Introduction to Business Analytics

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 Introduction to Python Programming

Lists, Tuples & Dictionaries

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 Objectives
At the end of this topic, you will be able to understand and explain:
 Understand the fundamentals of data types in Python

 Explain the basics and creation of lists with examples

 Explain the process of indexing and slicing lists

 Explain how to create Tuples and Dictionaries with examples

 Describe functions for working with Collections

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 Data Types in Python
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 Data Types
 Every value in Python has a datatype

 Since everything is an object in Python programming, data types are classes and variables are
instance (object) of these classes

 Data types are the classification or categorization of data items

 They represent a kind of value which determines what operations can be performed on that
data

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 Data Types
 We saw some of the basic data types in an earlier session: Numeric (Integer and Float), String
and Boolean (true/false) are the most used data types

 In this session, we will look at three more data types

Data Types

Lists Tuples Dictionaries

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 Types – Lists, Tuples & Dictionaries
Data Lists Tuples

Dictionary

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 Lists
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 Lists
 Lists are ordered and have a definite count

 A single list may contain integers, floats, strings, other lists, as well as Objects

 Lists are mutable - they can be altered even after their creation

 Created by just placing the sequence inside square brackets[]

 Imagine a horizontal bookshelf with elements in it

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 Lists
 The elements are indexed according to a sequence

 Indexing is done with 0 being the first index

 Example:
INDEX 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ELEMENT 32 45 171.3 23 20 3 945 221

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 Lists
 # Create simple lists

 List = [1, 3, 5, 7, 11]

 List

 [1, 3, 5, 7, 11]

 list1 = [0, 1, 'boom’]

 [0, 1, 'boom']

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 Lists
 # Check type of the list created above

 type(list1)

 list

 # Create an empty list

 x = []

 x

 []

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 Lists - Append
 # Create a list and append to it

 y = [1,2,3]

 print(y)

 [1, 2, 3]

 y.append("done")

 print(y)

 [1, 2, 3, 'done']

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 Nested Lists
 Lists contain object references and can be nested

 a = [0,1,2]

 print(a)

 [0, 1, 2]

 b = [a,3,4]

 print(b)

 [[0, 1, 2], 3, 4]


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 Lists using range()
 # Create a list using range() - one argument

 y = list(range(8))

 print(y)

 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

 # Create a list using range() - two arguments

 z = list(range(1,9))

 print(z)

 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
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 Lists using range()
 # Create a list using range() - three arguments

 w = list(range(100,111, 2))

 print(w)

 [100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110]

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 Indexing and Slicing Lists
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 Indexing Lists – Using Brackets [ ]
 w = [‘a’, ’b’, ’c’, ’d’, ’e’]

 print(w)

 ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

 # Indexing in list

 w[0]

 ‘a’

 w[4]

 ‘e’
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 Indexing Lists – Using Brackets [ ]
 Check length of the list

 # Length of w

 len(w)

 5

 Negative indexation can also be applied

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 Indexing Lists – Using Negative Indexation
 # Using negative indexation in list

 # Retrieve elements using index positions -5 and -1

 w[-5]

 ‘a’

['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

 w[-1]

 'e'

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 Modify Values in a List Using Indexing
 # Create a list

 w = [‘a’, ’b’, ’c’, ’d’, ’e’]

w[4]

 ‘e’

 # Change the value at index position 4

 w[4]= 23

 print(w)

 ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 23]

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 Slicing Lists
 Slicing starts with : list1[2:7]

 Value on left and value on right of colon indicate start and stop index values list1[:]

 No value on either side: it assumes slicing the whole set

INDEX 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ELEMEN 32 45 171.3 23 20 3 945 221
T

Indexing: Indexing is used to obtain individual elements

Slicing: Slicing is used to obtain a sequence of elements
Indexing and Slicing can be done in Python Sequences types like list, string, tuple,
range objects

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 Slicing Lists
 # Create a list

 xlist = [‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘E’, ‘F’, ‘G’, ‘H’]

INDEX 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ELEMENT A B C D E F G H

Note that [2:7] slicing starts at

 # Slicing a list index position 2 but ends at
index position 6 and not 7
 xlist[2:7]

 [‘C’, ‘D’, ‘E’, ‘F’, ‘G’]

INDEX 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ELEMENT A B C D E F G H

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
 Slicing Lists
 xlist = [‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘E’, ‘F’, ‘G’, ‘H’]
INDEX 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ELEMENT A B C D E F G H

