MULTIMEDIA Introduction 2 Text & Audio 6 Image and Video 16 Synchronization 41 Storage Model and Access Technique 45 Image & Video Database 53 Document Architecture and Content Management 64 Multimedia Application 70 NOTE: 'WBUT course structure and syllabus of 7th Semester has been changed from 2013. MULTIMEDIA [IT 702] has been introduced as a new subject in present curriculum. The syllabus of this subject is almost same as MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS [IT 605]. Taking special care of this matter we are providing chapterwise made! questions and answers from MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS [IT 605] along with the compléte solutions of new university papers, so that students can get an idea about university questions patterns.POPULAR PUBLICATIONS INTRODUCTION 1. Leading Is a) vertical gap between two lines b) smallest component of written language ¢) horizontal gap between two characters d) none of these Answer: (a) [WBUT 2014) [WBUT 2015] b) horizontal gap between characters d) none of these 2. Kerning is a) vertical gap ¢) horizontal gap between words Answer: (d) 3. The process of planning your multimedia presentation is known as a ® r o% [WBUT 2016) a) design b) story board ¢) development d) layout Answer: (c) 4. MMC means (WBUT 2016] a) Multimedia Marketing Council b) Multiple Media Content c) Multimedia Managing Console d) Multiple Marketing Content Answer: (b) 5. CBT means : [WBUT 2016] a) Computer Based Training b) Computer Based Tutorial ¢) Computer Based Teaching d) All of these Answer: (a) 6. Which one is the Unicode standard? [WBUT 2017) a) UTF-8 b) UCS-8 c) UTF-32 d) UCS40 Answer: (a) Short Answer Type 4. Write down the basic differences between traditional and multimedia file system? (WBUT 2015] Answer: * Traditional file system treat file abstractly as simple linear sequence of bytes with little or no additional semantics. Multimedia file system needed to deliver real-time media Tike video servers, symphony etc. MMD-2MULTIMEDIA traditional file system da not work welll that in multimedia real time bel UNIX oF WINDOWS, a Sequential OF work here. wy jn case of multimedia, the file system on the video server has to respond back jnstantancously, just a8 & VCR responds to commands on the remote control. The user may wish to rewind the entire movic, fast forward, stop playing, pause or continue watching. in imedia environment for a ainiale ivior is the most critical aspect. Thus, un ‘ -READ ,,.UNTIL...CLOSE paradigm dacs 2, How do you prepare data for reprosentation and analysis? [WBUT 2016] Answer . The purpose of analyzing data is to obtain usable and useful information. The analysis, imespective of whether the data is qualitative or quantitative, may describe and summarize data, Many people are confused about what type of analysis to use ona set of data and the relevant forms of pictorial presentation or data display. The decision is based on the scale of measurement of the data. These scales are nominal, ordinal and numerical. Data representation include line group, circle graph, bar graph, histogram ete, and it determines appropriate representations for various situations and compare data sets and solve real world problems. A graphical display showing data in a convenient way to draw conclusions. 3. What is Multimedia? In this context illustrate the basic properties of multimedia system, [WBUT 2018) Answer: 1" Pa Multimedia is a software technology that combines different media like sound, video, images and text either separately or in combinations, using computers, 2 Part: A multimedia system is’ characterized by the processing, storage, generation, manipulation of multimedia information, Amultimedia system has four basic characteristics * Multimedia systems must be computer controlled * Multimedia systems are integrated * The information they handle must be represented digitally * The interface to the final presentation of media is usually interactive. 4. What are the characteristics of continuous media data? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: ‘Thete are three characteristics of continuous media data 1) The first characteristics relates to the time interval between a complete transmissions of consecutive packets. 7 2) The second characteristics of the data streams are the change of variation of the amount of consecutive packets. MMD-3POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 3) A third property characterizes cantintity or the connection between consecig, packets transmitted directly one afer another. = Continuous media of a time dependent sequence of individual information a Such an information unit is called a Logical Data Unit (LDU) which is closeq iy Protocol Data Unit (PDU). 4, Explain with example raster scan principle, [MODEL QUESTiog, Answer: For drawing an image on the screen the ¢lectron beam starts from the upper left comme, ,, the screen and sequentially moves over cach pixel row from left to right. This is Tefen as forward trace. During this period, the electron beam is sometimes switched QN Sometimes remains OFF. At the end of each horizontal line the beam gets switched ge and retraces diagonally to the beginning of next row. This phase is refered 15 . horizontal retrace. The switching OFF conserves power and avoid activation .» unwanted pixels, Starting raster sean | Horizontal retrace Vertical _ Raster Scanning At the beginning of next line it is again switched ON and begins the next trace. The process continues until the beam reaches the lower right comer of the screen after which it again switched OFF and moves diagonally back to the starting point. This is referred to the vertical retrace. The entire process from beginning to the end is called raster scanning. 5, Differentiate between SCAN and CSCAN disk scheduling. [MODEL QUESTION) ‘Answer: In SCAN algorithm, the head always moves constantly from the most inner cylinder 10 the outermost cylinder, then it changes its direction back towards the center. When it moves towards the head, and if there is a request for the current disk position, it is satisfied. The throughput is better than in FIFO, The SCAN algorithm is fairer than STF (shortest seek time first), toe we CSCAN (Circular Scan) algorithm isan improved scan algorithm. In SCAN, the mos ‘outer and most inner cylinders have loss opportunity to be accessed than the ones in tht middle, CSCAN eliminates this by satisfying requests only when the head moves in 0" direction, and not satisfying any requests when it moves back, MMD-4‘The scan is sometimes called elevator elevator algorithm. CSCAN edge of the disk There js scheduling methods, algorithm and IN is also called Reis looses time when travelling, from inside edge to the outside * Minor difference in throwphput in between these two Long Answer ic Questions 4. a) What aro differont Com, b) What aro differont typos Answer: a) The components required for a * Capture devices ~ Video camera, recording, audio microphone, keyboards, graphics tablet, digitizing/sampling hardware, 3D output devices ete. * Storage devices — Hard disks, CD-ROMs, DVD etc. + Communication Networks - Ethemet, Token ring, FDDI, ATM, Internets . van systems — Multimedia desktop machines, workstations, MPEG * DSP hardware, « Display device-CD quality speakers, HI DTV, SVGA, color printers etc. b) Multimedia data are generally stored and transmitted ina compressed format. Because, the multimedia contents require large number of bytes. The image data is normally stored in JPEG formal in compressed form. Video and audio data has been encoded in MPEG series of standards. These encoding techniques exploit similarities among a series of frames. MPEG-1 compresses | minutes of 30 frame per second video and audio to approximately 12.5 MB size. But, it will be a lossy compression technique. MPEG-2 standard is used in digital broadcast systems and DVDs. It compresses | minute of video and audio to approximately 17 MB. For Audio, out of several encoding techniques, MP3 is most popular now-a-days which stands for MPEG-1 layer 3. Pononts of Multimedia systems? of Multimodia data stroams? [MODEL QUESTION] multimedia system are: 2. Write short note on Alpha channel. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Alpha Channel: The Alpha Channel is the nifty storage area in your image's file for non-visible picture elements. Think for it as your picture’s own little private utility closesv/filling cabinet. The .psp picture file has there extra goodies stored in its alpha channel that can just travel around with the picture (unseen until you need them) as a part of the file. Major items of interest that get stored in the alpha channel are selections masks and creator information, We can save this stuff to the alpha channel and then dig it back out later to reuse for editing that picture or using in our other images. We retrieve our selection masks and Creator information back out of that “Alpha channel storage shed” by using menu commands in PSP. MMD-5POPULAR PUBLICATIONS TEXT & AUDIO Multiple Choice Type Questions 1. Arithmetic Encoding is (Weur 20: a) lossless compression b) lossy compression ) ¢) LZY coding d) none of these Answer: (a) 2. DCT stands for [weur 2014 a) Discrete cosine transformation b) Direct colour transformation ¢) Differential coding transformation d) none of these Answer: (a) 3. RLE stands for [WBUT 2014, 2017, a) Reverse line encoding b) Run length encoding c) Run line encoding H ‘d) none of these Answer: (b) ‘ 4. File format of text is [WEUT 2015 a) pdf b) ipa c) tiff d) none of these Answer: (d) . 5. The MIDI standard specifies how many channels? [WBUT 2015, 2013) a) 16 b) 24 ) 32 4) 40 Answer: (a) 6. Which one is the audio file format? [WBUT 2017) a)PNG b) AIFF ¢) RTF d) MKV Answer: (b) \ 7, Rich text is known as [WBUT 2018] a) un-formatted text b) formatted text c) Hypertext d) none of these Answer: (b) Short Answer Questions BUT 2013) 4. What Is Nyquist sampling theorem? 6 Calculate the file size for 80 minutes audio clips with frequency 80 tte and sampling resolution for telephone quality sound and CD quality aur 2019, 2017 MMD-6MULTIMEDIA Answer: 1" Part: According to Nyquist Theorem, a minimum of two samples (per cycle) is necessary to fepresent 2 given sound wave. Thus, to Tepresent a sound with a frequency of 440 Hz, it is necessary to sample that sound at a minimum rate of 880 samples/second, Therefore, Sampling rate = 2 x Highest Frequency. 