. (always)
5) He accepted the bonus. (cheerfully)
6) She plays the organ. (well)
7) Mr. Brown goes to New York on business trips. (often)
8) Gil glued the broken pieces back together. (carefully)
9) He goes there. (seldom)
10) They are planning to come over to our house. (tonight)
11) His family is going on vacation. (tomorrow)
12) He is going to a Class Reunion. (next month)
13) We went to the Aquarium. (last week)
14) Everyone in the office is going to the party. (tonight)
15) We go out to eat. (seldom)
16) He parks his car in that lot. (usually)
17) I go to Gatlinburg on the weekend. (frequently)
18) They go to church. (always)
19) I will help you. (happily)
20) We went to that movie. (last night)
21) I go bowling. (rarely)
22) Brown is going on the tour. (tomorrow)
23) William drives to work. (usually)
24) I eat breakfast. (always)
25) The student will take a test. (on Thursday)

33
Word Order

Word order is very important in English sentences. The normal word order for an English statement is
subject, verb, indirect object, direct object, adverbial modifiers. Be careful not to separate a verb and its
direct object with an adverbial modifier.

Wrong: I saw yesterday my cousin.

Correct: I saw my cousin yesterday.

Reconstruct the following sentences and put them into good English form.

1) Maria has ten years been in this country.

(Maria has been in this country ten years.)
2) They went last night to the concert.
3) She is studying now psychology at the University of Cincinnati.
4) Please read aloud the complete paragraph.
5) She was so upset she hardly could speak.
6) Andrew gave me this morning a copy of your report.
7) He said that he had had already four cups of coffee today.
8) I have every day to answer a lot of emails in English.
9) Throw me from the airplane window a kiss.
10) It was so hot that winter that we didn’t have to wear now and then our coats.
11) Always I speak Spanish with my co-workers.
12) I have been 20 years here; maybe it is more even than that.
13) She went yesterday to the doctor.
14) I used to like a lot video games, but now I read every night books.
15) The group of teenagers is working now at McDonald’s as well as Wal-Mart.
16) He has every morning called his family.
17) It was so hard raining you couldn’t see to drive.
18) They will to the airport go in the morning.
19) He will the package receive by Friday.
20) They are to the football game going tonight.
21) Please tell to the doctor your symptoms.
22) Give to me the money.
23) Always have I tried my best.
24) I used to for a marketing company work.
25) He for Halloween is dressing up.
26) Always has he lived in Cincinnati.
27) We have in this school 2 days been.
28) The Police on strike now are.
29) The school not open is today.
30) The shirt orange is.
31) Yesterday won we the game.
32) He used to coffee drink.
33) I saw two weeks ago the play.
34) He happy is usually.
35) Last week ate we there.

34
Still, Anymore

Still means even up to the present time. It indicates some continuing action. Still usually comes before
the main verb.

He is still working as a photographer. They still live in Texas.

Anymore indicates that an action that went on in the past has been discontinued. We usually place
anymore at the end of a negative sentence.

He isn’t working as a photographer anymore.

They don’t live in Texas anymore.

Complete the following sentences with still or anymore.

1) She doesn’t work at that company.

(She doesn’t work at that company anymore.)
2) Mrs. Jones isn’t our teacher _____________.
3) He is ____________ practicing medicine.
4) Matt isn’t the best athlete in the school ___________.
5) I seldom watch TV ________________.
6) She is ______________ doing data entry at that Marketing Company.
7) Does your family _____________ go to Disney World every December?
8) We never run into each other _______________.
9) Tom doesn’t live in Cincinnati ________________.
10) He has retired, so he doesn’t work _______________.
11) I ____________ want to see that movie.
12) That isn’t our telephone number ______________.
13) We _________ live at the same address.
14) They aren’t dating _____________.
15) He _____________ loves her.

Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.

1) He is still living in Texas.

