ST.

JOHN PAUL II INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TRAINING ASSESSMENT AND LEARNING CENTER, INC
FRA Building, Carmen West, Rosales, Pangasinan/
Aguila Road, Brgy. Sevilla, San Fernando City, La Union

Business Mathematics
Quarter I – Module 1:
Fundamental Operations on Fractions
(Week 1&2)

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 Subject: Business Mathematics
Grade & Section: Grade 11- ABM
Module No. 1&2
Week No. 1&2
Instructor: Ms. Camille N. Cornelio

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. perform fundamental operations on fractions;
2. give real-life situations to illustrate fractions; and
3. solve problems involving fractions.

Lesson Fundamental Operations on

1 Fractions

A fraction is one or more of the equal parts into which a whole is divided (or simply a ratio of two numbers).
There are two parts of a fraction, the numerator and the denominator with a horizontal slanting line between the
two numbers. The numerator is the number of equal parts being taken into consideration. It is written above the
denominator. The denominator is the number of equal parts into which the whole is divided. The fraction line
separates the numerator from the denominator, and stands for “out of” or “divided by”.

1 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
3 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑
Note. A fraction with a denominator of zero is undefined.

Types of Fractions
1. Proper Fraction. A fraction whose numerator is less than its denominator (or whose
denominator is greater than its numerator) and is less than one.
1 5 7
Example : , , , etc.
4 8 12
2. Improper Fraction. A fraction whose numerator is greater or equal to the denominator.
11 9 5
Example : , 2 , 5, etc.
3
3. Mixed Numbers. A mixed number is consist of a whole number and a proper fraction.
Used to describe a quantity greater than 1.
3 2 6
Example : 2 , 3 , 10 , etc.
4 7 11

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 In junior high school we have already learned about fractions and its conversion of fractions to simplest
form or building it up and finding the least common denominator (LCD). Now, we can apply them to addition
and subtraction of fractions. We also need to take into consideration whether the fractions are like or unlike
fractions.
Like fraction – fractions that have the same or a common denominator
3 1 5 9
Example ; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6 , 17 𝑎𝑛𝑑 17 , 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
6
Unlike Fraction – fractions that have different denominators
3 1 8 91
Example : 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5 , 35 𝑎𝑛𝑑 114 , 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
4

I. ADDITION OF LIKE FRACTIONS

Two or more fractions with a common denominator are added by adding the numerators over the common
𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴+𝐵
denominator. That is, for two 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 , with common denominator C, 𝐶 + 𝐶 = .
𝐶 𝐶
Example 1. Perform the following additions. (Reduce the answer if possible)
3 2 4 3 7
a. + b. + 35 + 35
8 8 35
Solution. 2
3 2 3+2 5 4 3 7 4+3+7 14 2
a. + = = b. + + = = =
8 8 8 8 35 35 35 35 35 5
5

II. SUBTRACTION OF LIKE FRACTIONS

Two or more fractions with a common denominator are subtracted by subtracting the numerators over the
𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
common denominator. That is, for two fractions 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 , with common denominator C, 𝐶 − 𝐶 = .
𝐶 𝐶
Example 2. Perform the following subtractions.
15 3 17 2 5
a. − b. − −
24 24 25 25 25
Solution. 1 2
15 3 15−3 12 1 17 2 5 17−2−5 10 2
a. − = = = b. − − = = =
24 24 24 24 2 25 25 25 25 25 5
2 5
Example 3. Perform the following operations.
9 10 14 9 8 11
a. + − b. − +
30 30 30 18 18 18
Solution.
1 2
9 10 14 9+10+14 5 1 9 8 11 9−8+11 12 2
a. + − = = = b. − + = = =
30 30 30 30 30 6 18 18 18 18 18 3
6 3

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III. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF UNLIKE FRACTIONS

In adding and subtracting unlike or dissimilar fractions, it is important to know what are GCD, LCM, and
prime factorization means. Below is the definition of terms together with its examples.
Greatest Common Factor (GCF or GCD) of a set of whole numbers is the largest positive integer that divides
evenly into all numbers with zero remainder.

Example 1: Find the GCF of 18 and 27.