2” Part: According to Nyquist sampling theorem, if the highest frequency component of a signal iS fog, » then it can be Properly reconstructed if it has been sampled at a frequency greater than 27... So, according to the problem Required sampling rate = 2 x 9 = 160 KHz Quantization level = 6 bits per sample * File size in mono (telephony) =169*6 j 44, bytes =120 kilobytes And File size in stereo (CD Sound) = 2120 =240 Kilobyte : ian do you mean by Sampling and Quantization error? [WBUT 2013, 2015] nswer: : Sampling is measuring the signal's value at discrete intervals. The sampling theorem states that if the highest frequency component of a signal is fmax, then it can be properly reconstructed if it has been sampled at a frequency greater than 2 fmax. This value is known as the Nyquist rate. ‘The quantization of a sample is dependent on the number of bits used in measuring the sample value. A n-bit quantization results in 2° Possible values, The reason for limiting the number of quantization levels is to reduce the amount of memory required to store the digitized data. If the number of quantization levels is very small, the result is perceived as a form of distortion — also called quantization noise. 3. a) State the Nyquist sampling theorem. A communication channel can carry ‘signal with frequency from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Determine the sampling frequency. [WBUT 2014, 2017) 'b) A 15-inch monitor has aspect ratio 4:3 and resolution 85 dpi. What is pixel addressability of monitor? [WBUT 2014] Answer: a) 1" Part: Refer to Question No. 1(1* Part) of Short Answer Type Questions. 2™ Pa As per the Nyquist Theorem, . | The sampling rate must be at least twice the bandwidth -. Sampling rate= 2x 20 kHz= 40 kHz MMD-7POPULAR PUBLICATIONS b) Let the width and height of the monitor be 4x and 3x. Since the diagona| length, we have, (4x) + (ax) =157 i x=j ¥ So, width = 12 and height = 9 Since, resolution is 85 dpi +. Pixel addressability = 85x12 and 85x9 =1020x 765. is ly 4. What are the MIDI messages? (WBUT 2014, 2p Explain the advantages and disadvantages of MIDI over digital audio, [Weyt Py i Answer: 4 1" part: MIDI messages are of two types: 4) Channel message: These messages go to specific target devices. Two TYPES OF chance messages are there: a) Channel voice message - This includes the actual performance data bers, ers MIDI devices. Its pitch, amplitude, duration and other sound Qualities descr, the music. b) Channel mode — It determines the way that a receiving MIDI device responds. channel voice messages, ii) System messages: These messages go to all devices. Here no specific channel numb: is specified. Three types of system messages are there - a) System read-time message — This message is used to synchronize the timing of MIDI devices. b) System common messages — There are commands that prepare sequencers ani synthesizers to play a song. c) System exclusive messages — This is a customized MIDI message created by MIDI manufacturers. 2" Part: . MIDI has several advantages over digital audio like, * MIDI files are much more compact than digital audio files and the size of MID! files are completely independent of playback quality, In general MIDI files il be 200 t0°1000 times smaller than CD quality digital audio files. Because MO! files are small, they do not take up as much as RAM, disk space and CPU resources, * In some cases, MIDI files may sound better than digital audio files if the MID! sound source is of high quality. r * We can change the length of a MIDI file without changing the pitch of the mus or degrading the audio quality.MULTIMEDIA pisadvantages: * Because MIDI data is not ; 7 ssc only if the MIDI pl ‘ot sound, we are certain that playback will be a ayback device is identical to the device used for production. 'y be used to playback spoken dialogs, although expensive and digital samples are available. ! 5. Compare bitmap Image and vector image, * [WBUT 2014] Answer: In coy digital images or pictures are bit mapped files. These are also called raster images. But drawing in Corel ar Adobe illustrator are veetor graphics, Bitmaps are typically used to depict life like i i often used for abstract images like logos, ike images whereas vector graphic are more Bitmap images are a collection of bits that form an image. The image consists of a matrix of individual dots that all have their own color. The fil its that for bit data are BMP, FIF, JPEG, PICT, TIFF etc. " eee eneenay On the other hand vector a bit of math. Vector graphi ¢ - MIDI cannot easit: technically tricky ic t colors, In vector graphics file sizes are usually very small compared to bit map graphics. It has an infinite resolution i.e. no matter how large or small we contracting the image and image remains editable as long as it remains in a vector format.. But it is not suited to Photographic images and are not as universally interoperable as bi aps. On the other hand bit map file size are large and do not maintain editability, 6. Discuss the fundamental characteristics ‘of sound. What is note and tone? (WBUT 2014] Answer: 1" Part: 5 The fundamental characteristics of sound are: speed, frequency and loudness. The speed of sound in air actually depends on the temperature of the air. The speed of sound is 340 m/s at 15°C as a standard. J; where V is the velocity and A is the wave Frequency of sound is determined by z length and f is the frequency. ; ‘The sound waves that human can actually hear are from 20 — 20,000 Hz. The loudness of a sound depends on the wave’s amplitude. The louder a sound, the bigger the amplitude. 2" Part: oo - A tone is a sound that repeats at a certain specific frequency. It is made up of one frequency or a very small number of related frequencies. A musical note is a tone, 7. Explain the terms ‘hypertext’ and ‘hypermedia’? What Is leading? [WBUT 2015] MMD-9AR PUBLIC: iS Answer: : 1" Part: Refer to Question No. 1(6) of Long Answer Type Questions, nd 4 taut a text to speech program, available with exciting premium voices (includ, several languages). TextAloud is the leading text to speech programs. We can op? Word, PDF and HTML files directly in TextAloud to change voice within a sing, document to simulate conversation or multiple speakers. With TextAloud we can liste, immediately or save to audio files to hear later at our convenience. 8, What will be the minimum sampling rate, when an audio file is recorded withy.. audio aliasing with the highest frequency on 10kHz? [weuT 2014 - Answer: According to Nyquist sampling theorem, if the highest frequency component of a sign foax When an audio file is recorded without audio aliasing, then it can be proper), reconstructed if it has been sampled at a frequency greater than 2/max. So, according jy the problem, minimum sampling rate will be Sampling rate = 2x10KHz=20KHz 9. What are the different types of text? What in Unicode? (WBUT 2015) Answer: 1" Part: In multimedia, there are generally three different types of text, i) Formatted text: . This is string of character of different style, size and shape. The formatting may alo include tables, graphics and images whenever required. ii) Unformatted text: This is string of fixed size characters taken from a finite character set. iii) Hyper text: This is an integrated collection of formatted text pages with defined linkages between them, 2" part: Unicode: A range of standard exists for character coding, like ASCII character set. There are current attempts to develop a 4-byte universal coded character set that can be used for non-alphabetic character and for language other than English. In ISO, this activity 5 carried out by JTC1/SC2. A group of major vendors has produced an alternative versio" called Unicode. 10. A 15-inch monitor has aspect ratio 4:3 and pixel addressability of monitor is 800x600. What is the resolution of the monitor? [weUT 2017] Answer: Let the width and height of the monitor be 4x and 3x. Since the diagonal is 15” in lens! we have ‘ a a aMULTIMEDIA igs psy #09) =l§ wed go, width = 12 and he’ hte 9, ‘ he resolition is y dpi ‘ z suppose. t AM ahd since the pixel nddressability is 800600, so, yr i2= 800 and ¥*9=600 C ' ¥ “800 600 = — = 66, nyeqy 7666 and “7 66.6 - Resolution of the monitor is 66,6 41, Stata tho Nyquist sample thoorom, contalning Compononts with frequency value ranging from 60 Hz to 6 kHz Is to bo samplod. Determine tho sampling frequency and the band width of band limiting or [WUT 2018] ‘Answer? 1" Part: Refer (0 Question No, ia What [9 sampling? An analog signal Part) of Short Answer Type Questions, y Part: Refer to Question No, 2¢1 Part) of Short Answer Type Questions. 3 Part: | AAs per the Nyquist Theorem, The sampling rate must be at Icast twice the band-width or, the highest frequency component of the source signal, Hence, sampling rate =2°6=|2khz. The bandwidth of the band limiting filter is from OHz to 6KHz 1.8) What aro tho difforont types of audio filo format? (WBUT 2013, 2018) Answer: There are different audio files. The most common are wave (wav) files and MPEG layer— 3 files (.mp3). Other files are of extension “.de BE. -BSM, etc, .ogg a free open source container format supporting a variety of codecs, the most popular are audio codec vorbis., .gsm designed for telephony. .dct is designed for dictation, .au is the standard audio file format used by sun, unix and java, b) What aro hyper text and hyper media? [WBUT 2013, 2018) Answer: Hypermedia is a well-defined structural form of information in the forms of audio, video, text, animation, graphics and other elements of multimedia, pertaining to a particular topic or related te it, with relevant linkages in between them. For example, a multimedia package on the topic “Forests” can have the following information: 1. Various facts about forest which is text type 2. Photographs of various forest 3, Natural sounds of the forest MMD-11POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 4, A video clipping of same forest ; Now, a multimedia package on forest can link platform using hypermedia technology. | . oh ‘On the other hand, hypertext includes all text-based information in the project, interlinkeg by means of relevant hyperlinks, between various subtopics. Those words, which ca hyperlinks to the subtopics are called Hofwords and are usually distinguished from thee normal texts, either by a different font color or by different text styles and underlines, ‘Hypertext enables the multimedia producer, to arrange the information into meaningfy groups and present them casily when the user requires it. all this information in one integra 2. a) Draw the block diagram for perceptual coding in audio. [weut 2016) Answer: Perceptual Audio Coder Fibcod (disper) ‘Audio signal Audio input Percept Quantized Coded Bit i; Reese — Perceptual values, side ‘ ‘Uweshold ea, Perceptual model usually analyzes the input signal instead of the filtered bank outputs. It computes signal dependent masked thresholds based on psychoacoustics. b) What is multimodality? What Is postscript font? Differentiate between extended character set and Unicode. [WBUT 2016) Answer: . . 