(He isn’t living in Texas anymore.)
2) It is still snowing.
3) She still works at Proctor and Gamble.
4) We still live on Maple Lane.
5) We still go bowling with them on Saturday night.
6) He is still the CEO of the company.
7) They are still having yard sales the first weekend of each month.
8) We still want to go to Mount Rushmore on our next vacation.
9) It is still very hot outside.
10) John is still collecting old coins.
11) He is still working at Children’s Hospital.
12) She is still dating that truck driver she met last fall.
13) The company is still producing ivory soap.
14) We are still advertising in the Delta magazine.
15) We still go to that restaurant every Sunday after church.
35
Direct and Indirect Speech

A direct quotation gives the words of a speaker exactly as spoken.

Jeannine said, “I am leaving tomorrow morning.”

An indirect quotation reports on someone’s words indirectly. The pronouns used in an indirect quotation
are different from those in a direct quotation.

Jeannine said that she was leaving tomorrow morning.

When an indirect object is used in a sentence being changed from direct to indirect speech, say to is often
changed to tell.

Direct: Jim said to Brian, “I will meet you at the studio at 5:00 pm.”
Indirect: Jim told Brian that he would meet him at the studio at 5:00 pm.

Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.

1) The airline clerk said, “ The flight has been delayed.”

(The airline clerk said that the flight had been delayed.)
2) The girl said, “My name is Sarah.”
3) Steve said, “I left my keys at home.”
4) Michael said, “ I have read that book before.”
5) The supervisor said, “ You need to finish the report by noon.”
6) His mother said, “ We will eat dinner at 5:30.”
7) The bank clerk said, “ How much would you like to deposit today?”
8) Rachel said to me, “ A package will be delivered here for me.”
9) Beverly said, “My student needs the Marketing Glossary.”
10) The Waitress said, “The special today is chicken and rice.”
11) The Parking Enforcement Officer said, “The price of parking will go up very soon.”
12) The doctor said, “ Take this medicine three times a day with meals.”
13) Greg said, “ I am not feeling well.”
14) Maggie said, “ I will be out of town next weekend.”
15) Ellie said, “ I don’t like fish.”
16) West said, “ My son likes trains.”
17) Brian said, “ I am going to propose to Kate this weekend.”
18) Al said, “ The Reds are going to the playoffs.”
19) The preacher said, “Everyone is invited to the potluck dinner next Sunday afternoon.”
20) The policeman said, “ You have the right to remain silent.”
21) Knox said, “Where is Maggie?”
22) Jim said to me, “I have a present for you.”
23) The Manager said, “I want everyone in the conference room at 2:00 today.”
24) The waitress said, “Our special today is chicken and with a side of fried okra.”
25) The Judge said, “We will resume Friday morning at 8:00 AM.”

36
Indirect Speech
Questions

Questions in indirect speech are expressed as statements.

Direct: Keith asked, “What time does the tour begin?”

Indirect: Keith asked what time the tour began.

Questions in indirect speech which are not introduced by a question word require the introductions of
whether or if.

Keith asked, “What time does the tour begin?”

Keith asked whether I knew what time the tour began.
Keith asked if I knew what time the tour began.

Change the following sentences to indirect speech.

1) The teacher asked me, “How long have you studied English?”
(The teacher asked me how long I had studied English.)
2) Melissa asked me, “What time is it?”
3) My boss asked me, “Where are you going on your vacation?”
4) She asked her husband, “Do you like my new hairdo?”
5) I asked him, “How long does it take you to drive to work?”
6) He asked us, “Did you receive the check yet?.”
7) Her parents asked her, “What do you want for Christmas this year?”
8) The passenger asked the Stewardess, “What time will we land at O’Hara?”
9) His wife asked him, “What time will you be home from work today?”
10) The Professor asked the student, “Do you want to pass this class?”
11) I asked the salesclerk, “How much is that camera?”
12) I asked the man, “Do you know how to get to the Art Museum from here?”
13) We asked the lady at the ticket window, “What time will the performance begin?”
14) She asked me, “Does it take longer to go by bus or by train?”
15) He asked her, “Would you like to go to the football game on Saturday?”
16) His youngest daughter asked him, “Daddy, where do Zebras come from?”
17) My friend asked me, “What time will you get back from the meeting?”
18) My brother asked me, “Are you going to be home this weekend?”
19) She asked her friend, “Does this dress make me look too skinny?”
20) She asked him, “Would you rather have a new shirt or a new wallet for your birthday?”
21) She asked her, “How old is your baby?”
22) The boss asked his secretary, “Do I have any messages?”
23) The Waitress asked the customer, “What kind of salad dressing would you like?”
24) The student asked the teacher, “What is the difference between do and make?”
25) We asked the man at the gallery, “How much is that Thomas Kincaid painting of Graceland?”
26) Brian asked the man at the ticket booth, “How much is the two day pass?”
27) Angela asked the cashier, “Where are the Rod Run t-shirts?”
28) The doctor asked me, “How long have you had pain there?”
29) The Hotel clerk asked us, “Are you waiting for the shuttle to Magic Kingdom?”
30) Her husband asked her, “Where would you like to go for dinner Friday night?”

