Topic 1: Introduction to Zoology

Notable Personalities
What is Zoology?
Aristotle widely regarded as the
Zoology (animal biology) is the field of bilogy Father of Zoology
that involves the study of animals. This Pliny the Elder Compiled historia naturalis;
includes embryonic development, evolution, an encyclopedic compilation
ecological distribution, and classification. of both myth and fact
regarding celestial bodies,
- Greek word zōion means “animal” and geography, animals and
logos meaning “the study of”. plants, metals, and stone.
Anthony van Father of Microbiology and
History of Zoology Leeuwenhoek one of the pioneers of
microscopy.
People have been interested in learning about Theodore Schwann Cell Theory
animals since ancient times. Prehistoric man's and Matthias
survival as a hunter defined his relation to Schleiden
other animals which were a source of food and
danger.
Jean-Baptisde de Theory of Organic Evolution
Lamarck
As a man cultural heritage developed animals
were variously incorporated into man’s folklore Carl von Linné Father of Modern
and philosophical awareness as fellow living (Carolus Linnaeus) Taxonomy. He introduced
creatures, the domestication of animals forced binomial nomenclature for
man to take a systematic and measured view naming organisms.
of animal life, especially after urbanization Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution and
necessitated a constant and large supply of Natural Selection
animal products. Hugo de Vries Mutation Theory
Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics
The prominent ancient Greek philosopher Lois Pasteur Father of Modern
Aristotle took detailed notes on animal Bacteriology
observation and inspire other scientists for Hans Spemann Scientific advancements
many hundreds of years. many universities related to embryology
were found dead in Europe in the Ernst Haeckel Father of Ecology
The 16th to 21st centuries exhibited an
advanced approach to zoology. Branches of Zoology
- 16th century and by the mid-17 th century
divisions were pounded in universities Zoography
that focus entirely on animals.
- In the 19th century the microscope Also called descriptive zoology or
became commonplace in scientific zoogeography is the study of animals and their
research, and this opened a whole new habitat. It is concerned with the geographic
realm of possibility; now, the cells of ranges of specific populations of animals, their
animals could be studied at the effects on the ecosystem they live in, and the
microscopic level. reasons for a specific spatial distribution of an
animal species.
Another breakthrough in zoology occurred
when the naturalist Charles Darwin developed Comparative Anatomy
the theory of evolution by natural selection.
This theory revolutionized zoology and the study of similarities and differences in the
taxonomy (classification) more recently the anatomy of different animals closely related
discovery of DNA as life's genetic material led animals like mammals share common bones
to even more new research and knowledge even if these bones have been extremely
about the natural world and the evolutionary modified in shape.
relationships between animals.
Animal Physiology
the study of the bodily process that occurs in • Helminthology – the study of parasitic worms
animals that allow them to maintain (helminths)
homeostasis and survive.
• Herpetology – the study of reptiles and
– Homeostasis: the ability of the body to amphibians.
maintain a relatively constant
equilibrium even in a changing - Batrachology: the study of amphibians
environment. alone
- Ophiology: (or Ophidiology) the study of
Ethology ophidians or snakes

the study of animal behavior usually in regard • Ichthyology – the study of fish
to in their natural environment as opposed to
the lab. It involves the study of animal learning • Malacology – the study of Mollusca such as
cognition communication and sexuality and is snails, octopus, clams (underwater animals
related to evolutionary biology and ecology with shells)

