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What Is Reversed Phase Chromatography

Reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) is a liquid chromatography technique that separates molecules based on hydrophobic interactions between the solute molecules in the mobile phase and the ligands attached to the stationary phase. In RPC, the stationary phase has a hydrophobic surface due to alkyl or aromatic ligands bound to it, while the mobile phase passing over it is a polar solvent containing the solutes. Hydrophobic solutes in the mobile phase tend to bind to the stationary phase, forming the basis for separation. RPC uses a blend of water and an organic solvent like acetonitrile or methanol as the mobile phase, and gradient elution to separate molecules by varying the organic solvent concentration. RPC has become a powerful analytical tool and is used in over 80

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50 views4 pages

What Is Reversed Phase Chromatography

Reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) is a liquid chromatography technique that separates molecules based on hydrophobic interactions between the solute molecules in the mobile phase and the ligands attached to the stationary phase. In RPC, the stationary phase has a hydrophobic surface due to alkyl or aromatic ligands bound to it, while the mobile phase passing over it is a polar solvent containing the solutes. Hydrophobic solutes in the mobile phase tend to bind to the stationary phase, forming the basis for separation. RPC uses a blend of water and an organic solvent like acetonitrile or methanol as the mobile phase, and gradient elution to separate molecules by varying the organic solvent concentration. RPC has become a powerful analytical tool and is used in over 80

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What is Reversed-Phase Chromatography?

What i Revered-Phae
Chromatograph?
Reviewed by Dr. Catherine Shaffer, Ph.D.

Reversed­phase chromatography (RPC) is a liquid chromatography
technique that involves the separation of molecules on the basis of
hydrophobic interactions between the solute molecules in the mobile
phase and the ligands attached to the stationary phase.

Concept of reversed­phase
In classic chromatography models, the stationary phase is a polar phase and
the mobile phase is a nonpolar organic solvent. The polar constituents
dissolved in the mobile phase tend to get attracted to the polar stationary
phase, while the nonpolar constituents tend to get eluted along with the
solvent.

This forms the basis for separation. This is known as normal phase
chromatography. A variety of biological properties ranging from ion exchange
to biological affinity have been used for the separation of molecules.

In RPC, alkyl or aromatic ligands are covalently bound to the stationary phase
to provide a hydrophobic surface. The mobile phase passing over the
hydrophobic stationary phase is a polar solvent containing the solutes.

In this scenario, hydrophobic solutes in the mobile phase tend to get bound to
the stationary phase via hydrophobic interactions and thus form the basis of
separation. As the principle here is the opposite of what has long been used in
classical chromatography, this is known as “reversed­phase” chromatography.

The matrix in reversed­phase
chromatography
The chemical composition of the base matrix is important in RPC as it has to
be both chemically and structurally stable. Silica and synthetic polystyrene
satisfy these requirements and are often used as RPC matrix materials.

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What is Reversed-Phase Chromatography?

The particle size of the beads is based on the specific requirements of the
separation. Larger bead size implies larger capacities and potentially lesser
pressures. Large­scale preparative processes benefit by using beads of
diameter greater than 10 μm; small­scale preparative and analytical
separations, on the other hand, benefit with beads sizes in the 3–5 μm range.

The choice of ligand is often governed
by the principle that the greater the
hydrophobicity of the molecule to be Life science applications
purified, the less is the need for the of chromatography.
ligand to be hydrophobic. This principle
has also led to the rule that chemically
synthesized peptides and oligonucleotides are best separated with C18
ligands and that protein and recombinant peptides are better separated with
C8 ligands.

The density of the immobilized ligands on the surface of the beads, the
capping chemistry, and the pore size of the beads are further factors to be
considered for a successful reversed­phase separation.

The mobile phase in reversed­phase
chromatography
Many RPC protocols use a blend of water and a miscible organic solvent (e.g.,
acetonitrile or methanol) as the mobile phase. The purpose of the organic
solvent is to maintain the polarity at a low enough level for the solute to
dissolve in the mobile phase and yet high enough to facilitate the binding of
the preferred molecule with the stationary matrix.

In some scenarios, ion­pairing agents such as trifluoroacetic acid may also be
added. Once the molecule of interest is bound to the column matrix, it is
made to dissociate from it by decreasing the polarity further by increasing the
concentration of the organic solvent in the mobile phase.

This process of varying the amount of organic solvent in the mobile phase to
separate a molecule of interest is called a gradient elution.

Reversed­phase chromatography in practice

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What is Reversed-Phase Chromatography?

Reversed­phase high­performance liquid chromatography (RP­HPLC) has
become a powerful tool for the analysis of peptides and proteins for the
following reasons:

Tested stability of the matrix under a variety of mobile phase scenarios
Reproducibility of separations
Excellent resolutions achievable for molecules of interest (either closely
related or structurally distinct)
Appreciable recoveries and throughput
Ease of separations provided by gradient elution

For all these reasons, RP­HPLC has become the method of choice for most
HPLC­based separations. RP­HPLC has played a major role in the separation
of biomolecules (proteins, peptides, nucleotides) from a wide variety of
synthetic and biological molecules, for both analytical and preparative
applications.

Because of the versatility of reversed­phase sorbents over normal­phase
sorbents, they are used in more than 80% of analytical chromatographic
separations performed today. Reversed­phase sorbents have been
successfully used in applications such as analytical separation of drugs,
metabolites, and active biomolecules as well as extraction of contaminants in
environmental samples.

The success of RP­HPLC applications seen in the analysis and purification of
peptides, small polypeptides, and pharmaceutical drugs has, however, not
been possible to the same extent with larger polypeptides (>10 kDa) and
globular proteins, due to loss of enzymatic activity and poor yields because of
protein denaturation during the separation process.

Sources
wolfson.huji.ac.il/purification/PDF/ReversePhase/AmershamRPC
Manual.pdf
www.google.com/url
www.waters.com/.../nav.htm?cid=10049076&locale=en_IN
www.silicycle.com/.../reversed­phase­chromatography­general­introducti
on­for­improved­method­development

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What is Reversed-Phase Chromatography?

Further Reading
All Analytical Chemistry Content

What is Analytical Chemistry?

Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences

NMR Spectroscopy: An Overview

Analytical Chemistry in Forensic Science

More...

Last Updated: Feb 3, 2021

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