1" Part: . In the general sense, a multimodal system supports communication with the user through different modalities such as voice, gesture etc. Modality refers to the type of communication channel used to acquire or convey information. Multimodality describes communication practices in terms of the textual, aural, linguistics, spatial and visual resources or modes used to compose messages. - 2" Parts’ Post script fonts are font files encoded in outline font specifications developed by Adobe systems for professional digital type setting. This system uses post script file format to __ encode font information. Post Script Type 1 + Windows SoS/2: « P/b, + pfm, *afm MMD-12+ MacOS: + p/m, +afm, sing + Linux: * pfa, *afin + OS2:*afm Type code (FOND/bit map) file; FFIL (Suitease/Screen) Mil (display) 3” Part: Extended character set and Unicode are two chi i i iW aracter encodings. Basically, they are eae be aw epresent difference characters in binary so that they can be written, sont wi and read in digital media, The main difference between the two is the ws ley encode the character and the number of bits that they use for each. Extended nt ler = Originally used 7 bits to encode each character. This was later increased to 8 bs suen led ASCII to address the apparent inadequacy of the original. In contrast, Unicode uscs variable bit encoding Program where we can choose between 32, 16 and 8 bit encodings. Extended character sct is a character ~ encoding scheme whereas Unicode eraien ae defines the internal text coding system in almost all operating systems. 43. Writo short notos on the following: a) MIDI b)Hyportext& hypormedia maeweut 2017) Answe a) MIDI: MIDI is an acronym for “Musical Instrument Digital Interface", Despite its impact on the world of music, MIDI is not a musical language, nor does it directly describe musical sounds, rather, it is a data communication protocol, an agreement among manufacturcrs of music equipment, computers, and software that describes a means for music system and related equipment to exchange information and control signals, The difference between audio information and MIDI data is similar to the difference between a tape recording of a pianist performing a piano sonata and the sheet music for that same sonata, MIDI protocol enables us to manage the complex information representing the performance of a musical work on electronic instruments. MIDI represents the information needed to recreate a performance as many individual pieces of data. MIDI protocol specifies the meaning of each data value and provides a means to store, manipulate, transmit and recreate the information using symbolic data. MIDI is important for music making using digital electronics. The significance is that it permits a wide variety of equipment from many different manufacturers to work together in a single system. One of the most widely used Ta, ae to Se Eo oe . synthesizes together so that playing one produces the same note on ¢ ielicuicn otMIDI eoacbey involves a computer, making it an integral part of MIDI system, Computer can be used to record MIDI Messages, much as a Lape recorder records MMD-13POPULAR PUBLICATIONS audio signals. Because MIDI messages are digital data, MIDI recordings can use they power of digital computers. b) Hypertext & hypermedia: | Fee Question No. I(b) of Loig Answer Type Questions. tion of 4 minutes. The frequency of sound . Se a oe ae casipted using # bits. Calculate the fle size in teres a mono mode. (MODEL QUESTiggs Answer: an / The sampling theorem states that if the highest frequency component of a si Nal is frm, then it can be properly reconstructed if it has been sampled at a frequency Breater thas 2fmax (Nyquist rate) : ‘According to the stated problem, The frequency of sound wave is 22050 Hz " , Required sampling rate = 2 x 220 50 Hz = 44 100 Hz Quantization level is = 8 bits per sample <. File size in mono mode is = 44100 x8 bits = 44100 bytes = 44,1 Kilo bytes Ifa sound is recorded using a pair of microphones to produce two microphonie channes which are then fed to two speakers the resultant illusion in sound perception is Called stereophony. , The file size in the stereo mode is = 2 file size in the mono mode = 2'x 44.1 Kilo byte = 88. 2 Kilo byte 5. Define sound sampling rate, sampling size and quantization. [MODEL QUESTION, Answer: Sampling rate: Sound sampling, also known as digitizing, transformed a continuous wave into finite numerical combinations. A microphone translates analog signal into electrical impulses or signals. These impulses are processed through an ADC (analog to Digital Converte) whose output is in binary form. The numbers are then stored in a computer. The information can now be retrieved and edited with a high degree of precision. The stream of data then can be sent to the Low mation speakers via a DAC (Digital to 7 | Tl bp coe oe ee [lll that can be heard, When converting Durstion from analog to digital sound the . computer takes snapshots of the waveform at different intervals. The frequency of this Figure shows a representation of two sampling rates and the resulting quantification of ‘the sound wave. A typical sampling rate can range from 5,000 to 100,000 samples second. The higher the rate, the better the quality. This audio sampling rate refers 0" MMD-14 Analog = Converter), which A™litede snapshots determines the accuracy of sound being recorded and is called sampling ratMULTIMEDIA rate at which sound samples are recarded from thé incoming analog audio signal and is recorded along the horizontal axis of the waveform display shown in figure. It is measured in Hertz (Ilz), which is the unit for cycles/sec. The three sampling fates are often used in the multimedia audio Stream and are meant for CD quality audio is: 44.1KHz, 22.05 KHz and 11.025 Kl lz. Sampling Size: itis recorded along the vertical nxis of the waveform display (shown in figure). It refers to the number of zeros and ones used 10 record the incoming signal, Itis a measure of the accuracy to which a Particular sample value is stored at an instant of time. This size depends Upon the bits of data your digital sound system can handle. Typically an 8 bit sound system can record 256 different level or steps, Quantization: The value of each sound sampling, during the ADC process, is rounded off to the nearest integer value, This is called quantization and it sometimes produces an unwanted background noise. MMD-15POPULAR PUBLICATIONS IMAGE AND VIDEO ‘ Multiple Choice io Questions 1, MPEG stands for a) Motion Picture Exproas Group ¢) Motion Picture Export Group Answer: (b) 2. GIF stands for a) Graphics Image Format ¢) Geographical Information Filo Answer: (d) [WUT 2013, 204%) b) Motion Picture Export Group d) Motion Pictura Extract Group IWBUT 2013) b) Gray Information File d) nono of these 3. Pal system uses 625 lines horizontal lines at fps for IWEUT 2013) a) 30 b) 25 ¢) 50 ae Answer: (b) 4, Video file format Is DWBUT 2013) a) TIFF by AVI c) WAV ) both (a) ang (b) ‘Answer: (a) 5. Device Independent colour modol is [WBUT 2013, 2017) a) CMYK model b) CIE Lta*b* model c) HSB model ) both (b) and (c) Answer: (b) 6. PAL is alan [WBUT 2014) a) digital video standard b) analog video standard ¢) audio file standard d) text file standard ‘Answer: (a) 7. What will be the size of a 1200 * 1600 image of 16 bit depth? [waur 2014) a) 29.29 Mb b) 117 kb c) 192 kb d) none of these Answer: (d) . 8. MOV is used for [waur 2014) a) quick time movie b) Windows media player ) MPEG ) none of theso Answer: (a) 9. What Is the aspect ratio of HDTV? [WBUT 2015, 2017] a) 4:3 b) 3:2 ©) 9:4 d) 16:9 Answer: (d) MMD-1610. Device Independont color a) CMYK b) CIF Answer: (b) 41. NTSC is alan a) digital video standards ¢) audio file standards Answer: (b) modal is Leathe 12, Key frames are responsible for a) change in the course of action c) change in direction Answer: (d) 43. MP3 is in which of the follow a) MPEG1 Answer: (a) b) MPEG2 14, Huffman Encoding is a a) suffix b) prefix Answer: (b) 15. BMP format uses which o' a) Huffman c) neither (a) nor (b) Answer: (d) 16. In Gray scale color mode, we get numbe: az = b) 2° Answer: (b) ing MPEG Standards? f the following algorithms? MULTIMEDIA (WBUT 2015] ce) HSB d) RGB [W8UT 2015, 2017] b) analog video standards 4) image filo standards (WBUT 2016) b) change in tho course of planning d) change In tho course of producing [WBUT 2018) c) MPEG3 4) MPEG21 encoding techniques. [WBUT 2018) ¢) both (a) and (b) di) none of these [WBUT 2018) b) run length algorithm 4) both (a) and (b) is r of different color, [WBUT 2018] ce) 2 d) 2? Short Answer estions 1. What HIS colour model? What is the relation between RGB and HIS colour model? Answer: 1" Part: [WBUT 2013} HIS color model consists of Hue, Intensity and Saturation. Hue is defined as an angle ie. @ is red, 120° is green and 240° is blue, Intensity is denoted as the distance “up” the axis from black, values range from 0 to |. Saturation is defined as the percentage of di tance from the center of the HIS triangle to the pyramid surface, values range from 0 to L. ie. MMD-17POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Diack 2™ Part: If 0°< H <120°, then Beid-s), e=il14+—54_|, G=3I-(R+B) z cos(60°- AH) Again, if 120° < # < 240°, then ScosH =M1- = carer B=3I-(R+G R=I(-8), G [r+ Seat), (R+G) 2. A series of massages is to be transferred between two computers. The message comprises the character fram A to E. Analysis has shown that the Probability (relative