18 27
1 × 18 = 18 2 × 9 = 18 3 × 6 = 18 1 × 27 = 27 3 × 9 = 27
The factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 The factors of 27 are 1, 3, 9, 27
The GCF of 18 and 27 is 9
Example 2: Find the GCF of 49, 21, and 56.
49 21 56
1 × 49 = 49 7 × 7 = 49 1 × 21 = 21 3 × 7 = 21 1 × 56 = 56 2 × 28 = 56
4 × 14 = 56 7 × 8 = 56
The factors of 49 are 1, 7, 49 The factors of 21 are 1, 3, 7, 21 The factors of 56 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, 56
The GCF of 49, 21, and 56 is 7

Least Common Denominator (LCD or LCM) is the lowest common multiple of the denominators of a set of
fractions. In finding the LCM we need to know first what prime factorization is. Prime factorization is a way of
expressing a number as a product of its prime factors. A prime number is a number that has exactly two factors,
1 and itself. Let’s take an example of the number 18. We can say that 3 and 6 are some of the factor of 18, but 6
is not a prime number. The number 6 is expressed as 2 × 3 since 2 and 3 is a prime number. Therefore, the prime
factorization of 18 is 2 × 3 × 3.

Example 1: Find the LCM of 18 and 27.

Steps to find LCM
 Find the prime factorization of 18 and 27.
18 = 2 x 3 x 3 or 2 × 32
27 = 3 x 3 x 3 or 33
 Multiply each factor the greater number of times it occurs in the first step.
LCM = 2 x 3 x 3 x3 or 2 × 33
 LCM = 54
Example 2: Find the LCM of 49, 21, and 56.
 Find the prime factorization of 49, 21, and 56.
49 = 7 x 7 or 72 56
21 = 3 x 7 7 8
3
56 = 7 x 2 x 2 x 2 or 7 × 2 2 4

2 2

 Multiply each factor the greater number of times it occurs in the first step.
LCM = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 7 x7 or 23 × 3 × 72
 LCM = 1176

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 We have learned how to get the greatest common factor (GCF/GCD), the least common denominator or
multiple (LCD/LCM) of a given number. We can now proceed in adding and subtracting dissimilar or unlike
fractions. The steps on how to add or subtract dissimilar fraction are given below.

Steps in Adding and Subtracting Dissimilar or Unlike Fractions

1. List all the factors of the given denominators.
2. Identify the greatest common factor between both denominators
3. Multiply the denominators together.
4. Divide the product by the GCF
5. Divide the LCD by the original denominator
6. Solve the rewritten equation.

Example 1. Add and subtract the given dissimilar fraction.

𝟓 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐
+ =? − =?
𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟕 𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟕

1. List all the factors of 18 and 27.

As shown above, the factors of 18 and 27 are 1,2,3,6,9,18 and 1,3,9,27 respectively.
2. Identify the greatest common factor between both denominators.
The GCF of 18 and 27 is 9
3. Multiply the denominators together.
𝟓 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐
+ −
𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟕 𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟕

18 × 27 = 486
4. Divide this product by the GCF.
486 ÷ 9 = 54
LCM = 54
5. Divide the LCD by the original denominator.
×5 15
54 ÷ =
18 54

×2 4
54 ÷ =
27 54

6. Solve the rewritten equation.

15 4 19
+ =
54 54 54

In subtracting dissimilar fraction, you’ll undergo the same process as what you did in adding. The only difference
is that; you’ll get different answer.
15 4 11
− =
54 54 54

IV. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MIXED NUMBERS

To add or subtract mixed numbers, first add and subtract the fraction. Then add or subtract the whole
numbers and combine the two results. If the fractional parts are unlike terms we have to obtain their common
denominator.

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 If the sum of the fraction parts of mixed numbers is greater than 1, carry the excess from the fraction part
to the whole number part.
In case when the difference of the fractional part is negative, we need to borrow 1 in the resulting value
of the whole number part, then combine the fractional part.