 # Slice the whole list (no subsetting)

 xlist[:]

 [‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘E’, ‘F’, ‘G’, ‘H’]

 # Slice the list and select every second element (include third argument)

 xlist[0:7:2]
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 [A’, ‘C’, ‘E’, ‘G’]
 Slicing Lists
 xlist = [‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘E’, ‘F’, ‘G’, ‘H’]

INDEX 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ELEMENT A B C D E F G H

 # Reverse index slicing

 xlist[6:0:-1]

 ['G', 'F', 'E', 'D', 'C', 'B’]

 xlist[6:0:-2]
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 ['G', 'E', 'C']
 Indexing and Slicing Lists – Using Functions
 # Create a list and print it

 x=[1,3,5,7,11]
print (x)

 [1, 3, 5, 7, 11]

 # Indexing the list within print function

 print ("x[2]=",x[2])

 x[2]= 5

 x[2] = 0
print ("Replace 5 with 0, x = ", x)

 Replace 5 with 0, x = [1, 3, 0, 7, 11]

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 Indexing and Slicing Lists – Using Functions
 # Add an element to the list using append()

 x.append(13)
print ("After append, x = ", x)

 After append, x = [1, 3, 0, 7, 11, 13]

 # Remove an element from the list using remove()

 x.remove(1) # removes the item 1, not the item at position 1

print ("After remove item 1, x = ", x)

 After remove item 1, x = [3, 0, 7, 11, 13]

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 Indexing and Slicing Lists – Using Functions
 # Add an element at a specific index position

 x.insert(1,42)
print ("Insert 42 at index position 1, x = ", x)

 Insert 42 at index position 1, x = [3, 42, 0, 7, 11, 13]

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 += Operator for Adding to Lists
 a = [1, 3, 5]

 print(a)

 [1, 3, 5]


# Using += operator to add to a list - Examples

 a += [7] # a += 7 fails
print(a)

 [1, 3, 5, 7]


a += [“the-end”]
print(a)

 1, 3, 5, 7, 'the-end']
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 Tuples and Dictionaries
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 Tuples
 Tuples are a collection of data items. They may be of different types

 Tuples are immutable like strings. Lists are like tuples but are mutable

 Python uses () to denote tuples; if we have only one item, we need to use a comma to indicate
it's a tuple: (“Tony”,).

 An empty tuple is denoted by ()

 Need to enclose tuple in () if we want to pass it all together as one argument to a function

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 Tuples - Example
 # Create a tuple and print it

 tuple1 = (“Tony”, “Pat”, “Stewart”)

 print(tuple1)

 ('Tony', 'Pat', 'Stewart’)

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 Tuples - Example
 # Mixed types within a tuple

 tuple2 = (1, 5, "George", 87.76, True)

 print(tuple2)

 (1, 5, 'George', 87.76, True)

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 Dictionaries
 Unordered collections where items (values) are accessed by a key, not by the position in the
list

 Use flower brackets - {}

 No ordering is applicable here, unlike lists

 Collection of arbitrary objects; use object references like lists

 Nestable

 Concatenation, slicing, and other operations that depend on the order of elements do not work
on dictionaries

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 Dictionary Creation Key

 # Create a dictionary

 jobs = {'David':'Professor', 'Sahan':'Postdoc', 'Shawn':'Grad student’}

Value

 # Print the dictionary

 jobs

 {'David': 'Professor', 'Sahan': 'Postdoc', 'Shawn': 'Grad student’}

 # View data type for the dictionary

 type(jobs)

 dict
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 Dictionary – Indexation & Assigning Value
 # Create a dictionary

 jobs = {'David':'Professor', 'Sahan':'Postdoc', 'Shawn':'Grad student’}

 # Indexing the dictionary

 jobs['Sahan’]

 'Postdoc’

 # Can change in place – assign a different value to key

 jobs['Shawn'] = 'Postdoc’

 jobs['Shawn’]

 'Postdoc'
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 Dictionary – Accessing Keys, Values & Items
 # Keys

 jobs.keys()

 dict_keys(['David', 'Sahan', 'Shawn']) # note order can be different

 # Values

 jobs.values()

 dict_values(['Professor', 'Postdoc', 'Postdoc’])

 # Items in the dictionary

 jobs.items()

 dict_items([('David', 'Professor'), ('Sahan', 'Postdoc'), ('Shawn', 'Postdoc')])