frequency of occurrence) of each character is as follows: A=0.35 B=0.17 c=0417 = D=0.16 E=0.45 . Using the Huffman coding, derived the Huffman tree and also calculate the codeword set. [WBUT 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018) Answer: 4035 —————» A=035 —_____» anos no Beol7 on 034 C017 Bea) 0) ist y™ D=0.16 oO #017, ®© AN mn E=ols ® ” DOIs EQIS BOI7 COI? MMD.18A=0+0 B=Oll— 110 C= 001 — 100 D=101 + 10) E=011—110 3. What is colour gamut? (WBUT 2014, 2018] What is anti-aliasing? What is Gamma? (WBUT 2014] Answer: The term gamut was adopted from the music field, where it meant the set of pitches of which musical melodies were composed; Shakespeare's use of the term in The Taming of the Shrew is sometimes attributed to another author/musician, Thomas Morley. In the 1850s, the term was being applied to a range of colour or hue, for example by Thomas De Orns who wrote, “Porphyry, | have heard, runs through as large a gamut of hues as je. In color theory, the gamut of'a device or Process is that portion of the color space that can be represented, or reproduced, Generally, the color gamut is specified in the hue- saturation plane, as many systems can produce colors with a wide range intensity within their colour gamut; in addition, for subtractive color systems, such as printing, the range of intensity available in the system is for the most part meaningless outside the context of its illamination, Anti-aliasing is a method to counter the aliasing effect i.e. staircase effect and restore the smoath appearance of curves and diagonal lines. : - When a picture is displayed on a monitor, its brightness levels can be broadly divided into 3 groups like the darkest, lightest and midtone regions. Gamma refers to midtone regions. E 4. Compare NTSC, PAL and SECAM systems of standard for television. What is HOTV? (WBUT 2014, 2018] Answer: NTSC is a television broadcasting system used in a number of countries. It has been mentioned that each frame in an NTSC video consists of 525 horizontal lines, however only 480 of them are actively used for generating pictures on the screen. Similar to NTSC, PAL (phase alternating lines) also uses a colour sub-carrier signal with wo amplitude modulated quadrature sub-components. SECAM is also a TV broadcasting, center, also uses 625 horizontal lines per frame and 25 frames per second. The fundamental difference between NTSC / PAL, and SECAM is that while the former Wansmits two colour signals simultaneously, the later transmits only one colour difference signal at a time, It gets the information about the other colour difference signal from the preceding line transmitted, which is stored in memory inside the receiving set. Because of this SECAM is free of the colour artifacts present in NTSC and PAL. Another notable difference between NTSC / PAL and SECAM is that while the former uses amplitude modulation to encode colour information, SECAM uses frequency modulation to cncode chrominance information onto the sub-carrier. MMD-19POPULAR PUBLICATIONS High definition (ID) video is a new standard for digital video for improving Picture quality compared to standard NTSC or PAL format. They require a high definition monitor or TY screen (HDTV) to be viewed and have been defined as the ITU-R (International Tclecommunication Union) recommendatio There are two alternate formats one relating to the standard 4 ; 3 aspect ratio screens with 1440x1 152 pixels and the other to the 16: 9 aspect ratio wide screens with 1920%1 152 pixels. Both use cither 4: 2:2 sub-sampling scheme for audio applications with 50 / 60 Hz frame refresh rate or 4:2: 0 scheme for broadcast applications with 25 / 30 Hz refresh rate. 5, What Is Luma-Chroma Principle? [WBUT 2016) oR, | ; What are the advantages of using Luma-Chroma Transmission principle in context of video signals? [WBUT 2018) Answer: The luminance (or luma) components depicts the brightness information in an image without regard to the color component, i.e. it specifies which part of the image are bright (while), which parts are dark (black) and which are of intermediate shades (grey). An image having only the luminance’ component is essentially a grey scale image. Superimposed on the luminance information is the chrominance (or chroma) component which depicts the color information in different parts of the image. An image containing only the chrominance component would have areas of flat color without change in brightness. When we perceive an image, it is by the net effect of superposing the luma and chroma information. The device independent color models, namely the lab model and the HSB model, both usc luminance and chrominance as the basis of recognizing and conveying color information. 6. What are redundancies in images? How can you categorise them? [WBUT 2018] Answer: Data compression is defined as the process of encoding data using a representation that reduces the overall size of data. This reduction is possible when the original data set contains some type of redundancy. Digital image compression is a field that studies methods for reducing the total number of bits required to represent an image. This can be achieved by eliminating various type of redundancy that exist in the pixel values. In general, three basic redundancies exist in digital images like psyeho-visual redundancy which is a redundancy corresponding to different sensitivities to all image signals by human eyes. Therefore, eliminating some less relative important information in our visual processing may be acceptable. Interpixel redundancy is a redundancy corresponding to statistical dependencies among pixels specially between neighboring pixels. Coding redundancy where the uncompress image usually is coded with each pixe! by a fixed length. MMD-20MULTIMEDIA 7. Compare additive with subtracti dels. What is relation between RGB and CMYK colour model? ctive colour‘models. Wha MWSUT 2017] Answer: 1" Part: In additive color model, a particular color is specified by specifying the amount of each of the primary component in that color model which when added as per the specified amount produces that color RGB js an additive colar model. In subtractive color model subtracting particular color intensity from white color generates mixing technique a particular color. CMY model is a subtractive color model. pie color models use light to display color while subtractive models use printing inks. RGB is an additive color model. Red, Green and Blue colors of different intensities are added to generate various colors. In subtracting color model, the convergence of three primary subtractive colors Produces black. Printing devices and fillers uses subtractive color model. CMYK is an subtractive color model. 2" Part: Ri [1 : Gy=l1)- y B 1 K &. How motion JPEG differs from MPEG? , [WBUT 2018] Answer: ~ Motion JPEG ismost often used for interlaced sources, while PhotoJPEG is for Progressive. The JPEG formats use all |-frames. MPEG can use either all I-frames, [ and P frames, or I, B and P frames, Generally, by using IBP frames for an MPEG encode, you can compress to a much lower bit rate while retaining core quality, 8. Explain the term Rendering. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Rendering is the process of producing realistic images or pictures. Producing realistic images both involves physics and psychology. Light, i.e. electromagnetic energy, reaches the eye after interacting with the physical environment. In the eye, physical and chemical changes take place that generate electrical pulses that are interpreted or perceived, by the human brain. Perception is a leamed characteristic, The psychology of visual perception has been extensively studied and written about. * 8, Explain the term Codec. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: . . . Accodec is a program which is capable of performing encoding and decoding on a digital data stream or signal. The word codec may be 2 combination of any of the following: Compressor-Decompressor, Coder-Decoder or Compression/ Decompression algorithm. MMD-21POPULAR PUBLICATIONS ‘An encodes is a similar concept for hardware, In the middle 20" century a “Codec” was hardware that codec analog signals into pulse — code modulation and decoded it back, Codee encodes a stream or signal for transmission, storage or encryption and decoded jt for viewing. Coders are often used for video- conferencing and streaming media applications. . Most codecs are lossy in nature. Originally, in order to achieve a relatively small file size such that the resultant files could be readily exchanged, it was stored on relatively expensive media.” | . There are lossless codecs also. Many codecs are designed to emphasize certain aspects of the media to be encoded. 410. Explain JPEG compression technique. [MODEL QUESTION) Answer: x ; . JPEG provides a Compression method that is capable of compressing continuous tone image data with a pixel depth of 6 to 24 bits with reasonable speed and efficiency. JPEG may be adjusted to produce very small, compressed images that are of relatively poor quality in appearance but still suitable for many applications. Conversely, JPEG is capable of producing very high quality compressed images that are still for smaller than the original uncompressed data, JPEG is also different in that it is primarily a lossy method of compression. Most popular image format compression schemes such as RLE, LZW & CCITT standards are lossless compression standards i.e. they do not discard any data during encoding process. An image compressed using 4 lossless method is guaranteed to be identical to the original image when uncompressed. JPEG was designed to compress color or- gray scale continuous tone images of real world subjects — photographs, video stills. Animation, ray tracing, B/W documents do not compress very well under JPEG and it is now used to provide motion video compression. It is an excellent way to store 24-bit photographic images such as those used in multimedia applications. JPEG can be rather slow when it is implemented only in software and it is not supported by many file formats, so it is not an ideal compression solution. 