37
Indirect Speech
Commands

Express orders or commands in indirect speech by using the infinitive form.

He said to me, “Come back later.”

He told me to come back later.

She said to me, “Don’t wait for me.”

She told me not to wait for her.

Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.

1) The mother said to her son, “Wait for me at the door.”

(The mother told her son to wait for her at the door.)
2) I said to him, “Don’t ever try that again.”
3) The policeman said to me, “I need to see your registration and driver’s license.”
4) The teacher said to her student, “do pages 5, 6, and 7 for homework.”
5) The clerk said to me, “Come back tomorrow to pick up your new glasses.”
6) My boss said to me, “Overtime is mandatory this week.”
7) He begged his friend, “Please don’t tell anyone I said that.”
8) The Congressman said to the nation, “We need to stand together and overturn this.”
9) The weatherman said to the viewing audience, “Take cover immediately; the tornado is in the
viewing area now.”
10) The child said to his friend, “Would you like to come to my birthday party?”
11) The security guard said to the man, “Do you have a security pass to enter?”
12) The parent said to his child, “Don’t ever do that again!”
13) The Pharmacist said to me, “Contact your doctor if you experience any of the side effects.”
14) The man on the bus said to the driver, “Can you tell me when we get to Kenwood Mall?”
15) The vocal coach said to her student, “Breathe from your diaphragm.”

Change the following sentences to the indirect form of speech.

1) Rewrite the paragraph.

(The teacher told me to rewrite the paragraph.)
2) Stop talking during class.
3) Stop doodling.
4) Go to detention after class.
5) Be quiet during the test.
6) Take notes during the video
7) Take out a piece of paper and a pencil.
8) Keep your eyes on your own paper.
9) Give me your cell phone.
10) Turn your cell phone off.
11) Stop texting.
12) Write “I will not talk during class” one hundred times.

38
Wish

Wish usually suggests a situation that is unreal or contrary to fact. After wish – as in unreal conditional
statements – use a past tense clause to suggest present action and past perfect tense clause to suggest past
action.

Present: I wish today were Christmas.

Past: I wish I had known about this yesterday.

The expressions I wish you would and I wish you wouldn’t are used to express polite commands or
requests.

I wish you would stay here.

I wish you wouldn’t go home.

Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

1) I wish I ____________(have) a month for vacation, I’d go to Hawaii.

(I wish I had a month for vacation, I’d go to Hawaii.)
2) I wish I ____________(go) the movie with you last night.
3) I wish I ____________(be) at the beach right now.
4) I wish I ____________(earn) $500,000.00 a year.
5) I wish I ____________(know) English fluently.
6) I wish I ____________(can) play the piano.
7) I wish you___________(live) next door to me.
8) I wish he ____________(visit) us more often.
9) I wish I _____________(learn) to ski when I was younger.
10) I wish they ___________(will) move back to Cincinnati.
11) I wish I ______________(have) a new car.
12) I wish I ______________(know) how to get in touch with them.
13) I wish I ______________(finish) my studies at the University.
14) I wish she ______________(speak) more fondly of her children.
15) I wish I ________________(can) help you with that problem.

Begin these imperative sentences with I wish you would or I wish you wouldn’t, making them more
polite.

1) Come back tomorrow.

(I wish you would come back tomorrow.)
2) Read the instructions carefully.
3) Clean this room immediately.
4) Return the video to the library.
5) Help me carry these boxes.
6) Come to class on time.
7) Put the books away.
8) Don’t make any mistakes.
9) Leave the room.
10) Be quiet.

