Eastern Mediterranean University

Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Laboratory
Handout

Course: Fluid Mechanics (MENG353)

Semester: Spring (2015-2016)

Name of Experiment: Impact of a Jet Fall

Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hasan Hacışevki

Assistant: Sara

Lab Number: 02

Submitted by: İBRAHİM CEREN

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EVALUATION

Activity During Experiment & Procedure 30 %

Data , Results & Graphs 35 %

Discussion, Conclusion & Answer to Questions 30 %

Neat and tidy report writing 5%

Overall Mark
Objective:

The aim of this experiment is to study the force generated by a jet of water as it

strikes a flat plate or a hemispherical cup and measure the momentum flow rate.

Theory:

When a jet of water flowing with a steady velocity strikes a solid surface, a change of

momentum occurs and the water is deflected to flow along the surface. The water exerts a

force on the surface it strikes yet unless the flow is very turbulent, no rebound occurs. In

order to calculate this force, a control volume is set up such that the flowing water would

exit at right angles to the surface. A jockey weight restrained by a spring is used to assess the

jet’s force by using one of equivalent magnitude acting in opposite direction and a leveling

device then registers the neutral position at which the jockey counteracts the moment created

by the fluid flow. Any force generated by the impact of the jet on the vane may now be

measured by moving the jockey weight along the lever until the tally shows that the lever

has been restored to its original balance position.

Applying the momentum equation is the x direction:

-Fx = p Q [ vx, out - vx, in ] = p Q [ v cos ß - v ]

The rate at which momentum in the x direction entering the system is . The rate at which
momentum leaves the system is in the direction of x. The net force on the jet in x direction is
equal to the rate of momentum change.

An upper weigh beam is pivoted on precision bearings at one end and carries along its length
the fixed test plate. The beam jockey and a scale are used to measure the jet force. An
adjustable spring supports the lever and is used for setting the initial zero level of the beam. A
hanging tally weight on the end of the beam is used to return the beam to the horizontal each
time a reading is required.
A high velocity jet is produced by the vertical tapered nozzle. For clear observation, both
nozzle and test plate are contained in a glass cylinder. The apparatus is leveled for test using
the plastic screwed ball feet provided on the base legs.
A drain tube, in the base of the cylinder, is used to direct the water to the bench, where the
flow can be measured.

By directly measuring the force exerted on the plates by the water jet, this setup allows the
student to experimentally study the theoretical momentum laws used to solve jet impact
problems.

Apparatus:

• A Hydraulics bench supplying water to the nozzle.

• A vane that deflects flow when the water jet strikes.

• An upper weight beam carrying the fixed test plate.

• Beam jockey and scale for measuring jet force.

• An adjustable spring.

• A hanging tally or balance.

• Nozzle contained in a transparent cylinder.

• Drain tube for directing water to the tank.

• Stop watch.

• Set of calibrated weights.

• The lever is set to a balance position with the jockey weight and the pump is then turned
on.

• The water valve is opened and the flow rate is set to a desired value then the time taken
for the volume in the basin to rise is measured.

• The pump is turned off and the valve is closed then the drain of the basin is open to let
the water leave the system and return to the pump.

• The mass jockey is moved to zero position and the lever arm of the system is calibrated
by adjusting the spring.

• The first steps are repeated then the mass jockey is adjusted until the moment created by
the water jet has been balanced and the distance is recorded.

• The procedure is done for different increments of flow and the data is noted.

Note: The following calculations are done for the first reading of our experiment, the rest of
calculations are shown in table1 below.
V t V y m Fp Fw Ac % Error
(s) (m³/s) (m (kg/s) (m/s) (m/s) (N) (N) (m²)
(k m)
g)
5 19 0.0002 94 0.2631 3.3523 3.248248 1.7643 1.7096 0.00007 5.4779
63 58 3 074 84 04 85 89
5 26.6 0.0001 49 0.1875 2.3891 2.240748 0.8961 0.8404 0.00007 5.5657
6 88 47 32 361 49 91 85 9
5 22.2 0.0002 80 0.2252 2.8691 2.746779 1.2923 1.2372 0.00007 5.5104
25 25 11 712 92 88 85 25
Table 1: Results for Hemispherical Cup and Errors.
 Chart Title
4
3.5
3
2.5
2 Fp (N)
1.5 Fw (N)
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Graph1: Fp and Fw plotted against mass flow rate.

Discussion and Conclusion:

• This nozzle hit at the center of spherical parts center in order to avoid potential loss in

water velocity because of splashing and hence a reduction in the impact force found lead

to the flow as it hits the surface.

• This experiment we may take bad reading and it make reading error and it can cause

error distance and flow rate Such errors are normally avoided if the reader takes the

values when looking perpendicularly at the measuring device.

• These are have frictional force between weight and its fixed platform it can cause more

force required vane.

This experiment was carried out to measure the momentum flow rate and understand the

concept taking place when a jet of water strikes a hemispherical cup. Outcome, two forces

were calculated using the recorded data, but; the force on the hemispherical cup (Fh) and

the force resulting from the displacement of the jockey (Fw).

Observation from this experiment is that the force is directly proportional to the jet

velocity. That is to say, with higher velocity of flow, more water was striking the surface
 and exerting bigger force. To sum up, negligible error was noted and the experiment

yielded results that are in accord with the initial predictions and the phenomenon being

studied.

% Error
5.477989
•

5.56579
5.510425
• During this experiment I learn how to jet effect acts spherical part and in experiment we

calculate volumetric flow rate with experiment machines ruler and timer also we done

three iteration also this experiment well concluded for us.