What Is Reversed Phase Chromatography
What Is Reversed Phase Chromatography
What i Revered-Phae
Chromatograph?
Reviewed by Dr. Catherine Shaffer, Ph.D.
Reversedphase chromatography (RPC) is a liquid chromatography
technique that involves the separation of molecules on the basis of
hydrophobic interactions between the solute molecules in the mobile
phase and the ligands attached to the stationary phase.
Concept of reversedphase
In classic chromatography models, the stationary phase is a polar phase and
the mobile phase is a nonpolar organic solvent. The polar constituents
dissolved in the mobile phase tend to get attracted to the polar stationary
phase, while the nonpolar constituents tend to get eluted along with the
solvent.
This forms the basis for separation. This is known as normal phase
chromatography. A variety of biological properties ranging from ion exchange
to biological affinity have been used for the separation of molecules.
In RPC, alkyl or aromatic ligands are covalently bound to the stationary phase
to provide a hydrophobic surface. The mobile phase passing over the
hydrophobic stationary phase is a polar solvent containing the solutes.
In this scenario, hydrophobic solutes in the mobile phase tend to get bound to
the stationary phase via hydrophobic interactions and thus form the basis of
separation. As the principle here is the opposite of what has long been used in
classical chromatography, this is known as “reversedphase” chromatography.
The matrix in reversedphase
chromatography
The chemical composition of the base matrix is important in RPC as it has to
be both chemically and structurally stable. Silica and synthetic polystyrene
satisfy these requirements and are often used as RPC matrix materials.
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What is Reversed-Phase Chromatography?
The particle size of the beads is based on the specific requirements of the
separation. Larger bead size implies larger capacities and potentially lesser
pressures. Largescale preparative processes benefit by using beads of
diameter greater than 10 μm; smallscale preparative and analytical
separations, on the other hand, benefit with beads sizes in the 3–5 μm range.
The choice of ligand is often governed
by the principle that the greater the
hydrophobicity of the molecule to be Life science applications
purified, the less is the need for the of chromatography.
ligand to be hydrophobic. This principle
has also led to the rule that chemically
synthesized peptides and oligonucleotides are best separated with C18
ligands and that protein and recombinant peptides are better separated with
C8 ligands.
The density of the immobilized ligands on the surface of the beads, the
capping chemistry, and the pore size of the beads are further factors to be
considered for a successful reversedphase separation.
The mobile phase in reversedphase
chromatography
Many RPC protocols use a blend of water and a miscible organic solvent (e.g.,
acetonitrile or methanol) as the mobile phase. The purpose of the organic
solvent is to maintain the polarity at a low enough level for the solute to
dissolve in the mobile phase and yet high enough to facilitate the binding of
the preferred molecule with the stationary matrix.
In some scenarios, ionpairing agents such as trifluoroacetic acid may also be
added. Once the molecule of interest is bound to the column matrix, it is
made to dissociate from it by decreasing the polarity further by increasing the
concentration of the organic solvent in the mobile phase.
This process of varying the amount of organic solvent in the mobile phase to
separate a molecule of interest is called a gradient elution.
Reversedphase chromatography in practice
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What is Reversed-Phase Chromatography?
Reversedphase highperformance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) has
become a powerful tool for the analysis of peptides and proteins for the
following reasons:
Tested stability of the matrix under a variety of mobile phase scenarios
Reproducibility of separations
Excellent resolutions achievable for molecules of interest (either closely
related or structurally distinct)
Appreciable recoveries and throughput
Ease of separations provided by gradient elution
For all these reasons, RPHPLC has become the method of choice for most
HPLCbased separations. RPHPLC has played a major role in the separation
of biomolecules (proteins, peptides, nucleotides) from a wide variety of
synthetic and biological molecules, for both analytical and preparative
applications.
Because of the versatility of reversedphase sorbents over normalphase
sorbents, they are used in more than 80% of analytical chromatographic
separations performed today. Reversedphase sorbents have been
successfully used in applications such as analytical separation of drugs,
metabolites, and active biomolecules as well as extraction of contaminants in
environmental samples.
The success of RPHPLC applications seen in the analysis and purification of
peptides, small polypeptides, and pharmaceutical drugs has, however, not
been possible to the same extent with larger polypeptides (>10 kDa) and
globular proteins, due to loss of enzymatic activity and poor yields because of
protein denaturation during the separation process.
Sources
wolfson.huji.ac.il/purification/PDF/ReversePhase/AmershamRPC
Manual.pdf
www.google.com/url
www.waters.com/.../nav.htm?cid=10049076&locale=en_IN
www.silicycle.com/.../reversedphasechromatographygeneralintroducti
onforimprovedmethoddevelopment
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What is Reversed-Phase Chromatography?
Further Reading
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What is Analytical Chemistry?
Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences
NMR Spectroscopy: An Overview
Analytical Chemistry in Forensic Science
More...
Last Updated: Feb 3, 2021
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