39
Too, So

In order to avoid repetition of earlier words or phrases, use too or so and an appropriate auxiliary verb in
affirmative sentences.

He likes soccer and she likes soccer.

He likes soccer and she does too.
He likes soccer and so does she.

I went to Disney World and Aaron went to Disney World.

I went to Disney World and Aaron did too.
I went to Disney World and so did Aaron.

Shorten the following sentences by using a very phrase with too.

1) She wants to eat there, and he wants to eat there.

(She wants to eat there, and he does too.)
2) I have eaten breakfast, and Susan has eaten breakfast.
3) Jorge left right after class, and Maria left right after class.
4) Carmen can speak Spanish, and Alfonso can speak Spanish.
5) Brian is going to the zoo, and I am going to the zoo.
6) The Browns go to the mountains every fall, and my family goes to the mountains every fall.
7) I begin work at 8:30 AM, and he begins work at 8:30 AM.
8) He has a black car, and she has a black car.
9) I like strawberry ice cream, and she likes strawberry ice cream.
10) They are going to the circus, and we are going to the circus.
11) My favorite beach is Virginia beach, and his favorite beach is Virginia beach.
12) I have a degree in Journalism, and he has a degree in Journalism.
13) I am studying English, and they are studying English.
14) I will buy a ticket for the musical, and my friend will buy a ticket for the musical.
15) The Johnson family had a baby this year, and the Wilson family had a baby this year.
16) We prefer an artificial Christmas tree and they prefer an artificial Christmas tree.
17) I am an engineer, and he is an engineer.
18) Grace will be here at 9:00 AM, and Tim will be here at 9:00 AM.
19) Brown is going on the tour, and Ellie is going on the tour.
20) Pauline teaches English, and Mary teaches English.
21) The Bengals are a Cincinnati team, and the Reds are a Cincinnati team.
22) Chris drives to work, and Jim drives to work.
23) My dad collects coins, and my uncle collects coins.
24) I like to eat at Cracker Barrel, and my family likes to eat at Cracker Barrel.
25) I enjoy floating in a lazy river, and he enjoys floating in a lazy river.

Shorten the sentences above by using a verb phrase with so.

1) She wants to eat there, and he wants to eat there.

(She wants to eat there and so does he.)

40
Either, Neither

Use either and neither to avoid repetition in negative sentences.

He doesn’t like cold weather and she doesn’t like cold weather.
He doesn’t like cold weather and she doesn’t either.
He doesn’t like cold weather and neither does she.

I didn’t attend the meeting and Ray didn’t attend the meeting.
I didn’t attend the meeting and Ray didn’t either.
I didn’t attend the meeting and neither did Ray.

Shorten the following sentences (avoiding repetition) by using a verb phrase with either.

1) He doesn’t like sushi, and she doesn’t like sushi.

(He doesn’t like sushi and she doesn’t either.)
2) His family doesn’t watch TV, and their family doesn’t watch TV.
3) Rachel didn’t like the movie, and Stevel didn’t like the movie.
4) Their oldest daughter won’t be home for Thanksgiving, and their youngest son won’t be home for
Thanksgiving.
5) My father hasn’t ever been to Africa, and my mother hasn’t ever been to Africa.
6) I have never worked as an accountant, and my wife has never worked as an accountant.
7) I have never studied Japanese, and my brother has never studied Japanese.
8) I don’t want to go to the meeting, and she doesn’t want to go to the meeting.
9) I didn’t like that restaurant, and my friends didn’t like that restaurant.
10) He didn’t ride the roller coasters, and I didn’t ride the roller coasters.
11) She has never traveled by train, and her family has never traveled by train.
12) I have never heard of that, and he has never heard of that.
13) Ruth doesn’t have a maid, and Sue doesn’t have a maid.
14) I don’t drink coffee, and she doesn’t drink coffee.
15) Her son can’t swim, and she can’t swim.
16) He doesn’t like to dance, and his wife doesn’t like to dance.
17) Luke doesn’t have to work on Columbus day, and I don’t have to work on Columbus day.
18) She never speaks and unkind word about anyone, and he never speaks an unkind work about
anyone.
19) He has never read that book, and I have never read that book.
20) I have never gone to the Labor Day fireworks, and my family has never gone to the Labor Day
fireworks.
21) I don’t know how to drive a stick shift, and my friend doesn’t know how to drive a stick shift.
22) I never learned to water ski, and my siblings never learned to water ski.
23) He doesn’t work on Sunday, and she doesn’t work on Sunday.
24) The teacher won’t be here at 6:00 PM, and I won’t be here at 6:00 PM.
25) I am not Amish, and they are not Amish.