11. With reference to video compression explain the following terms: i) Spatial redundancy and temporal redundancy li) Interframe and intraframe coding fii) |, P, B frames. : [MODEL QUESTION) Answer: MPEG standard is primarily a bit-stream specification in nature. It also specifies 4 decoding process. The bit stream architecture is based on a sequence of pictures each of which contains the data needed to display a single image. There are four different kinds of pictures depending on how it is decoded. ‘I’ pictures or Intra coded pictures, which is coded independent of any other picture. AL the start of video, there should be one I picture. | pictures also placed at some random access entry points in the video stream. . ‘P’ pictures are predicted pictures. These pictures are coded using motion compensation from a previous I or P picture. MMD-22MULTIMEDIA “W pictures are interpolated picnires, ‘These pictures arc coded by interpolation between a previous and a future | of P picture, ,D” pictures ~ This category of pictures are of a special format, It is often used to implement fast search Modes, ce [= Se | pictures require the most data I pictures are similar to a JPEG image. P pictures require approximately one-third of the data of an I-picture. It consists of 16 x 16 macro blocks, which have motion ‘compensation vector values, and 8 x 8 DCT coded blocks of motion correction values, B picture takes 2:1 to 5:1 less data than a P picture, It has macro blocks, DCT coded correction values and interpolation Parameters. When B pictures are used, the reference P pictures or { must be transmitted before any dependent B picture, To achieve a high compression ratio, temporal redundancies of subsequent pictures must be plot (interframe), whereas the demand for fast random access requires intraframe ing. I-frame are self contained i.¢., coded without reference to other images. An I-frame is treated as a still image. MPEG makes use of JPEG for Iframes, I-frames use 8 x 8 blocks defined within a macro block, on which DCT is performed. P-frames requires information of the previous I-frame and/or all previous P-frames for encoding and decoding. The coding of P-frames is based on the fact that, by successive images, their areas often do no change at all but instead, the whole area is shifted. In this case of temporal redundancy, the black of the last P- or [- frame that is most similar to the block under consideration is determined. B-frames require information of the previous and following I and frame for encoding and decoding. The highest compression tatio is attainable by using these frames. A B-frame is defined as the difference of a Prediction of the past image. 12. What are different types of calor models? What are additive and subtractive color models? [MODEL QUESTION) Answer: A color model is an orderly system for generating a whole range of colors from a small set of primary colors. There are two types of color models, additive and subtractive, Additive color models use light to display color while subtractive models use printing MMD-23POPULAR PUBLICATIONS: inks. Colors perceived in additive models are the result of transmitted light. Color, perceived in subtractive modcls are the result af reflected light. There are several cstablished color models used in computer graphics, but the Most common are the RGB (Red-Green-Bluc) for computer displaying and CMYK modo] (Cyan-Magenta-Ycllow-Black) for printing the material. RGB color model is an additive color model. Red, green and blue colors of differen, intensities are added to generate various colors. The convergence of the three primary additive colors produces white colors. In additive color mixing, a particular color is specified by specifying the amount of each of the primary color component in that color model which when added as per the specified amount produces that color. In the CMyK model, the convergence of three primary subtractive colors produces black. In subtractive color model, subtracting particular color intensity from while color generates mixing technique of a particular color. CMYK model is subtractive model which is appropriate ‘to absorption of colors. Printing devices and filters uses CMY model. 4, a) What is image resolution? . [WBUT 2013, 2018) What Is the measured unit of it? . [WBUT 2013] ’ Answer: Image resolution is a measure of how finely a device approximates continuous images by using finite pixels. For printers and scanner, it is states as the number of dots per unit length (dot per inch — dpi). In video, giving the size of a frame, measured in pixels, specifies resolution. e.g., 768 x 576 or 640 x 480 etc, ‘The physical size of an image when it is displayed will depend on the resolution of the device it is to be displayed on. If the image resolution is lower than that of the device on which it is to be displayed, it must: be sealed up. If the image resolution is higher than the output device, pixels must be discarded when the image is scaled down for display of its natural size. This process is called down sampling. . . MMD-274MULTIMEDIA b) What is compression? Writo MPEG comproselon algorithm. [WBUT 2013, 2018] Answer: 1" Part: Image compression, imizes the size in bytes of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image, This reduction in file size allow more images to be stored ina given amount of memory space. There are several ways in which image files to be compressed like MPEG, JPEG, ete. 2™ Part: MPEG compression steps are: * Prepare the image for compression > Transform color space (YUV) - Down sample color components ~ Partition info macro (16x16) and blocks (8x8) © Steps take one of two paths ~ 2D DCT encoding Or . ~ Motion compensation MPEG requires YUV which is same as YIQ but rotated by 33°. In down sampling, MPEG optimized for 352 x 240 at 30 fps which is derived from CCIR-601 digital television standard used in professional equipment and requires 4:2:2 down sampling. In block, Y, U and V cut info 8x8 pixel regions and in macro block where Y component refers to a 16X16 pixel region. In U and V components, a macro block refers to two 8x8 regions and it is organized in row order top to button. DCT encoding is applied to each block in an I-frame and each macro-block in a P or B frame that has no match to a reference frame. DCT encoding in MPEG is identical to JPEG encoding and performs a DCT transform. Quantize a DCT transform, perform a zig-zag ordering and apply entropy encoding. In motion compensation, each object moves from frame to frame while maintaining the same color value and it is a asymmetric process and requires search in both time and space, 2. a) What is the important of SECAM and PAL? © (WBUT 2013] Answer: sf ous) PAL (Phase Alternating Line) is a TV standard widely used in Western Europe, China, India and many other places of the world. It uses 625 lines per frame at 25 frames/sec, with a 4:3 aspect ratio and interlaced fields. It uses YUV color model. In order to improve picture quality, chroma signals have alternate signs i.e. +U and —U in successive scan lines, hence the name “phase alternating line”. SECAM stands for System Electronic Color Avec Memoire, the third major broadcast TV standard. It also uses 625 scan lines per frame at 25 frames per second with a 4:3 aspect ratio and interlaced fields. SECAM and PAL are very similar. They differ slightly in color coding scheme. The table below shows the comparison of Analog Broadcast TV systems. MMD-25Total Channels Width (MHz) b) What Is the role of VOD in multimedia application? [WBUT 2013; Answer: VoD (Video on Demand) covers a range of applications whereby users can request access, to video servers of still and moving pictures on an individual basis. The definition does not specify where the video server should be located. So VoD can be a service offered within an organization as well as a public service. The definition also does specify the level of interaction that the users are expected to perform with the video server. VoD usually do not imply any special kind of video. Sometimes specific application like distribution of movies is explicitly called Movie on Demand. Another point in the definition says that the user may request at any time, which does not imply that the users would be able to see the video at any time. True video are very demanding in terms of processing power, access to storage media and bandwidth requirements. ¢) What is the significance of K in.CMYK colour model? Why CMYK colour model is called subtractive colour model? [WBUT 2013] Answer: The CMYK model is used to specify printed colors shown below. Green Black Blue ied The primary color of this model are Cyan, Magenta and Yellow. These colors when mixed together in equal proportions produce black, due to which the model is known a5 4 subtractive model. Due to impurities in the ink the actual color obtained is dark drown instead of black. So an extra black ink is added to produce pure black which is why the color model is known as CMYK, the K standing for the black component. 3. a) Explain the term ‘luminance’, ‘hue’, ‘saturation’ to specify the colour characteristics of an image. [WaUT 2014) b) Describe the stops of JPEG image compression. (waur 2014] c) Write down the names of three popular image file format. [WBUT 2014, 2018) MMD-26Answer: a) Luminance te monochrome video signal that controls the brightness of the image. This is the sensation Saturation This is a measure of color intensity, Several color models have been developed to represent color. Produced duc to the Presence of certain wavelengths of color. b) JPEG process is a widely used form of lossy i i Het | ‘ i y image compression the center of which is fe Dictate Cosine Transform (DCT) technique. DCT separates an image into parts of ifferent frequencies. The basic. steps of JPEG algorithm are as follows: 1. The image is broken into 8 x 8 pixel blocks. 2 er is applied to each block from left to right and top to bottom. The DCT equation, as shown below, computes the j, jth entry of the DCT of an image: 2 Vo tet ‘ Di, Do By OCU S, pt, ven et 2 1 DU where, co ={ Vg ifu=0,1 ifu>o (xy) is the x, yth element of the image represented by the matrix p. N is the size of * the block. The equation computes the i, jth entry of the transformed image from the pixel values of the original image matrix. Standard value of Wis 8 (0 to 7). 