23/11/2022

Islamic
Architecture

1
 23/11/2022

•Building
•Influences
•Characteristics
•Features
•Examples

BUILDINGS
•Mosque

•Tomb

•Palace

•Fort

2
 23/11/2022

Architectural Parts
of
Mosque

Minaret

3
 23/11/2022

Dome

Prayer Hall

4
 23/11/2022

Mihrab

Minbar

5
 23/11/2022

Ablution Area

Prayer Rugs

6
 23/11/2022

Shoe Shelf

ARCHITECTRAL
STYLES

7
 23/11/2022

Styles

•Arab-plan or hypostyle
•The four-iwan mosque
•The centrally-planned mosque

Arab-plan or hypostyle
• These mosques have square or rectangular plans with
an enclosed courtyard and covered prayer hall.
• Most early hypostyle mosques had flat roofs on prayer
halls, which required the use of numerous columns
and supports.
• One of the most notable hypostyle mosques is the
Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain, the building being
supported by over 850 columns

8
 23/11/2022

Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain, 8th-10th

Interior of the Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain,

8th-10th centuries

9
 23/11/2022

Arab-plan or hypostyle
• the building being supported by over 850
columns.
•Arab-plan mosques were constructed mostly
under the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties;
subsequently, however, the simplicity of the
Arab plan limited the opportunities for further
development, the mosques consequently losing
popularity.

Sahn and minaret, Great Mosque of Kairouan, Tunisia, c.

836-75

10
 23/11/2022

Ancient capitals (spolia), Great Mosque of

Kairouan, Tunisia

The four-iwan mosque

• Just as the hypostyle hall defined much of mosque
architecture of the early Islamic period; the 11th
century shows the emergence of new form: the four-
iwan mosque
• An iwan is a vaulted space that opens on one side to a
courtyard. The iwan developed in pre-Islamic Iran
where it was used in monumental and imperial
architecture. Strongly associated with Persian
architecture, the iwan continued to be used in
monumental architecture in the Islamic era.

11
 23/11/2022

Iwan, Ctesiphon, Iraq, c. 560

Great Mosque of Isfahan, Iran, 11th - 17th centuries, looking

toward the south (qibla) iwan

12
 23/11/2022

Iwan, Great Mosque of Isfahan, Iran

The centrally-planned mosque

• The Ottomans introduced central dome mosques in
the 15th century. These mosques have a large dome
centered over the prayer hall. In addition to having a
large central dome, a common feature is smaller
domes that exist off-center over the prayer hall or
throughout the rest of the mosque, where prayer is
not performed. This style was heavily influenced by
Byzantine architecture with its use of large central
domes. Hajja Soad's mosque took a pyramid shape
that is a creative style in Islamic architecture.

13
 23/11/2022

Hajja Soad's mosque Khartoum, SUDAN

Mimar Sinan, courtyard of the Süleymaniye

Mosque, İstanbul, 1558

14
 23/11/2022

CLASSIFICATION
and
TYPES
of
MOSQUES

EARTHEN MOSQUE
• Earthen mosques are most frequently seen in Africa. People erect
them of clay mixed with fibrous materials such as straw by hand or
trowel, forming walls and pillars. If some timber is available, wooden
roofs are made, if not, they would be arch structures.

15
 23/11/2022

A mosque in Sirumu village, Mali

Djenné, Mali

16
 23/11/2022

BRICK MOSQUE
• The Persian area, which does not produce stone of good quality,
made bricks of burnt earth, and piled them up to erect mosques,
fundamentally using arch and dome structures. Burnt bricks are much
more accurate in construction and have a higher material strength
than raw earth

Mosque in Thatta, Pakistan

17
 23/11/2022

WOODEN MOSQUE
• As opposed to desert regions, in mountain regions, though not so
many in the sphere of Islam, where it rains throughout much of the
year, trees grow and mosques are of wood. Kashmiris in the
Himalayas used to construct mosques in the post-and-beam structure
with cedars that grow extremely tall.
• The largest problem is their vulnerability to fire. The Friday Mosque of
Shrinagar suffered large fires several times, each time being
reconstructed, and eventually having its outer walls replaced with
brick.

Nishapur, IRAN

18
 23/11/2022

Mosque in Shrinagar, KASHMIR

Mosque in

Bohoniki, Poland

19
 23/11/2022

STONE MOSQUE
• Since a mosque is a ‘house of God’, the use of permanent material
such as stone, resistant against fire and rain, has been most desired;
with the result most masterpieces came to be stone mosques.
• Although it resembles brick structurally, while brick fundamentally is a
material for walls, in the case of stone, one can use it as monolithic
columns and carve it elaborately. Therefore a stone mosque can
create a space with much more formal and expressive qualities than
brick ones. For that reason, stone is not covered with faience tiles,
and its surface is soberer in respect of coloring.