Example 1. Perform the indicated operation and express the answer in simplest form.
1 1 2 3 5 3 2 8
1. 5 + 3 2. 4 + 7 3. 8 − 4 4. 9 − 6
2 4 5 4 9 7 5 9
Solution:
1 1 1 1 2 3 2 3
1. . 5 2 + 3 4 = 5 + 2 + 3 + 4 2. 2. 4 5 + 7 4 = 4 + 5 + 7 + 4
2 3
Add the whole number and the fraction separately. = 4 + 7 + (5 + 4)
1 1 8 15
= 5 + 3 + (2 + 4) = 11 + (20 + 20) LCD (5,4) = 20
2 1 23
= 8 + (4 + 4) LCD (2,4) = 4 = 11 + 20
3 3 3
= 8+ 4 = 84 = 11 + (1 + 20)
3
= 12 20

5 3
3. 8 − 4
9 7
Subtract the whole number and the fraction separately, and then add the whole number and the fractional part.
5 3 5 3 35 27 8 8
(8 + ) − (4 + ) = (8 − 4) + ( − ) = 4 + ( − ) = 4 + =4
9 7 9 7 63 63 63 63

2 8 2 8
4. 9 5 − 6 9 = (9 + 5) − (6 + 9)
2 8
= (9 − 6) + (5 − 9)
18 40
=3+( − )
45 45
22
= 3 − 45 The difference of the fractional part is negative
22 45
= 2 + 1 = 45 Borrow 1 = 45 to whole number 3
45 22
=2+( − )
45 45
23
=2+
45
23
= 2 45

Activity 1

Directions. Perform the indicated operation. Show your complete solution in another sheet of paper.
5 1 2 1 3 5 1 2 5
1. + − 3. + − 5. 4 +2 −3
4 4 4 2 5 8 8 4 12

2 1 9 5
2. 2 +3 4. −
3 4 10 8

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V. MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTION

In addition and subtraction we were concerned with common denominators; on the other hand, in
multiplication and division common denominators are not required.
A procedure known as cancellation can serve as a useful shortcut in multiplication of fractions.
Cancellation simplifies the numbers which we are dealing with and often leaves the answers in simplest form.
The product of two or more fractions is equal to the product of their numerators over the product of their
𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 𝐶 𝐴×𝐶
denominators. This is, if 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 are fractions, then 𝐵 × 𝐷 = 𝐵×𝐷.
𝐵

Steps in Multiplying Fractions

1. Multiply the numerators to form a new numerator.
2. Multiply the denominators to form a new denominator.
3. Reduce the answer in simplest form.
Example 1.
According to the rule in multiplying fractions, we multiply the numerators and denominators.
5 7 5×7 35
1. × = =
8 6 8×6 48

Steps in Applying Cancellation in Multiplying Fractions

1. Find the common factor that divides evenly at least one of the numerators and
one of the denominators.
2. Divide the numerator and the denominator, thereby reducing it.
3. Replicate the process until there are no more common factors.
4. Multiply the fractions.

Example 2. Calculate the product of the following:

10 15 2 1 3
1. × 2.. × ×
15 20 3 8 10

Solution:
1. The multiplication to be done is:
10 15 10×15
× =
16 20 15×20
Before multiplying, divide out the common divisor 10.
1
10×15 1×15
=
15×20 15×2
2
15 is also a common divisor that can be divided out.
1×15
1 1×1
=
15×2 1×2
1

Now multiply
1×1 1
=
1×2 2

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 2. Reduce by dividing out common divisors between numerator and denominator.
12 1 3 1 1 3
× × = × ×
3 8 10 3 4 10
4
1
1 1 3 1 1 1
× × = × ×
3 4 10 1 4 10
1

Perform the operation.

