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CS210 Slides 03 01 Predicates

This document discusses predicate logic and propositional functions. It defines key terms like predicate, propositional function, and universe of discourse. It provides examples of predicates and propositional functions with different subjects and variables. It also discusses how predicates become propositions when variables are assigned values within a specified universe of discourse.

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Eisha Islam
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30 views17 pages

CS210 Slides 03 01 Predicates

This document discusses predicate logic and propositional functions. It defines key terms like predicate, propositional function, and universe of discourse. It provides examples of predicates and propositional functions with different subjects and variables. It also discusses how predicates become propositions when variables are assigned values within a specified universe of discourse.

Uploaded by

Eisha Islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Discrete Mathematics

Predicate Logic

Predicates and Propositional Functions


Universal and Existential Quantifiers
Negating Quantified Statements
Nested Quantifiers

Imdad Ullah Khan and Malik Jahan Khan

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 1/1


Proposition

A statement is a description of something

A proposition is a statement that is either true or false

Recall that the following are not propositions

x = 4, x > y + 3, x +y =z

Their truth values depend on values of the variables


We can make propositions out of such statements by making them
predicates

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 2/1


Predicate

Predicate
A predicate is a property that is true or false about the subject

x is greater than 3

y is equal to z

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 3/1


Predicate

Predicate
A predicate is a property that is true or false about the subject

x is greater than 3
|{z} | {z }
subject predicate

y is equal to z
|{z} | {z }
subject predicate

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 4/1


Propositional function

x is greater than 3
|{z} | {z }
subject predicate

Denoted by P(x)
P denotes the predicate “is greater than 3”
x is the variable (aka subject or argument)
P(x) is the value of the propositional function P at x

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 5/1


Propositional function
A Propositional function

Takes one or more arguments . multivariable functions


Yields the value true (T) or false (F)
Stands for the property (predicate) of the variable(s)
Becomes a proposition when variable(s) are given value(s)

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 6/1


Propositional function

P(x) : x > 5

ICP 2-1 P(3) : . T/F

ICP 2-2 P(7) : . T/F

ICP 2-3 P(5) : . T/F

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 7/1


Propositional function

Q(x, y ) : x > y

ICP 2-4 Q(3, 4) : . T/F

ICP 2-5 Q(5, 4) : . T/F

ICP 2-6 Q(4, 4) : . T/F

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 8/1


Propositional function

P(x) : x is a professor at LUMS

ICP 2-7 P(Imdad) : . T/F

ICP 2-8 P(Pythagoras) : . T/F

ICP 2-9 P(Jahan) : . T/F

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 9/1


Propositional function

Q(x, y , z) : x teaches course y in university z

ICP 2-10 Q(Imdad, Calc, ITU) : . T/F

ICP 2-11 Q(Pythagoras, Bio, PU) : . T/F

ICP 2-12 Q(Basit, DM, LUMS) : . T/F

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 10 / 1


Propositional function

Q(x, y ) : x > y

ICP 2-13 Q(10, 7) : . T/F

ICP 2-14 Q(cat, 4) : . T/F

ICP 2-15 Q(course, mountain) : . T/F

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 11 / 1


Universe of Discourse

We need to have a universe of discourse


A collection of subjects; things we are talking about
With a clear UoD, for each value of the variable predicates will
become propositions
Each variable may have a different universe of discourse

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 12 / 1


Universe of Discourse

ICP 2-16 What is an appropriate UoD for the variable x in


P(x) : x > 4?

a) Set of people
b) Set of real numbers
c) Set of cats

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 13 / 1


Universe of Discourse

ICP 2-17 What is an appropriate UoD for the variable x in


P(x) : x is a professor at LUMS?

a) Set of people
b) Set of real numbers
c) Set of cats

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 14 / 1


Universe of Discourse

ICP 2-18 What are appropriate UoDs for the variables x and y ,
respectively in Q(x, y ) : x > y ?

a) Set of people and set of real numbers


b) Set of real numbers and set of cats
c) Set of real numbers and set of real numbers

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 15 / 1


Universe of Discourse

ICP 2-19 What are appropriate UoDs for the variables x,y , and z,
respectively in
Q(x, y , z) : x teaches course y in university z?

a) People, Courses, Universities


b) Courses, Universities, People
c) University, People, Courses

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 16 / 1


Predicate: Summary

A predicate is a property that is true or false about the subject(s)


P(x) is the value of propositional function P at x
Takes one or more variables
Becomes a proposition when variable(s) are given value(s)
Universe of discourse is set of possible values for variables
Each variable may have a different universe of discourse

Imdadullah Khan (LUMS) Predicate Logic 17 / 1

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