The Manutche Mosque in Ani, Turkey

20
 23/11/2022

Sultan Ahmed Mosque

Yeni Mosque

21
 23/11/2022

TYPES
OF
MOSQUES

22
 23/11/2022

TOMBS

23
 23/11/2022

Today tombs or memorials are rarely constructed but

centuries earlier the rulers laid emphasis on
constructing tombs. The tomb was an important
concern for rulers, the Egyptian Pharaohs built
Pyramids during their lifetimes and in India the Mughal
kings in spite of constant warfare took time for building
tombs during their rule

Tomb of Jahangir

24
 23/11/2022

Humayun's Tomb

Tomb of Iltutmish, 1235 AD

25
 23/11/2022

The mausoleum of an Ottoman Sultan

Mehmet al-Fatih in Istanbul, Turkey

The mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i in Cairo

26
 23/11/2022

PALACES

A palace is a grand residence,

especially a royal residence, or the
home of a head of state or some
other high-ranking dignitary

27
 23/11/2022

Mohatta Palace, Karachi, Pakistan

Mysore Palace, India

28
 23/11/2022

Sultan Qabous palace, Muscat

FORT

29
 23/11/2022

In the constant struggle for power,

forts and fortified settlements were
a potent symbol of authority. Thus,
in ancient India as elsewhere, forts
were the measure strength

The forts were not simply buildings

serving a military purpose; they
housed one of the most magnificent
palaces ever built.

30
 23/11/2022

Red Fort, Delhi

Red Fort, Agra, Uttar Pradesh

31
 23/11/2022

INFLUENCES

Islamic Religion

32
 23/11/2022

•No idol worshipping means no pictures of

people in art
•The mosque becomes main type
architecture

Pre-Islamic Architecture

Greek, Roman, Jewish and

Christian features such as domes,
arches and mosaics

33
 23/11/2022

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

34
 23/11/2022

Regional Cultures

Different building materials

Colors
Develop new features

35
 23/11/2022

Bolgar Mosque,Bolgar, Russia

Nasir Al-Mulk Mosque, SHERAZ

36
 23/11/2022

Jame Mosque, Qazvin

37
 23/11/2022

CHARACTERISTICS

38
 23/11/2022

•Mosaic
•Symmetry
•No people or animals
•Calligraphy
•Geometric shapes
•Arabeque

Mosaic

39
 23/11/2022

Domes & Arches of Shah Jehan Mosque

(Thatta)

40
 23/11/2022

Symmetry

41
 23/11/2022

No people or animals

42
23/11/2022

43
 23/11/2022

Calligraphy

44
23/11/2022

45
 23/11/2022

Geometric shapes

•Islamic decoration, which tends to

avoid using figurative images,
makes frequent use of geometric
patterns

Shah Nematollah Vali Shrine, Mahan, Iran,

1431

46
 23/11/2022

Arabeque

•The arabesque is a form of artistic

decoration consisting of "surface
decorations based on rhythmic
linear patterns of scrolling and
interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain
lines.

Stone relief with arabesques of tendrils, palmettes

and half-palmettes in the Umayyad Mosque,
Damascus

47
 23/11/2022

Spain

FEATURES

48
 23/11/2022

•Arch
•Dome
•Iwan
•Sehan (courtyard)
•Minarets

Few examples
in
Islamic Architecture

49
 23/11/2022

Sultan Amir Ahmad Bathhouse, Kashan, Iran

50
 23/11/2022

Chefchaouen, Morocco

51
 23/11/2022

Montaza Palace, Alexandria, Egypt

52
23/11/2022

53
 23/11/2022

Burj Al Arab, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

54
23/11/2022

55
 23/11/2022

Jameh Mosque of Isfahān, Isfahān, Iran

56
 23/11/2022

Hassan II Mosque, Casablanca, Morocco

57
23/11/2022

58
 23/11/2022

The Alhambra, Andalusia, Spain

59
 23/11/2022

Nasir Al-Mulk Mosque, Shiraz, Iran

60
23/11/2022

61
 23/11/2022

Selimiye Mosque, Edirne, Turkey

62
 23/11/2022

Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Abu Dhabi, UAE

63
23/11/2022

64
23/11/2022

65