Reading Cross-text multiple matching (Part 6) > CB page 28 Read four reviews of a book about child psychology. For questions 1-4, choose from the reviewers (A-D).. ‘The reviewers may be chosen more than once. Which reviewer 1 hasa different view to Reviewer A regarding Barnes’claims about how well babies interpret the world? a 2 shares Reviewer D's concem about some rather obvious conclusions drawn by psychologists? mo 3. has a similar opinion to Reviewer B about the way the book compares the baby and adult mind? a 4 hase different view tothe others about whether the ‘book's comorehensive enough? a Choose the correct meaning (A or B) for each word from the texts. Text A 1 underrated A notwellexpiained —_B -not appreciated enough 2° tnnate AA thatyou are born with B complicated Text B 3 conversely A ontheatherhand —_B additionally crammed with A fullof B experimenting on Text 5 acute A unusual B sharp Insights A overview B clear understanding Text 7 sympatheticto A feeling pity for B approving of innovative A original B logical About the exam: In Reading and Use of English Part 6, you read four short texts and then answer four questions. The questions focus on opinions expressed in the texts and you may be asked to identify opinions that are the same or different across the texts. Strategy: Read the instructions and the tite to get an idea of the overall topic of the four texts. Read the texts quickly to get a clear idea of what they are about. Then tead the questions. For each question, look though the texts to identify the opinion ‘expressed by the writers. Underline the evidence fr your idea in the texts, as this wll help you to see the different opinions mote clearly. Remember that you ae looking for opinions, not factsPapente sontHy @ Learning how children think Four reviewers comment on scientist Annie Barnes’ book, called Learning how children think. A Inher latest book, Annie Barnes covers all of the theories related to the development of human consciousness, and concludes that the minds of babies have been significantly Underrated. She suggests that, far from being simple, babies’ brains have a special kind of, consciousness; they have ‘an innate ability to develop theories about how the world ‘works. She claims a baby's mind can evaluate theories about everyday happenings ‘and not ust simply lve through them. One of the book's most intriguing suggestions is that, while t's important for adults to be able to imagine unfulfilled or potential outcomes in different sktuations, itis actually in such so-called ‘thought experiments’ that babies excel. 8 Bares’ clear and readable style is aimed at the general, reader and she makes a useful comparison to help understand the difference between the consciousness of a baby and that of an adult: the Lantern and the spotlight. A baby has a lantern’ consciousness which is wider and ‘more diffuse than an adult’; this is because itis set to absorb as much as possible from new experiences, Conversely, adults Learn to ‘spot’, or focus, in order to function efficiently in the world. Barnes’ descriptions of her working life hint at Labs crammed with infants pulling levers and pushing buttons while white-coated scientists follow their eye movements and scan their brains. Yet she also thinks of babies as scientists, she describes them ‘learning machines’, constantly experimenting on the ‘word and analysing their results with enthusiasm. The basis of child learning seems to be no different from the more conscious and deliberate approach of adults, and this well-informed book provides detailed examples. c ‘One fascinating chapter in Barnes’ book concems morality. Children seem to have an acute sense of fairness; they know how others feel and can act on that knowledge. In ‘one experiment concerning food described in the book, babies were left with researchers who indicated clearly that they loved the vegetable broccoli but hated crackers. Whatever their own preferences, the toddlers gave the broccoli lovers their ‘preferred’ food rather than the crackers. It seems we are born with a sense of otherness, which experience later knocks out of us; this is something ‘most parents of teenagers are well aware of One issue Bares could have addressed is the potential downside to the willingness of young minds to imagine and believe. She only sees this, asan advantage. If people in authority say fire hurts, the child believes. However, this does not negate Barnes’ ‘other fingings. Her aim isto describe how infant mentality develops and what we can learn from it; this she does, and in analysing how a child's mind grows, she provides insights into the human mind in general, > Barnes clearly enjoys being around small children and is sympathetic to the deeper philosophical implications of their way of thinking. Her book is absorbing and ‘educative, despite sometimes feeling as if she is spending too much ume simply confirming what parents and pre-school teachers have long known. There isa ‘well-founded fear that developmental psychologists risk reading-in, that i, thinking that small children interpret the world intentionally and consciously, as adults do. The experiments reported by Barnes are generally well-designed and sensitive to the danger of, misinterpretation. Nevertheless, she sometimes seems to go too far, as when claiming that babies recognise the actions they copy and reproduce. Bares helpfully says children are like the research and development. department of a company; what she meansis that they are creative and innovative, though not always correct She suggests that adults are more like the production and ‘marketing section, focusing on a project and following it through to its Logical conclusion. It's a neat comparison in, what isan in-depth volume @ 22 Vocabulary stages of life ® CB page 26 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets. e (innocent) of children that is So appealing, Teenagers develop Z (mature) through experience and guidance, Even adults can exhibit (infont) behaviour sometimes! Ivssad when an old person develops (senile) and loses their mental faculties Many older people manage to retain their (youth) looks nowadays The elderly man had a twinkle in his eye anda (boy) charm that was appealing Complete the sentences with the correct form of verbs formed from the verbs in the box and the prefix out-. grow live play shine smart weigh ‘The benefits of nursery education the disadvantages. He was simply in the chess game by his younger brother My grandmother - all her siblings by more than ten years. Myson, the others with his briliant performance in the school play ast night ‘The child tried to the teachers by getting her ‘mother to do her homework! She kept her old clothes until she was twenty, when she realised she had... them. Grammar Countable and uncountable nouns > CB page 27 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Add an article if necessary. attraction confidence difficulty excellent Spanish freedom greatsuccess _goodunderstanding luck situation 1. Many teenagers have... in getting on with adults and this causes problems. 2 Theteacher had of the problems many teenagers face. 3. speak +150 | have no fear of traveling to Madrid on my own. 4 Lamnot afraid of taking risks when. demands it. 5 Young people often lack. ‘and that can cause them be to uncertain 6 for teenagers of being rebellious is often misunderstood by adults. 7 teas that I decided to join the course, butit turned out tobe 8 | find having 10 go where | lke is important to mein any relationship. introductory it ® CB page 30 Match the first half of the sentences (1-6) with the second (A-F). ‘Add it in the correct place. Iget pretty mad The politician made it clear Most teenagers think lant stand find exciting Dorit worry ifyou dontt get on at fist; isthe older generation that doesn’t understand ther! ‘that was important to look after oder people will be better later. when I meet new friends. when families have big arguments ‘when you leave all up to me to make up afte a faht! Moun caee nvaena Find and correct the mistakes with the use or omi the sentences. He made obvious to everyone that he didn't ike her I cannot bear it to see children unhappy, Children owe to their parents to look after them in their old age. Was great to meet his sister last week ‘One day may be you who needs help fiom other people: Isamazing how meny relationships break up these days | thinks important forall generations to get along with each other. To have a good relationship with your grandparents iis important.Use of English Multiple-choice cloze (Part |) > CB page 32 © 06 You will hear an interview with a man called Jon Simmons and ‘a woman called Clare Harries, who. El Read the blog post. For questions 1-8, decide which both work as life coaches. For answer (A,B, C or D) best fits each gap. questions 1-6, choose the answer (A,B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear. 1 Jon fee's thatthe job of a life coach is ‘A similar to being a therapist. B focused on future possiblities based on individual experiences. @ I wish I'd known that before! “~ I've always tried to be a supportive friend, (0) 4 kainy. my ‘own counsel on my true opinions. I've lied to (1) a D_ more complex than people reals. friend’ face and gone to parties with people I couldnt 2. Clare says she became alfe coach because stand (2)... upset them. But now I'm older have A. itinvolved something she enjoyed doing, B itenabled her to re-evaluate her own issues, realised that being permanently sympathetic is not the way to hold on to your integrity and well-being. Armed with this understanding I planned to (3) ona policy € Itwasa logical extension of her of being totally honest at all times. I came across research ‘other interests, that (4) ime up, claiming that often people don't D itwas necessary to replace the lack of actually want the truth and that being honest reduces the family support stress that inevitably accompanies (5) so-called 3. What surprises Clae about the kind of white lies. So I decided to (6) ahead, Some people people who seek her expertise? hated me, others were angry, but my real friends valued ‘A They are open to informal advice. my honesty. (2) 1 Las aware of the damage B They are only looking for better jobs. ‘bluntness can do but I’ve learned that true friendship survives on sincerity and afew (8)... truths wont init ruin C They are upset by rapid changes in society D They are often working within a large organisation 4 What does Jon think is most important 10 Understand about relationships? © Akeeping B holding clutching -—D grabbing ‘A They should be developed slowly 1 Arescue B save € recover D retain and carefully 2 A insieadof B inplace of C in preferenceto D ratherthan 6 hs hae pete anit al attitude. 8 Abo Boake: © commence D engage They start with the individual's attitude 4 A backed —B supported C held D took tohim- or herselt. 5 Assaying —B speaking € recounting —_D telling D They fall if people around an individual cases Bioe Cant Dinu are critical of them, 7 Although B Obviously € Conversely Atlast St Sones Ce vente ett important message to get over to clients 8 Ahouse Bhome — € base D foundation A contol negatve thinking - B take posiive action at all times. Listening © decide what really makes you really happy. 3 make good use of your particular ski Multiple choice (Part 3) ® CB page 33 6 What do Jon and Care Ll fe te ast ——————_____. Poveda ato hare About the exam: ‘A. understanding more about themselves In Listening Part 3, you hear an interview involving two or more B_ improving the lives of large numbers people, There are six multiple-choice questions, each with four of people options. You hear the interview twice. © developing a relationship with another person Strategy: D watching another person develop. + Read the questions to get an idea of the topic. their confidence + The first time you listen, underline key words and mark possible answers. + Make sure the option you choose actually answers the question