Shorten the sentences above by using a verb phrase with neither.

1) He doesn’t like sushi, and she doesn’t like sushi.

(He doesn’t like sushi, and neither does she.)

41
Auxiliary Verbs

In sentences describing two opposite situations, avoid repetition with but and an appropriate auxiliary.

She liked the museum. I didn’t like the museum.

She liked the museum, but I didn’t.

He can’t speak English. His children speak English.

He can’t speak English, but his children can.

Complete the following sentences by adding the necessary auxiliary verb.

1) He plays the trumpet well, but his friend ____________.

(He plays the trumpet well, but his friend doesn’t.)
2) Todd is good at mathematics, but I _______________.
3) She knows how to play the piano, but he _______________.
4) I have never been to Chile, but my husband ______________.
5) At first, I didn’t like the new rollercoaster, but now I __________.
6) He didn’t like the movie, but I ___________.
7) Their family is going to the beach, but we ___________.
8) Chad likes to go rock climbing, but his wife ____________.
9) Alexis and I agree with you, but Paul ___________.
10) Her oldest son went into the military after high school, but her other son ____________.
11) James and Jenny like to play board games, but Martha _____________.
12) My husband loves to watch football, but I _____________.
13) I’ll be at the picnic, but the others ____________.
14) He has seen that movie, but I _____________.
15) They know how to swim, but I ____________.
16) Mark used to be the fastest swimmer on the team, but now he ____________.
17) The class is going on a tour Saturday, but I_____________.
18) Brenda won’t be able to go to the party tonight, but I _____________.
19) He enjoys fishing, but his children _____________.
20) We are going on the B&B Riverboat dinner cruise on Friday, but Jorge ___________.

Complete the following sentence with the necessary auxiliaries.

1) Cindy doesn’t want to go, and neither ___________ I.

(Cindy doesn’t want to go, and neither do I.)
2) Clara speaks Spanish, and so _________ her siblings.
3) I knew Sharon wouldn’t come, but I thought Missy ____________.
4) At first the Bengals were the best team in the league, but later on the Steelers _________.
5) She isn’t a good singer, and he ___________ either.
6) I haven’t seen that musical yet, but my sister ___________.
7) At first I couldn’t understand English when I heard it, but now I ____________.
8) John has gone away to college and so ___________ Andrew.
9) You say that you don’t want to go on the trip, but I think you __________.
10) She can’t go, but we __________.

42
Exclamations

To emphasize a noun, use “what” or “what a” with an exclamation point (!)

What talent! What a beautiful painting!

To emphasize an adjective or adverb in a sentence, use how and an exclamation point.

How wonderful! How well he swims! How tall she is!

Change these sentences to exclamations which emphasize some part of them. Use what a , or how and an
exclamation point.

1) Todd runs fast.

(How fast Todd runs!)
2) Joy speaks eloquently.
3) The river is very wide.
4) She is an intelligent girl.
5) He is an honest boy.
6) That is a gorgeous car.
7) It was a very interesting performance.
8) He plays ping pong well.
9) It is a beautiful day.
10) You have good taste in clothes.
11) They speak Turkish fluently.
12) It is cold today.
13) It is a hot day.
14) He is a lucky gambler.
15) William is tall.
16) Ruth is short.
17) Jim is a hard worker.
18) That was very unusual behavior.
19) It was a delicious meal.
20) She sings beautifully.
21) The dog looks very old.
22) It is an expensive trip.
23) It was a boring book.
24) The amusement park is exciting.
25) It is a wonderful movie.
26) He is a sore loser.
27) They are great dancers.
28) He is breathtakingly handsome.
29) Barry is a great tour guide.
30) The food is delicious.

43