Quarter 4 – Module4: Classless Inter Domain Routing
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Published by the Department of Education Division of Pasig City
Development Team of the Module
Writer : Romar R. Sy Editors : Reviewer : Alfredo R. Aram Jr. Illustrator : Layout Artist : Management Team : Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin OIC-Schools Division Superintendent Aurelio G. Alfonso EdD OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Victor M. Javeña EdD Chief, School Governance and Operations Division and OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
Education Program Supervisors
Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE)
Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP) Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS) Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS) Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports) Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM) Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang) Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP) Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE) Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM)
Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools
Division of Pasig City Introductory Message For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Computer Systems Servicing NCII G11 module on
Classless Inter Domain Routing.
This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and
reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in developing this instructional resource.
This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module:
Notes to the Teacher
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. For the learner:
Welcome to Computer Systems Servicing NCII Module on Classless Inter
Domain Routing. The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
Expectation – This points to the set of knowledge and skills that you will learn after completing the module.
Pretest – This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson at hand.
Recap – This part of the module provides a review of concepts and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.
Lesson – This section discusses the topic in the module.
Activities – This is a set of activities that you need to perform.
Wrap-Up – This section summarizes the concepts and application of the
lesson.
Valuing – This part integrates a desirable moral value in the lesson.
Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the entire module. After completing this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Define classless inter domain routing; 2. Apply the method in subnetting according to network requirement; 3. Appreciate the importance of classless inter domain routing.
DIRECTION: Read the following statement carefully. Write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is incorrect. Write your answer on the space provided for each number.
__________1. CIDR was only a temporary solution to extend the number of addresses. available for the ever-growing population of computer network before. But now it has been active for over 20 years even with the arrival of IPv6 addresses which provides a much bigger space for IP addressing. __________2. To reduce the wastage of IP addresses in a block, we use subnetting. __________3. The original subnet mask of the given 172.16.28.1 is 255.255.255.0 or /24. __________4. The number of bits when there are 50 networks requirement in subnetting an address of 172.16.28.50 is 6. __________5. The increment is the binary value of the last 1 to the left of our new subnet mask.
• On our last module, we have learned that CIDR stands for Classless Inner Domain Routing • We calculate the number of networks and host using the following formulas.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑠 = 2𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 = 2ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 − 2
INTRODUCTION The internet is huge, but even in this vast global network, there is a lack of space. The system of IP addresses as we are currently using it (IPv4), has been long exhausted. All possible addresses (at least 4,294,967,296) have already been assigned. A solution had to be thought up a few decades ago to solve the problem. CIDR or classless inter domain routing helps extend the number of available addresses in a 32-bit address or IPV4. CIDR was only a temporary solution to extend the number of addresses available for the ever-growing population of computer network before. But now it has been active for over 20 years even with the arrival of IPv6 addresses which provides a much bigger space for IP addressing. Since the widespread introduction of IPv6 is still a long time coming, CIDR will probably still be around for years to come. Thus, a sufficient reason to learn more about class inter-domain routing.
Why was CIDR developed?
Way back on the year of 1993, it was clear that the internet was growing quicker than had initially been anticipated. So, a solution was needed, which meant abandoning the network classes. The IP addresses were originally divided into five classes. If a company wanted to be connected to the internet, it had to choose an IP address from the appropriate class. For each class, different numbers of octets (the four numerical blocks of IP addresses) were used to identify the networks. The remaining octets determined the number of hosts in a network.
For example, a class A network could accommodate over 16 million hosts,
but only 128 (0-127) of these networks were available. In class B, on the other hand, slightly more than 16,000 networks were possible, but each network could contain 65,534 hosts. The networks in class C only had an octet left and could only accommodate 254 (1-254, since 0 and 255 are always reserved) hosts. This shows that the classification is not practical in most cases. For many companies, a network with only 254 participants was far too small, but several thousands of hosts need the fewest networks. This ultimately led to a lot of waste, since companies inevitably had to collect unused addresses. To meet the needs of internet users, it was decided that the network sizes must be more flexible to reduce the amount of routing tables in internet routers and to slow down the decrease in the number of available IP addresses. CIDR is based on the idea of subnet masks. A mask is placed over an IP address and creates a sub network: a network that is subordinate to the internet. The subnet mask signals to the router which part of the IP address is assigned to the hosts (the individual participants of the network) and which determines the network.
The CIDR notation
An IP address made it possible in the past to determine which class it belonged to. For example, the class C networks were located between the addresses 192.0.0.0 and 223.255.255.255. A subnet mask (e.g. 255.255.255.0) is like a mask on top of the IP address and specifies the hosts. In CIDR format, this information is stored as a suffix in the IP address itself. However, the basic principle remains the same: the suffix specifies which places (bits) of the IP address represent the network ID and therefore which bits automatically make up the range of the host ID.
