CHAPTER 3: PERPETUATION TYPES OF REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS and horticulture to propagate a particularly

desirable plant. Most roses and potatoes are

OF LIFE 1. SELF-FERTILIZATION/SELF-POLLINATION vegetatively propagated.
occurs in bisexual organisms, including most
flowering plants, numerous protozoans, and many I. STOLONS are stems which grow at the soil
invertebrates. surface or just below ground that form adventitious
PLANT REPRODUCTION roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds.
2. CROSS-FERTILIZATION occurs between
II. RHIZOMES are also important reproductive
These parts produce sex cells or gametes in the form members of the same species.
structures, particularly in grass and sedges. It
of ovules and pollen grains. These are the reproductive
invade areas near the parent plant, and each node
parts of the plants: 3. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION a single individual
can give rise to a new flowering shot.
(parent) is capable of producing an offspring, as a
o Peduncle: The stalk of a flower. result, the offspring that are produced are not only III. SUCKERS are plants growing not from a seed but
o Receptacle: The part of a flower stalk where the identical to one another but are also exact copies of from a meristem of the root at the base or at a
parts of the flower are attached. their parent. certain distance from a tree or shrub.
o Sepal: The outer parts of the flower (often green a. Binary fission ("division in half") is a kind of IV. ADVENTITIOUS LEAVES/BUDS develop from
and leaf-like) that enclose a developing bud. asexual reproduction. Another type of fission is places other than a shoot apical meristem, which
o Petal: The parts of a flower that are often multiple fission which is advantageous to the occurs at the tip of a stem, or on a shoot node, at
conspicuously colored. plant life cycle. Multiple fission, at the cellular the leaf axil, the bud being left there during the
o Stamen: The pollen producing part of a flower, level of occurs in many protists. primary growth.
usually with a slender filament supporting the b. Budding involves the growth of a small bulb-like
projection called bud. V. APOMIXIS as replacement of the normal sexual
anther.
reproduction by asexual reproduction, without
o Anther: The part of the stamen where pollen is c. FRAGMENTATION involves breaking down of
filaments into fragments that grow into young fertilization.
produced.
o Pistil: The ovule producing part of a flower. The ones.
d. ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION is 4. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION involves two
ovary often supports a long style, topped by a
the process of propagating plants through fundamental processes: meiosis and fertilization.
stigma. The mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature
ovule is a seed. artificial methods is called artificial propagation.
o Stigma: The part of the pistil where pollen The different methods of artificial propagation
germinates are grafting, cutting, layering, and tissue culture. ORGANS OF PLANTS
o Ovary: The enlarged basal portion of the pistil
where ovules are produced. The organs of plants are divided into VEGETATIVE
ARTIFICIAL VEGITATIVE PROPAGATION and REPRODUCTIVE. The vegetative organs are the
I. GRAFTING – the method which involves leaves stem, and roots. The reproductive organs
The male reproductive organ is called the stamen development of new varieties of fruit plants. are responsible for the perpetuation of the plant. These
which has two parts: the anther (produces the pollen, II. CUTTING – involves planting a young cutting of the are the flowers, fruit, and seeds.
which contains the male sperm cells) and the filament stem with buds into moist soil.
(that holds or supports the anther) III. LAYERING – involves bending of a young stem
towards the ground and let it grow under the soil.
The female reproductive organ is pistil. The ovules IV. TISSUE CULTURE – a mass of tissue is selected
are equivalent to the pollen grains of the male from the growing tip of plant. This is termed as
reproductive organ. Other parts of pistil (stigma, style, callus.
ovary, and the ovule).
e. NATURAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
asexual reproduction is also used in agriculture