1 1 1 1×1×1 1
× × = =
1 4 10 1×4×10 40

VI. DIVISION OF FRACTION

In division of fractions it is important to distinguish which is the dividend and which is the divisor. In the
division of fraction by another, the dividend is multiplied by the reciprocal of the divisor.
𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 𝐷 𝐴×𝐷
÷ = × =
𝐵 𝐷 𝐵 𝐶 𝐵×𝐶

Division of a fraction requires that we invert the divisor. To invert means to get the reciprocal. Finding
the reciprocal is simply a matter of transposing the numerator and denominator. For an example, the reciprocal
1 3
of is .
3 1

Example 1. Divide the following fractions

2 7 3
1. ÷ 2. ÷4
5 3 8

Solution:
2
1. Find the reciprocal of the divisor 5
÷ 73 = 25 × 37
2 3 6
Perform the operation = × =
5 7 35
4 3 4 3 1
2. Apply the same procedure. Write 4 as 1. . ÷ = ×
8 1 8 4
3 1 3
= × =
8 4 32

VII. MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF MIXED NUMBERS

Now that we are done with multiplication and division of fractions, we can easily multiply and divide
mixed numbers. We only need the following steps.

Steps in Multiplying Mixed Numbers

1. Convert each mixed number to an improper fraction.
2. Multiply both numerator and denominator.
3. Express the answer as mixed number or as a proper fraction in simplest form.

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 3 1
Example: Find the product of 2 and 3 .
4 3
Solution:
To perform multiplication, change both mixed numbers into improper fractions.
+ 3 (4 × 2) + 3 11 1 (3 × 3) + 1 10
2 = = 3 = =
4 4 4 3 3 3
×

Perform the multiplication. 55

11 10 110 55 1
( )( ) = = =9
4 3 12 6 6
6

Steps in Dividing Mixed Numbers

1. Convert each mixed number to an improper fraction.
2. Find the reciprocal of the divisor.
3. Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor.
4. Express the answer as mixed number or as a proper fraction in simplest form.

2 2
Example: Find the quotient of 4 and 3 .
7 14
Solution:
To perform the division, change both mixed numbers into improper fractions.
2 7 × 4 + 2 30 2 14 × 3 + 2 44
4 = = 3 = =
7 7 7 14 14 14
Perform the division. 15
30 44 30 14 420 15 4
÷ = ( )( ) = = 𝑜𝑟 1
7 14 7 44 308 11 11
11

Activity 2

7 8 6 9 5 2 2
1. × 3. × × 5. 3 ÷ 5
6 11 8 7 8 3 5
4 3 2 1
2. ÷ 4. 2 ÷3
10 5 5 3

VIII. COMBINATION OF OPERATIONS AND COMPLEX FRACTIONS

We have studied the operations on fractions (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). Now we
can practice simplifying complex fractions. A complex fraction is a fraction in which the numerator or
4
denominator or both contain fractions. For example, 1 is a complex fraction whereby, 4 is the numerator and
6
1
is the denominator. Simplifying a complex fraction means to write it as an equivalent fraction with whole
6
number numerator and denominator. This can be done by performing division indicated by the complex fractions.

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Example: Simplify the following complex fractions:
1 3
1 1 11 2 3 120 −
3 4
1. (4 + ) + 3. 3 5. 1 2
4 3 3 5 +
4 6 3
3 2
4 3
2. 7 4.
50
8

Solution:
1. Combine the expression inside the parenthesis.
1 1 11 2 3 1 13 11 2 3
(4 + ) + = ( + ) + Convert mixed number into improper fraction.
4 3 3 5 4 3 3 5
1 24 2 3
= ( ) + Add the common fraction.
4 3 5
1 3
= (8)2 + Simplify what’s inside the parenthesis. Divide 24 by 3.
4 5
1 3
= 4 (64) + 5 Square of 8.
3
= 16 + 5 One-fourths of 64
3
= 16 5 The result is a mixed number.

3
4 3 7
2. The fraction 7 can be rewritten as ÷ .
4 8
8
3 7 3 8
÷ = × Get the reciprocal of the divisor
4 8 4 7
2
3 8 3×8 3×2 6
× = = = Proceed to multiplication.
4 7 4×7 1×7 7
1

120 3
3. The fraction 3 means 120 ÷ 4.
4
40
120 3 120 4 40×4 160
÷ = × = = = 160 Invert and multiply.
1 4 1 3 1×1 1
1

2
3 2 50
4. The fraction means 3 ÷ .
50 1
1
2 50 2 1 1×1 1
÷ = × = = Invert and multiply.
3 1 3 50 3×25 75
25

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 1 3 (12÷3)(1)−(12÷4)(3)
−
3 4 12
5. 1 2 =
(6÷6)(1)+(6÷3)(2) Find the LCD of the numerator and denominator.
+
6 3 6
(12÷3)(1)−(12÷4)(3) 4−9 −5
12 12 12
(6÷6)(1)+(6÷3)(2) 1+4 = = 5 Simplify.
6 6 6
−5 1 1
12 −5 5 −5 6 1×1 1
5 = ÷6= × 5 = − 2×1 = − 2 Get the reciprocal then proceed to multiplication.
12 12
6 2 1
1
= −2 The final answer is negative.