3. Each block is compressed through quantization. During quantization the less Dif Oi The array of the compressed blocks that constitutes the image are stored in a very much reduced amount of space. First, all co-efficient of C matrix (after quantization) are converted by an encoder to a stream of binary data. JPEG takes advantage of the fact that after quantization, most of the co-efficiegt are equal to zero. JPEG encodes the quantized co-efficient in a zigzag sequence. This results in consolidation of large nuns of zeros, which compress very well. 5. The image is reconstructed by decompression. The decompression process uses the Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (IDCT). C, = round - ¢) Three popular image file format: * BMP (bitmap format) * GIF (Graphical Interchange Format) * JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group) MMD-27POPULAR PUBLICATIONS A a In tho contoxt of ‘9 Whet 26 you moan by I-frame, B-framo and P-frami WHUT 2014, 28, Yin b) why compression Is roquirod? What Is the differonco oe WOUT Oty ang lossy compression? » 2018) Answer: Soe code without any reference to their images. MPEG makes y se of JPEG Coding for I-frames. They can be used as a reference for other frames. In a vi sean Ife are present at regular intervals in order to allow for the possibilities of tl e CONteNts of 2 I-frame being corrupied during transmission, The collection of frames betwee, successive I-frames is known as group of picturcs. P-Frame: . , aso These requires information from the previous [-frame for encoding and lecoding, By exploiting temporal redundancy, the achievable compression ratio Is higher than that of the I-frames, P frames can be accessed only after the referenced | or P frame has ber, decoded. Encoding of P-frames is done using a combination of frame replenishment and motion compensation, The no. of frames between a P-frame and the preceding | or p frame is called prediction span. B- Frame: It requires information from the previous and following I and/or P frame for encoding, and decoding. The highest compression ‘ratio is achievable by using these frames, 5 frames are never used as reference for other frames. Reference frames must be transmitted first. Thus transmission order and display order may differ. The first | -frame must be transmitted first followed by the next P-frame and then by the B-frame. Thereafter the second [-frame must be transmitted. Typical compression ratios range from 30:1 to 50:1. b) I" Part: Compression is required to reduce the space necessary to store a file on a computer system. Compressed files require significantly less storage space than uncompressed files, although compression may lead to the loss of some data, File compression increases data transfer speed. it can also hide information. 2™ Part: ‘Lossless’ compression is a compression technique that does not lose any data in the compression process. Lossless compression “packs data” into a smaller file size by using akind of internal shorthand to signify redundant data. Lossy compression discards some data — The portion of the image that represents the visually insignificant details. Lossy compression will strip a file of some of its redundant data, Because of this data loss, only certain applications are fit for lossy compression, like graphics, audio and video. JPEG uses lossy compression, which is why converting a GIF file to JPEG will reduce it in size. Lossless compression has advantages and disadvantages, The advantage is that the compressed file will decompress to an exact duplicate of the original file, mirroring its MMD-28EDIA swality. The disadvantage is that i io is not all that high, preciscly because no data is lost, iB hat the compression ratio is no et Lossy compression has advania ‘of the file to arrive at the resull the loss may acceptable And ever ges and disadvantages. It necessarily reduces the quality ting highly compressed size, but depending on the necd, unnoticeable in some cases. 5. What are different image file formats? : [WBUT 2015, 2018) Explain Discrote Cosine ‘Transformation, Why is DCT useful in compression? (WBUT 2015] Answer: Q 1" Part: A large no. of different graphics file forma )) ) BMP (bitmap foraay: The acti : is generally stored in a bitmap form: generally large as it stores Pixel-by-pixel values of an image. : The compression techniques are Applied on bitmap images to reduce the size of the files. cuneticnn formats have been developed to facilitate cross-platform compatibility i) GIF (Graphical Interchange Format): {tis a lossless compression technique. It uses ij B-bit (2" or 256) colors, GIF images are suitable for antes images and images produced on computers. Ui) JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group): 1t is an image compression technique, It has both lossless and I a lossy mode of operations. It is very useful for scanned and photographic images. iy) TIFF (Tagged Image File Format): A TIFF file is mad have variations in compression scheme, resolution, plancs 2™ Part: A discrete cosine transform (DCT) expresses a sequence of finitely many data points in ‘terms of a sum of cosine functions oscillating at different frequencies, DCT are important ‘to numerous applications from lossy compression of audio images (where smal high frequent components can be discarded) to spectral methods for the numerical solutions of partial differential equations. DCT is used in JPEG image compression, MPEG, MJPEG and D¥ video compression. APEG process centers around the DCT. DCT works by separating images into parts of different frequencies. - DCT co-efficients correspond to higher and higher frequencies of ‘the image block. DCT is proven to be optimal transform for large classes-of images. The DCT introduces no loss to the source image samples; it merely transforms them to a domain in which they can be more efficiently encoded, : has been developed: pixel image of the graphic, which is a byte string, at (bmp). The size of the bitmap image file is le up of a number of tags that per pixel and so on. ‘6. What is Huffman coding? . [WBUT 2015, 2018) Explain the concept of Huffman coding with the help of an example. [WBUT 2015) MMD-29POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Answer: . . : Many variations of Huflinan coding exist, some of which use a Huffiman-like algorit, and others of which find optimal prefix codes (while, for example, putting differ, Festrictions on the output), Note that, in the latter case, the method iced not be Hufimay, like, and, indoed, need not even be polynomial times An exhaustive list of papers «. ‘Huffman coding on its variations is given by “Code and Parse Trees for Lossless. Source Encoding”. * a-ary Huffman coding . The n-ary Huffman algorithm uses the {0, I, ...,.2 @ ~* 1} alphabet to encode Message and build an n-ary tree. This approach was considered by Huffman in his original pape, Adaptive Huffman coding : . A variation called adaptive Huffman coding calculates the frequencies dyn, amically based on recent actual frequencies in the source string. This is somewhat related to the LZ family of algorithms. " Huffman template algorithm 7 Most often, the weights used in implementations of Huffinan coding represent numeric Probabilities, but the algorithm given above does not require this; it requires only a way to order weights and to add them. The Huffman template algorithm enables one to Use any kind of weights (costs, frequencies, Pairs of weights, non-numerical weights) and one of many combining methods (not just addition). Such algorithms can solve other minimization problems, such as minimizing max[w, +length(C,)], a problem first applied to circuit design. Length-limited Huffman coding : Length-limited Huffman coding is a variant where the goal is still to achieve a minimum weighted path length, but there is an additional restriction that the length of each codeword must be less than a given constant. The package-merge-algorithm solves this problem with a simple greedy approach very similar to that used by Huffman’s algorithm. Its time complexity is O(n), where L is the maximum length of a codeword. No algorithm is known to solve this Problem with the same efficiency as conventions! Huffman coding. 7. a) Draw the hierarchical data structure in MPEG-1. ‘ (WBUT 2016] Answer: A multiplexed MPEG ~ 1 stream is composed of distinct packs. Each pack consists of 2 pack header and any number of packets. Within those packets js either video or audio data. These structures above the video or audio level are called system layer. Video o audio data is divided into packets without regard to lower level structures — group pictures, etc. may break across packet boundaries. The fig. shows the data structure (hierarchical). MMD-30MULTIMEDIA Fig: Hierarchical data structure in MPEG-1 Ai the top most level of the data structure, we have the video sequence itself, which consist of several group of pictures (GOP) in the next Jevel. Each GOP begins with an I- picture and taking this as the reference, P-picture is encoded N frame later than I-picture intemporal order. The (N-1) frames in between are encoded as B-pictures. The P-pictures in um predict the next P-picture that occurs N-frames later. Typically, N is a small number of three or four frames. At the next level, pictures are composed of slices, which are essentially sequence of macro blocks (MB) in raster scan order and are designed for error recovery. b) State the constrained parameter of MPEG-1 standard. [WBUT 2016) Answer: MPEG - 1 is a generic video coding standard and a diversity of input parameters including flexible picture size and frame rate can be specified by the user, Although many of these parameters are specified in the syntax and are therefore arbitrary. The following set of constrained parameters are specified to aid hardware implementations: Maximum number of pixels/line : 720 Maximum number of lines/picture : 576 Maximum number of picture/sec : 30 Maximum number of macro block/pictures : 396 Maximum number of macro block/sec : 9900 Maximum bit rate : 1.86 M bil/sec . Maximum decoder buffer size : 376, 832 bits. MMD-31‘POPULAR PUBLICATIONS c) What do you know about I-picture and P-picturo? (Weur. 21g) Answer: , Intra-frame coded pictures (I-Pictures): . . . These pictures are coded without reference to other pictures in the video sequence, pictures therefore do not use any motion estimation and motion compensation ang frames are treated just like still images. The pixel intensity valucs