Taxonomy • Mammalogy – (also known as Mastology,

Theriology, or Therology) the study of
study that defines groups of biological mammals and their characteristics.
organisms on a basis of shared characteristics
and giving names to those groups. • Nematology – the study of round worms
(nematodes)
Zoometry
• Ornithology – the study of birds
a subdivision of zoology that deals with
measurements length or size of animal parts. • Primatology – the study of living and extinct
primates (monkeys, apes and prosimians)
Groupings by Animals
“Fighting!” – Vega’s Hedgehog ੯ू❛ัू ໒꒱.
• Arachnology – branch of zoology that deals
with the study of spiders and related species
Topic 2: Organization of Life (Cell, Tissues,
known as arachnids (such as scorpions,
and Organ Systems of Animals)
harvestmen, etc)
What are Tissues?
• Catology – branch of zoology that deals with
the study of marine mammals that includes Tissues are groups of cells that work together
whales, dolphins, porpoise, etc. to carry out one or several functions in
organisms. At issue is composed of many cells
• Entomology – the study of insects.
which have a common structure and function
- Coleopterology: study of beetles and are characteristically held together by
- Dipterology: study of all type of flies intracellular materials.
- Hermioterology : study of true bugs or
- from the Latin world texere meaning
hemiptera
weave
- Isopterology : the study of termites
- Lepidopterology study of butterflies and Major Types of Animal Tissues
moths
- Melittology : (also known as Apiology) 1. Epithelial Tissues or Epithelium –
the study of bees covers the internal and external surface
- Myrmecology: the study of ants of all free body surfaces. It is composed
- Orthopterology : of cells that are packed tightly together
- Trichopterology : the study of caddis by specialized intercellular junction.
flies Further these cells are attached to a
- Vespology : the study of wasps basement membrane containing fibrous
protein called collagen, do not have a
blood supply (avascular) and mostly
 they bend on diffusion of nutrients from
underlying vascular connective tissue.
absorption protection sensation and
secretion.

Classification:

According to Shape

- Squamous Cells: Single layer of flat

cells having irregular boundaries. Much
broader than they are thick and have a
thin, flat plates appearance. 2. Connective Tissue – binding the body
o Function: Transport by diffusion parts and providing structural support.
Made up of gel-like matrix in which
and where minimal protection is
different kinds of cells and protein fibers
required
are embedded.
o Location: Blood vessel lining, air
- Loose connective tissues: the fibers
sac lining
and cells are loosely arranged in the
- Cuboidal Cells: Single layer of short
semi fluid matrix.
cylindrical cells. Roughly thick as they o Function: Support and
are wide and have a rather square or
elasticity, reservoir.
cube like shape.
o Location: Throughout the
o Absorption and secretion
body where support and
o The tubular linings of kidney,
elasticity are needed.
glandular ducts
- Columnar Cells: Tall and slender and Types:
often ciliated. Much taller than they are
wide and vertical section look like Areolar Tissues: contains randomly distributed
rectangles. fibers, fibroblast, mast cells, and macrophages.
o Function: Protection, Absorption,
Mucus secretion and movement  Function: supports the organs present in
in specific direction. the abdominal cavity, fills the space
o Location: Digestive tract and between muscle fibers, wraps around
upper respiratory tract lining. blood and lymph vessels
 Location: under the skin and epithelium.
According to Number of Layers
Adipose Tissue: stores fat
- Simple: may only be one thick cell
- Stratified Epithelium: two or more cells  Function: Acts as shock absorber and
thick helps in maintaining body temperature
- Pseudostratified Epithelium: Simple in colder environments.
columnar everything you but gives a  Location: Under the skin, back of eyes,
false appearance of being layered kidneys.
- Transitional Epithelium composed of
“plump” cells with the ability to slide over Reticular Tissues: contains reticular fibers
one another allowing the organ to
stretch.  Function: supports visceral organs
o Flattened when the organ is  Location: liver, lymph nodes, spleen.
distended
Dense connective tissues - somewhat less
o Rounded when the organ is
flexible than loose connective tissues. Have
empty primarily collagenous fibers which are
arranged parallel to each other. in this
characteristic, dense connective tissues are
resistant to stretching.
 Function: support and strength at pubic
 Location: tendons and ligaments, the symphysis,
dermis of skin annulus
fibrosarus of
Types: intervertebral
discs, menisci
- Dense Regular and temporal
Connective: are composed mandibular joint
of collagen fibers which  Elastic cartilage:
appear silvery white. They histologically
are arranged in an orderly similar to
parallel manner conferring hyaline cartilage
their great strength and but contains
toughness yet somewhat many yellow
pliable. elastic fibers
 Function: Tensile lying in a solid
strength, matrix that
Stretchability functions as
 Location: tendons elasticity and
and ligaments support and
- Dense Irregular Tissues: located at
contain collagen fiber that epiglottis and
are irregularly interwoven. pinna
They are found in parts of - Osseous: calcified
the body where tensions connective tissue
are exerted in various containing calcium salts
directions. organized around collagen
 Function: Uniform fibers. Function; shape