In CIDR notation, this class C subnet mask would be /24, since the first 24 bits determine the network component of the IP address. It is possible not only to fill octets completely with ones or zeros, but also to create more flexible subnets using VLSM or Variable Length Subnet Mask. For example, the mask /25 corresponds to the binary value 11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000, which in turn (in dot-decimal notation) corresponds to 255.255.255.128.
Classless Addressing To reduce the wastage of IP addresses in a block, we use subnetting. What we do is that we use the host bits as network bits of a classful IP address. We give the IP address and define the number of bits for mask along with it like 192.168.1.1/28. Here, subnet mask is found by putting the given number of bits out of 32 as 1, like, in the given address, we need to put 28 out of 32 bits as 1 and the rest as 0, and so, the subnet mask would be 255.255.255.240.
Subnetting Meth od in a Classless Addressing
according to Netw ork Requirem ent There are a lot of methods that you may consider when subnetting a network. Here is one method that might be useful for you. Let say we want to subnet the IP address 192.168.1.165 into 10 networks. To subnet this IP address here are the steps that you need to follow. 1. Get the number of bits. 2. Get the new subnet mask. 3. Get Increment 4. Get Network Ran ge Get the number of bits To get the number of bits, identify first the number of networks required in the problem. So, in our problem, we are required to subnet the given address into 10 networks. Then convert 10 to binary.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Now, to get the number of bits, we need to omit all the leading zeros and count what remains.
The original subnet mask of the given 192.168.1.165 is 255.255.255.0 or /24. It is based on the traditional method of IP classes where there are fix number of networks and host for each class. Since we are doing a classless subnetting, we will be needing our new subnet mask. To do that, we need first to convert our original subnet mask to binary. There for we have,
Now, to get the new subnet mask, just add the number of bits we have a while ago which is 4.
Then convert it back to decimal form. Therefore we have the new subnet mask which is 255.255.255.240 or /28.
Get increment Using the binary form of our new subnet mask 255.255.255.240 or /28, we are going to get the increment. The increment is the binary value of the last 1 to the left of our new subnet mask. Whatever the value of that 1 will be our increment when converted. So, in our case, we will now get the value of that 1.
To get the network range, we need first to get our classful or classbased network address from the given. So in our given IP address, we know that 192.168.1.165 is a class C and has a classbased network address of 192.168.1.0. Using this classbased network address, we will be using our increment value to get all of the network range value that we need. Therefore, we have,
Since the problem only required us to subnet 10 networks, we already stop
the increment in 192.168.1.144. But the actual subnetworks that we can use here is until 192.168.1.240.
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.16 192.168.1.144 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.160 192.168.1.48 192.168.1.176 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.192 192.168.1.80 192.168.1.208 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.224 192.168.1.112 192.168.1.240 It is very easy to count the actual subnetworks when that range is small. Therefore, when the range is too large to be written down on a paper and to be counted, you may use the formula for the actual subnetworks below.
Actual Net = 2𝑛𝑠𝑚−𝑜𝑠𝑚
Where: nsm = new subnet mask bit
Osm = original subnet mask bit
Actual Net = 228−24
Actual Net = 24
Actual Net = 16
DIRECTION: Subnet the following IP addresses according to the network
requirement. Find the number of bits, new subnet mask in decimal or CIDR notation, increment and network range according to network requirement.
1. 192.50.100.50 Network Requirement = 30
2. 10.0.0.1 Network Requirement = 15
CIDR was only a temporary solution to extend the number of addresses available for the ever-growing population of computer network before. But now it has been active for over 20 years even with the arrival of IPv6 addresses which provides a much bigger space for IP addressing. Since the widespread introduction of IPv6 is still a long time coming, CIDR will probably still be around for years to come. Thus, a sufficient reason to learn more about class inter-domain routing. To reduce the wastage of IP addresses in a block, we use subnetting. What we do is that we use the host bits as network bits of a classful IP address. We give the IP address and define the number of bits for mask along with it like 192.168.1.1/28. Here, subnet mask is found by putting the given number of bits out of 32 as 1, like, in the given address, we need to put 28 out of 32 bits as 1 and the rest as 0, and so, the subnet mask would be 255.255.255.240.
DIRECTION: Read the following statement carefully. Write your answer in two to three sentences each number.
1. List down the steps in subnetting by network requirement.
2. Cite a situation in which you can apply the knowledge about subnetting. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________
DIRECTION: Read the following statement carefully. Write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is incorrect. Write your answer on the space provided for each number.
__________1. CIDR was only a temporary solution to extend the number of addresses. available for the ever-growing population of computer network before. But now it has been active for over 20 years even with the arrival of IPv6 addresses which provides a much bigger space for IP addressing. __________2. To reduce the wastage of IP addresses in a block, we use subnetting. __________3. The original subnet mask of the given 172.16.28.1 is 255.255.255.0 or /24. __________4. The number of bits when there are 50 networks requirement in subnetting an address of 172.16.28.50 is 6. __________5. The increment is the binary value of the last 1 to the left of our new subnet mask. REFERENCES