are DCT encoded ing manner similar to JPEG and compression is achieved by a combination of quantizaio, and run length coding of zero co-efficient, The first frame of every video sequence my, necessarily be an I-picture, sinee it does not have any past reference. Inter-frame predicted pictures (P-pictures) ‘These pictures are coded with reference to the nearest (in temporal order) coded I-pietige cor P-picture using motion compensation for prediction. Since these pictures use i, temporal redundancy for encoding, they achieve better compression performance 25 compared to [-pictures. However, these pictures de not allow random access and FFiga functionalities in the bit stream. Also, temporal prediction does not work where there are ‘scene changes. ‘8. a) Distinguish between produced video data and observed video data. (WBUT 2018) Answer: Produced video data that are created by an author who is actively selecting content and where the author has control over the appearance of the video. Typical situation is found in the broadcasting industry. Most of the programs are made according to a given forma Edited data is the richest form of video as it has both content and layout. When appropriate actions are taken directly when the video is produced, many indices can ‘directly be stored with the data, In observed video data, videos where a camera is recording some scene and where the author docs not have means to manipulate or plan the:content. This kind of video is found in most of the applications and the most typical examples are surveillance video ent meetings, b) What is the basic ebjective of MPEG-1 standards? [WBUT 2016] Answer: ‘The MPEG-1 standard is published as ISOMEC 11172 — Information technology ~ ce ing of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about LSM bits. The standard consists of the following five parts 1. Systems (storage and synchronization of video, audio and other data togethe”) 2. Video (Compressed Video Content) 3. Audio (Compressed Audio Content) 4, Conformance testing (testing the correctness of implementations ofthe stando) 5. Reference software (example software showing how to encode and det according to the standard) MMD-32MULTIMEDIA Development of the MPEG-1 standard began in May 1988. Fourteen video and audio code proposals were submitted by individual companies and institutions for evaluation. The codecs were extensively tested for computational complexity and subjective quality, at data rates of 1.5 M bit/s, ¢) Stato the needs of multi-rosolution imago analysiv. [WBUT 2016] Answer: 1 is our common observation that the level of details within an image varies from location 1 location. Some location contains significant details, where we require finer resolution for analysis and there are other locations, where a coarser resolution representation suffices, A multi-resolution representation of an image gives us a complete idea about the extent of the details existing at different location from which we can choose our requirements of desired details. Multi-resolution: representation facilitates efficient compression by exploiting the redundancies across the resolutions. Wavelet transform is one of the popular, but not the only approach for multi-resolution image analysis. One can use any of the:signal processing approaches to sub-band coding, such as Quadrature Mirror Filters (QMPF) in multi-resolution analysis. 9. a) Analyze with proper diagram how the HSV hexacone is derived from a RGB cube. What is colour gamut? Discuss about the colour gamut of different colour models. b) What are the advantages of using Luma-Chroma principle in context of transmission of video signals? (WBUT 2017] Answer: Green Yellow a) 1" Part: 120° vt oy Red Red Cyan 7 oe Blue Magenta Fig.2 Dive * —— YOPAT 1: The v-=1 plane contains The RGB model's ia R= 1,G=1 & B= 1 Planes in the regions shown Fig.3 MMD-33POPULAR PUBLICATIONS: In HSV color model, The Coordinate system is Cylindrical and the subsct of the Space within which the model is defined is a hexacone or six-sided pyramid as shown below ; fig 1. The top of the hexacone corresponds to v = 1 which contains relatively righ colors. The colors of v = |, plane are not all of the same perceived brightness. Hue orits measured by the angle around the vertical axis, with Red at 0°, Green at 120” and Blue 240°, and so on. Complementary’colors in HSV hexacone are 180° opposite one anothe, The value of S is a ratio ranging from 0 on the centerline (v axis) to 1 on the triangy), sides of the hexacone. Saturation is measured relative to the color gamut representeq the model, which is, of course, a subset of the entire CIE chromaticity diagram, Therefore, saturation of 100% in the model is less than 100% excitation purity, The top of the HSV hexacone corresponds to the projection seen by looking along thy principle diagonal of the RGB color cube from white towards black as shown in fig2. The RGB cube has sub cubes, as in fig. 3. Each sub cube, when viewed along its Main diagonal, is like the hexagon in fig.2 except smaller. Each plane of constant V in Hsy space correspond to such a view of a sub cube in RGB space. The main diagonal of RGR space become V axis of HSV space. Thus, we can see intuitively the correspondence between RGB and HSV. 2™ Part: Refer to Question No. 2(I" Part) of Short Answer Type Questions, 3" Part: In color gamut, it has been found that the RGB model has a longer gamut than the CMYK model shown in fig. am This essentially means that all colors in the RGB model cannot be expressed in terms of the CMYK model. For this reason an image displayed on a monitor screen may have ts colors slightly changed when printed on paper. When the printing system finds 9° CMYK representation of a specific RGB value, it will attempt to substitute it with the nearest or most similar, CMYK value, leading to a change in the color shade. The [ab color model is a device independent model and is considered to have the largest gamut. b) The primary advantages of luma/chroma system such as ¥’UV’ are that they remait well matched with black and white analog television. ¥" channel saves nearly all the é* recorded by black and white cameras, so it produces a suitable signal for reception 0” ° monochrome displays. In this case, the U and V are simply discarded. While displayiné color, all three channels are used and the original RGB, information can be de MMD-34MULTIMEDIA, id Ped wk eee ‘UV is some of the information can be discarded so that ban acy of the bet hr he human eye has fairly little spatial sensitivity to color. The accul “Jetail discal a information of the luminance channel has more impact on the ee vision, the bande ya at its other two. Understanding this shortcoming of ” of the chromi i These U&Y is compressed, minance channel can be reduced considerably. 40. Write short notes on the following: 3) Hast B. [WBUT 2013) b) |-Frame, B-Frame and P-Frame BUT 204 ¢) Vector graphics Eur oon Answer: a) H.261: The H.261 was developed by ITU-T in 1993 for video telephony arid video conferencin; applications in an ISDN environment, The target bit pa a from 64 to 1920 Kbps. H.261 is quite similar to the MPEG-1 standard, it uses CIF (for video conference) or QCIF (for video telephony) formats and uses the DCT based algorithms-to remove intra- frame redundancy and Motion compensation to remove inter-frame redundancy, The main differences are that it does not use B-frames as the encoder-to-decoder delay is a critical issue for lip Synchronization. Since each frame is divided into macro blocks of 16 x 16 pixels, the horizontal resolution is decreased from 360 to 352 pixels to produce an integral number of 22 macro blocks. Using 4:2:2 chrome sub-sampling scheme, the spatial resolution become CIF: ¥ = 352.by 288, Cb = Cr= 176 by 144° QCIF: Y = 176 by 144, Cb =Cr=88 by 72 b) I-Frame, B-Frame and P-Frame: Refer to Question No. 4(a) of Long Answer Type Questions. c) Vector graphics: Vector. graphics is one in which the shape or path of a line is defined by a bit of mathematics. Vector graphics are basically points connected by lines of various shapes, filled with solid or gradient colors. In Vector graphics file sizes are usually very small compared to bitmap graphics. It has an infinite resolution i.e. no matter how large or small we contracting the image and image remains editable as long as it remains in a vector format. But itis not suited to photographic images and are not as universally interoperable as bitmaps. . of JPEG compression with full explanation. ee ° [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: The JPEG steps are? , ; oy (separation into components). The image will be separated I aration ( P I : . inte ee Donets which are adopted to the different quality requirements. MMD-35POPULAR PUBLICATIONS © Transformation (Diserete Cosine Transform). Each individual compo, transferred into a formal, that allows to make conclusions about the struct, the contents, This offers the option to distinguish between basic ang ,," coniplex contents. . . © Quantization The transformed data arc weighted according to their Meaning », the image contents. . «Entropy Coding (Huffman Coding). Elimination of redundant information b) Compare and contrast JPEG and MPEG. (MODEL QUESTION, Answer: . IPEG is for still images and MPEG for moving images. * Like JPEG, MPEG uses the DCT algorithm to encode a frame. * JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in imag, ality. . . MPEG iss aun for lossy compression of video and audio. 