strength and posture of the body,
 Location: Dermis of protects internal organs,
skin. strength and located at
- Specialized Connective Tissues: bones.
support and transport oxygen - Vascular is composed of
throughout the body. blood, lymph, and tissue
- Cartilages: Semi rigid fluid. It is made up of
tissues with closely distinctive cells in a watery
packed fibers in gel-like matrix with no fibers.
matrix. Bills with elasticity 3. Muscular tissue is responsible for
and support through movement in complex types of animal
bones in the vertebral since its cells have great capacity for
column and external ears contraction. These cells are usually
and nose. elongated and are bound together into
- Hyaline Cartilage: Glassy sheets or bundles by connective tissue.
appearance that unctions as  Skeletal muscle tissue is associated
elasticity and support located at the with the skeleton, can be
joints (Ears and nose and the consciously controlled (voluntary),
articular surface of long bones, rib, and appears with patterned lines
tips rings of the trachea and part of (striation) under the microscope.
the skull.)  Smooth (non-striated) muscle tissue
 Fibrocartilage: is associated with internal organs
montains lots of (visceral), cannot be controlled
collagen fibers (involuntary), and nonstriated.
that function as  Cardiac muscle tissue is associated
elasticity and with the heart. It shares
strength located characteristics of both smooth and
 striated muscles, being involuntarily, concentration over time. Both living and
striated, uninucleate, and highly nonliving systems experience the process of
branched. The cell boundaries diffusion. In living systems, diffusion is
between the ends of the cells are responsible for the movement of a large
referred to as intercalated disks. number of substances, such as gases and
These are plasma membranes small uncharged molecules, into and out of
specialized for conducting electrical
cells.
impulses between cells.
4. Nervous Tissues – main tissue of the
nervous system.
 Neuroglia: a special supporting cell
that protects, supports, and insulates
the more delicate neurons.
 Neurons: are highly specialized
nerves to receive stimuli and to
conduct waves of excitation, or
impulses, to all parts of the body.
What is Osmosis?
ู ้ – Biu the cat ﾐ ‫ ﻌ‬ﾐ
“ขอให ้โชคดีสๆ!”
Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion; it is the
Topic 3: Diffusion and Osmosis passage of water from a region of high-water
concentration through a semi-permeable
What is Diffusion? membrane to a region of low water
concentration.
Diffusion is defined as the net movement of
molecules from an area of greater Semi-permeable membranes are very thin
concentration to an area of lesser layers of material which allow some things to
concentration. pass through them, but prevent other things
from passing through. Cell membranes are an
The molecules in a gas, a liquid or a solid are example of semi-permeable membranes. Cell
in constant motion due to their kinetic energy. membranes allow small molecules such as
Molecules are in constant movement and oxygen, water carbon dioxide and glucose to
pass through, but do not allow larger
collide with each other. These collisions cause
molecules like sucrose, proteins and starch to
the molecules to move in random directions. enter the cell directly.
Over time, however, more molecules will be
propelled into the less concentrated area. Water solutions are very important in biology.
Thus, the net movement of molecules is When water is mixed with other molecules this
always from more tightly packed areas to less mixture is called a solution. Water is the
tightly packed areas. Many things can diffuse. solvent and the dissolved substance is the
Odors diffuse through the air, salt diffuses solute. A solution is characterized by the
through water and nutrients diffuse from the solute. For example, water and sugar would be
blood to the body tissues. characterized as a sugar solution.

The classic example used to demonstrate

This spread of particles through random osmosis and osmotic pressure is to immerse
motion from an area of high concentration to red blood cells into sugar solutions of various
an area of lower concentration is known as concentrations. There are three possible
diffusion. This unequal distribution of relationships that cells can encounter when
molecules is called a concentration gradient. placed into a sugar solution.
Once the molecules become uniformly
distributed, dynamic equilibrium exists. The 1. The concentration of solute in the solution
equilibrium is said to be dynamic because can be equal to the concentration of solute in
molecules continue to move, but despite this cells. In this situation the cell is in an isotonic
solution (iso = equal or the same as normal). A
change, there is no net change in
red blood cell will retain its normal shape in this
environment as the amount of water entering
the cell is the same as the amount leaving the
cell.

2. The concentration of solute in the solution

can be greater than the concentration of solute
in the cells. This cell is described as being in a
hypertonic solution (hyper = greater than
normal). In this situation, a red blood will
appear to shrink as the water flows out of the
cell and into the surrounding environment.

3. The concentration of solute in the solution

can be less than the concentration of solute in
the cells. This cell is in a hypotonic solution
(hypo = less than normal). A red blood cell in
this environment will become visibly swollen
and potentially rupture as water rushes into the
cell.