Trigonometry

JEE Mathematics (11) Trigonometry
Trigonometry
Dipam Sen (Fun Planet)
Degree Measurement of Angles

Usually, we measure angles in degrees, where 360° is one complete rotation.
1° = 60′
1′ = 60′′
Radian Measurement of Angles

Radians is another unit for measuring angles, where a complete rotation is marked as
2π radians.
360° = 2π
Figure 1: Some angles in Degrees and Radians
• A unit circle is a circle with radius 1 unit.

• The unit ‘radian’ is often omitted while writing radian angles.
1
Definition
The angle subtended at the centre by an arc of length x in a unit circle is x
rad.
Figure 2: Definition
Figure 3: Illustration
Arc length
Radian measure =
Radius
2
Degree-Radian Conversion
180° = π
180°
1 radian = = 57°16′
π
π
1° = = 0.01746 radian
180
π
Radian measure = × Degree measure
180
180
Degree measure = × Radian measure
π
Trigonometric Functions
(See Figure 4)
sin θ = The y-coordinate of the point on the unit circle

cos θ = The x-coordinate of the point on the unit circle
Quadrantal Angles: Integral multiples of π

2
Value of 0
sin θ is 0 for the values θ = 0, π, 2π, · · ·
π π
cos θ is 0 for the values θ = , 3 , · · ·
2 2
∴ sin θ = 0 =⇒ θ = nπ




π n∈Z
cos θ = 0 =⇒ θ = (2n + 1) 
2


3
Figure 4: Trigonometric Functions in a unit circle
4
Other Trigonometric Functions

sin x
tan x =
cos x
cos x
cot x =
sin x
1
cosec x =
sin x
1
sec x =
cos x
Pythagorean Identities
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
1 + cot2 θ = cosec 2 θ
Sign of Trigonometric Functions

Negative Angle
From the unit circle, we can determine the value of functions for a negative angle.
Figure 5: Negative Angle
5
We can see that sin x = b; cos x = a

For negative value of x (Figure 5), the x coordinate remains unchanged, while the y
coordinate becomes negative.
cos(−x) = cos x
sin(−x) = − sin x
Sign in different Quadrants

Quadrant 1: a and b are both positive
Quadrant 2: a is negative and b is positive
Quadrant 3: a and b are both negative
Quadrant 4: a is positive and b is negative
From the signs of sin x and cos x, we can find out the signs of all other trigonometric
functions.
Figure 6: Signs of Trigonometric Functions
6
Domain and Range

sin x
Domain = R
Range = [−1, 1]
cos x
Domain = R
Range = [−1, 1]
cosec x
Domain = {x : x ∈ R; x ̸= nπ, n ∈ Z}
Range = (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
sec x
π
Domain = {x : x ∈ R; x ̸= (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z}
2
Range = (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
tan x
π
Domain = {x : x ∈ R; x ̸= (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z}
2
Range = R
cot x
Domain = {x : x ∈ R; x ̸= nπ, n ∈ Z}
Range = R
7
Figure 7: Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
8
Trigonometric Identities
• Negative Angle*
1. sin(−a) = − sin a
2. cos(−a) = cos a
3. tan(−a) = − tan a
• Sum or Difference of Angles
4. sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
5. sin(a − b) = sin a cos b − cos a sin b
6. cos(a + b) = cos a cos b − sin a sin b
7. cos(a − b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b
tan a + tan b
8. tan(a + b) =
1 − tan a tan b
tan a − tan b
9. tan(a − b) =
1 + tan a tan b
cot a cot b − 1
10. cot(a + b) =
cot b + cot a
cot a cot b + 1
11. cot(a − b) =
cot b − cot a
• Multiples of π2 *
π
!
12. sin − x = cos x
2
π
!
13. sin + x = − cos x
2
14. sin(π − x) = sin x
15. sin(π + x) = − sin x
16. sin(2π − x) = − sin x
π
!
17. cos − x = sin x
2
π
!
18. cos + x = sin x
2
9
19. cos(π − x) = − cos x

20. cos(π + x) = − cos x
21. cos(2π − x) = cos x
• Double Angle
22. sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
23. cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1
= 1 − 2 sin2 x
= cos2 x − sin2 x
2 tan x
24. tan 2x =
1 + tan2 x
• Triple Angle
25. sin 3x = 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x
26. cos 3x = 4 cos3 x − 3 cos x
3 tan x − tan3 x
27. tan 3x =
1 − 3 tan2 x
• Sum/Difference of Sines and Cosines
a+b a−b
! !
28. cos a + cos b = 2 cos cos
2 2
a+b a−b
! !
29. cos a − cos b = −2 sin sin
2 2
a+b a−b
! !
30. sin a + sin b = 2 sin cos
2 2
a+b a−b
! !
31. sin a − sin b = 2 cos sin
2 2
• Product of Sines and Cosines (Inverse of 28-31)
32. 2 cos a cos b = cos(a + b) + cos(a − b)
33. −2 sin a sin b = cos(a + b) − cos(a − b)
34. 2 sin a cos b = sin(a + b) + sin(a − b)
35. 2 cos a sin b = sin(a + b) − sin(a − b)
10
• Zero Values*
36. sin x = 0 =⇒ x = nπ, n ∈ Z
π
37. cos x = 0 =⇒ x = (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z
2
• Equal Values*
38. sin x = sin y =⇒ x = nπ + (−1)n y
39. cos x = cos y =⇒ x = 2nπ ± y
40. tan x = tan y =⇒ x = nπ + y
*These identities can be easily represented by the Unit Circle.
11

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JEE Mathematics (11) Trigonometry

Degree Measurement of Angles

Radian Measurement of Angles

Figure 1: Some angles in Degrees and Radians

• A unit circle is a circle with radius 1 unit.

sin θ = The y-coordinate of the point on the unit circle

Quadrantal Angles: Integral multiples of π

Figure 4: Trigonometric Functions in a unit circle

Other Trigonometric Functions

Sign of Trigonometric Functions

Figure 5: Negative Angle

We can see that sin x = b; cos x = a

Sign in different Quadrants

Figure 6: Signs of Trigonometric Functions

Domain and Range

Figure 7: Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

19. cos(π − x) = − cos x

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