12. Explain in brief the various. steps in MPEG compression standard, {MODEL QUESTION, Answer: ‘MPEG compression standard encodes the data in five (5) steps: Step I: Reduction of the resolution ‘The human eye has a lower sensibility to color information than to dark bright contracs, A conversion from RGB color space into YUV color components help to use this eff for compression. Step 2: Motion estimation An MPEG video can be. understood as a sequence of frames. Because two successis: frames of a video sequence often have small differences (except in scene changes), thx MPEG -standard offers a way of reducing the temporal redundancy. It uses three yp of frames like I-frames, P-frames and B-frames. ~ Step 3: Discrete cosine transform (DCT) DCT allows, similar to the fast Fourier transform a representation of image data in term of frequency components. Step 4: Quantization . . During quantization, which is the primary source of data loss, the DCT terms are divide! by a quantization matrix, which takes into account human visual perception. Step 5: Entropy Coding: " The entropy coding takes two steps; Run Length Encoding (RLE) and Huffman coding These are well known lossless methods, which can compress data, depending on 1S redundancy by an additional factor of 3 to 4. e colt 13. a) Explain the terms ‘luminance’, ‘hue’, saturation used to specify tht sTION and characteristics.of an image. [MODEL QUE! MMD-36MULTIMEDIA Answer? The luminance denotes the by colour component i.c, it speci are dark (black) and which luminance component js essentially a greyscale in Hue defines the colour itself, for example, red in distinction to blue or yellow, The values for the hue axis Tun from 0° ~ 360° beginning and ending with red and running through green, blue and all intermediary colours like Ercenish-bluc, orange, purple etc. Saturation indicated the degree to which the hue differs from a ncutral grey. The values run from 0%, which is no colour Saturation, 10 100%, which is the fullest saturation of a given hue ata given Percentage of illumination. Tightness information of an image without regard to the fies which parts of the image are bright (white), which parts are intermediate shades (grey). An image having only the b) Describe briefly RGB colo What is the value of K? ur model. How Is it related to CMY [K] colour model? Answer: . [MODEL QUESTION] The RGB colour model is used to describe colours in TV or computer monitor. This model consists of three primary colours ted, green and blue. An arbitrary colour like orange can be specified as 96% red, 40% green and 14% blue. This means, to produce orange that amount of RGB are Tequired. All three primary colours at full intensities combine together to produce white ie. their brightness values are added up. Because of this it is an additive model. CMYK model is used to specify colour of ink on paper i.¢. printed colours. The primary colours of this model are cyan, magenta and yellow. These colours when mixed together in equal Proportions Produce black, due to which the model is known as a subtractive model. Due to impurities in the ink the actual colour obtained, is dark brown instead of black. So an extra black ink is added to produce pure black which is why the colour model is known as CMYK, the K standing for the black component, R 1 c Gi=|1)-| 4 B 1 ¥ ¢) Write down the names of three popular image file formats. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: = Three image file formats an BMP, GIF and TIFF. BMP (Bitmap) is a standard image formats on DOS and Windows and supports RGB colour. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is the file format commonly used to display indexed colour graphics and images in hypertext markup language (HTML) documents over the www and other on line services. . a TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) is used to exchange files between applications and computer platforms. It is a flexible bitmap image format supported by virtually all paint, image-editing and page layout applications. ’ MMD-37POPULAR PUDLICATIONS 14. a) Comparo and contrast JPEG and MPEG. MODEL QUESTigy, Answer: JPEG is a lossy compressis methods for images where good compression m, , My be Achieved at the expense of losing some details in the image. a MPEG is also a lossless compression for video. Any lossy compression is useless forte, JPEG works well on photographs but not B/W line drawings. It handles only sti image, Wis widely used in many application arcas like DCT. It is entropy encoding. MPEG uses inter-frame compression, Here three frame types like |, P and B are def F inv ine, Highest compression ratio are achieved here. It is widely used in video players, b) Explain JPEG compression standard, [MODEL QUESTign, Answer: In 1992, JPEG became an intemational standard far ‘compressing digital stil} images, Te acronym JPEG comes from the JOINT Photographic Expert Group. JPEG was formed j, 1980's by members from the international organization for standardization ad International Telecommunication Union. JPEG algorithm has many features. It has fo basic steps like preprocess, transformation, quantization and encoding. Preprocessing: If we wish to compress a color image in the JPG format, the first step is to convert the ted, green, blue color channels to YC,C, space. After that we do for a grayscale image is done to the ¥,C, and C, channels, ‘ Transformation: The preprocessing has done nothing that will make the coding portion of the algorithm more effective. The transformation step is the key to increasing the coder’s effectiveness The JPEG image compression standard relies on the discrete Cosine transform (DCT) to transform the image. The DCT is a product C=UBUAT ‘where B is an 8*8 block from the preprocessed image and U is a special 8*8 matrix. Quantization: The next step in the JPEG algorithm is the quantization step. Here we will make decisions about values in the transformed image-elements near zero will converted 19 zero and other elements will be: shrunk so that their values are closer to zero. All quantized values will then be rounded to integers. Encoding: as th The last step in the JPEG process is to encode the transformed and quantized image. Tht regular JPEG standard uses an advanced version of Huffman coding. 15. How does a device dependent colour model differ from device indapencet colour model? What is color spaco? What [s color wheel? Exolain van approp! un figure. How does display of an Image depend upon the display (MODEL QuesTioM MM?I)-38MULTIMEDIA Answer: 1" Part: device-indepon ay inode cole modcl does not depend on any device to describe color. diallenging to work ine the human visual system translates color, but they can be within this cotor mod , OF Many photographers who do not have experience working lel. The benefit of deviec independent color model is that it can preciscly describe a color without referenci i i é ice i ro " examples of device— independent color models.” Seen hn nnustasn ee Device dependent color models, on the to devices in an effort to match a devic other hand, revolve around providing instructions ¢-independent color value, The fact that we work 2™ Part: A color space is a method which i Bs humans, weninme eons we can specify, create and visualize color. As lor by its attributes of brightness, hue and colorfulness. 3° Part: The color wheel provides a wa: the relationship between diffe: at pure saturation. ¥ to visualize the color spectrum in a way that illustrates rent colors, This basic color wheels shows only actual hues 4* Part: Each display unit has an individual color gamut that defines the range of color it is able to produce as shown in fig. ‘ab color gamut 2 RGB eolour ‘pamut CMYK Color gamut Regardless of their implementation whether to describe the color behaviour of a specific device, profiles provide a way to rclate the color values started in an image file or interpreted by an input or output device to actual color based on the way the human visual system perceives color. For color displayed on a display unit, profiles allow a conversion of color values from those stored in your image file to the LAB color model before they are then converted to appropriate RGB values that will cause the monitor to display the same color accurately. Any of these translations color values from one profile tg another requires conversions that are calculated by a color management engine in the MMD-39POPULAR PUBLICATIONS software performing the operations, Because cach device has a specific color ne which the range of colors it is able to capture or produce, not all of the colors in j,. source profile wall be available in the destination profile. * 46. a) How does chroma sub-sampling help to use less bandwidth? b) Discuss difforont TV broadcast standards and corresponding encoding form, (MODEL QUESTION, Answer: . a) It is the practice of encoding images by implementing less resolution for chrom. information than for luma information. It is used in many video encoding scheme fp. analog, digital and also in JPEG encoding. Because of storage and transmissin, limitations, there is always a desire to reduce or compress the signal. Since the hums, visual system is much more sensitive to variations in brightness then color, a system cs. be optimized by denoting more bandwidth to the luma component (usually denoted Y’), than to the color difference components c, and c,. In uncompressed image, fo, example, 4: 2:2 F'tyc, scheme requires two-thirds the bandwidth of (4:4: 4) R'G'g. ‘This reduction results in almost no visual difference as perceived by the viewer, b) NTSC: The NTSC TV standard is mostly used in North America and Japan. It uses a familix: 4:3 aspect ratio and $25 scan lines per frame at 30 frames/sec. More exactly for istorical reason NTSC uses 29.97 fps. It follows the interlaced scanning system, and each frame is divided into two fields, with 262.5 lines/field. Thus the horizontal sweep frequency as 525x 29.97 = 15.734 lines/sec, so that each line is swept out in 1/15. 734 63.6 gs sec. NTSC video is an analog signal with no fixed horizontal resolution Therefore we must decide how many times to sample the signal for display. In NTSC, the number of acting video lines per frame is only 485. Similarly almost 1/6 of the raster at the left side is blanked for horizontal retrace and syne. The non-blanking pixels are called active pixels. - PAL: PAL is a TV standard originally invented by German. It uses 625 scan lines/frame, at 25 frames/sec, with a 4 : 3 aspect ratio and interlaced fields. Its broadcast TY signals are also used in composite video. This important standard is widely used in westem Europ*, China and India. PAL uses the YUV color model with an 8MHz channel, allocating * bandwidth of S.SMHz to Y and 1.8 MHzto U and V. SECAM: 3 “i SECAM is the third broadcast TV standard, It also used 625 scan lines per frame; at 2B frames/sec, with a4 : 3 aspect ratio and interlaced fields. In SECAM, U and V signals modulated using separate color sub-carriers at 4.25 MHz and 4.41 MHz respectively. System Dimension Aspect ratio . Frame rate NTSC 720x480 4:3. 29.97 fps PAL 720*576 4:3 25 fps SECAM 720x625 4:3 25 fps MMD-40