IX. CONVERSION OF FRACTIONS TO DECIMAL POINT AND PERCENT

Steps in Converting a Fraction to Percent

1. Convert the fraction to decimal
2. Multiply by 100.
3. Add the percent sign to the number.

Example: Write the following fractions as equivalent decimals and percentages.

1 1 2
1. 2. 3.
4 200 30

Solution:
1. 0.25 25% Move the decimal point two places to the right and add percent sign.

2. 0.005
200√1.000 Perform division
0.005 0.5% Move the decimal point two places to the right and add percent sign.

2
3. 0.06
3
30√2.00 Perform the division (note the remainder).
- 180 The remainder is 20.
20

20 2
= Divide both numerator and denominator by 10.
30 3
2 2
0.06 3 63% Move the decimal point two places to the right and add percent sign.
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 Steps in Converting a Percent to Fraction
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
1. Write down the percent divided by 100 like this:
100
2. If the percent is not a whole number, then multiply both top and bottom by 10 for
every number after the decimal point. (For example, if there is one number after the
decimal, then use 10, if there are two then use 100, etc.).
3. Simplify (reduce) the fraction.

Example: Convert the following percent into fraction.

1. 11% 2. 52.5% 3. 130% 4. 0.06%

Solution:
11
1. 11% = Since the percent is a whole number, go straight to step 3.
100
The fraction can’t be simplified.

52.5
2. 52.5% =
100
52.5 525
= Multiply both numerator and denominator by 10
100 1000
525 21
= Simplify the fraction. (Divide the fraction by 25)
1000 40

130
3. 130% = Remove the percent sign and write the number over 100.
100

130 13 3
= =1 Reduce the fraction and change to mixed number.
100 10 10

0.6
4. 0.6% = Remove the percent sign and write the number over 100.
100

6
0.6 10 6 1 6 3
= = × = = Simplify the fraction.
100 100 10 100 1000 500

Activity 3

1. Convert the following fraction to decimal and percentage.

2 1
a. b.
15 120
2. Convert the following percent to fraction.
c. 36% d. 145% e. 21.5%

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fX. APPLICATION OF FRACTIONS

We can combine our skills in the operations on fractions to solve many kinds of real life problems. We
will now apply these operations on fraction to solve the following word problems.

1 3 1
Example1. Sofia ran 3 kilometers on Monday, 2 kilometers on Wednesday, and 2 kilometers on Friday.
2 5 4
What is Sofia’s total distance for 3 days?

Solution:
1 3 1 7 13 9
3 +2 +2 = + + Write the given. If the given is a mixed number make
2 5 4 2 5 4
it as an improper fraction.
7(10)+13(4)+9(5)
= Find the LCD
20
70+52+45
= Simplify
20
167 7
= =8
20 20
7
Sofia covered 8 kilometers in three days.
20
3
Example2. RFS Company produces soda bottles that have a capacity of 20 ounces each. How many bottles
8
3
can be filled with 160 ounces of soda?
4
Solution:
In this problem we will apply division of two fractions. 2
3 3 643 163 643 8 1286 145
160 ÷ 20 = ÷ = × = =7
4 8 4 8 4 163 163 163
145 1
It can fill up 7 bottles of soda.
163

Activity 4

3 1 2
1. WSS Distribution shipped three packages to Metro Manila weighing 9 8 , 25 2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7 3 kilograms. What was
the total weight of the shipment?
1
2. Shiela worked 48 2 hours, which was 5/6 as much as Nina Isabel worked. How many hours did Nina Isabel
work?

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