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 Common Dictionary Operations
 Delete an entry (by key)

 Syntax:

 del d['keyname’]

 Add an entry

 Syntax:

 d['newkey'] = ‘newvalue’

 See if a key is in dictionary

 'keyname' in d

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 Common Dictionary Operations
 get() method useful to return value but not fail (return None) if key doesn't exist (or can provide
a default value)

 Syntax:

 d.get('keyval', default)

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 Dictionary Operations - Examples
 # Create a new dictionary

 dict2 = {'Bat1':'Rohit', 'Bat2':'Dhawan', 'Bat3':'Virat', 'Wk’: 'Dhoni', 'Bowl1': 'Bumrah', 'Bowl2': 'Shami',
'Bowl3': 'Chahal'}

 print(dict2)

 {'Bat1': 'Rohit', 'Bat2': 'Dhawan', 'Bat3': 'Virat', 'Wk': 'Dhoni', 'Bowl1': 'Bumrah', 'Bow2': 'Shami', 'Bowl3':
'Chahal’}

 # Delete an entry by key

 del dict2['Bat1’]

 print(dict2)

 {'Bat2': 'Dhawan', 'Bat3': 'Virat', 'Wk': 'Dhoni', 'Bowl1': 'Bumrah', 'Bow2': 'Shami', 'Bowl3': 'Chahal'}
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 Dictionary Operations - Examples
 # Add an entry by key

 dict2['Wk2'] = 'Pant’

 print(dict2)

 {'Bat2': 'Dhawan', 'Bat3': 'Virat', 'Wk': 'Dhoni', 'Bowl1': 'Bumrah', 'Bow2': 'Shami', 'Bowl3': 'Chahal', 'Wk2': 'Pant’}

 # See if a key is in dictionary

 'Wk' in dict2

 True

 'Umpire' in dict2

 False

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 Dictionary Operations - Examples
 # get method useful to return value but not fail if key doesn't exist

 dict2.get('Bat3', 'Not in team’)

 ‘Virat’

 dict2.get('Bat5', 'Not in team’)

 'Not in team’

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 Dictionary Example Using for Loop
 # Create a Dictionary

 bookauthors = {'Gone with the Wind': 'Margaret Mitchell’, 'Aeneid': 'Virgil‘, 'Odyssey': 'Homer'}

 print(bookauthors)

 {'Gone with the Wind': 'Margaret Mitchell', 'Aeneid': 'Virgil', 'Odyssey': 'Homer’}

 # Check type of variable

 type(bookauthors)

 dict

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 Dictionary Example Using for Loop
 # Dictionary using for loop

 for book in bookauthors:

 print (book, 'by', bookauthors[book])

 Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell

 Aeneid by Virgil

 Odyssey by Homers

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 Constructing Dictionaries from Lists
 If we have separate lists for the keys and values, we can combine them into a dictionary using
the zip function and a dict constructor:

 # Create simple lists for keys and values

 keys = ['david', 'chris', 'stewart’]

 values = ['504', '637', '921’]

 print(keys)

 print(values)

 ['david', 'chris', 'stewart’]

 ['504', '637', '921’]

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 Constructing Dictionaries from Lists
 # Create Dictionary from lists using zip and dict

 newdict = dict(zip(keys, values))

 print(newdict)

 {'david': '504', 'chris': '637', 'stewart': '921'}

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 Working with Collections
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 Length of Collections
 len() returns the length of a tuple, list, or dictionary or the number of characters of a string

 # length of a dictionary

 newdict = {'david': '504', 'chris': '637', 'stewart': '921’}

 len(newdict)

 3
len('david’)

 5
len(‘stewart')

 7
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 “in” Operator
 For collection data types, the “in” operator determines whether something is a
member of the collection (and “not in” tests if not a member):

 team = ("David", "Robert", "Paul")

"Howell" in team

 False

 "Stewart" not in team

 True
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 Iteration: for ... in
 To traverse a collection type, use for ... in

 numbers = (1, 2, 3)

 for i in numbers:

 print (i)

 1

 2

 3

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 Copying Collections
 Using assignment just makes a new reference to the same collection

 # Assign the values in A to B

 A = [0,1,3]

 B=A

 B[1] = 25

 print(B)

 [0,25,3]

 print(A)

 [0,25,3]
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 Copying Collections
 So, use copy() to create a new collection and modify the new collection

 # Copy the values in A to C

 A = [0,1,3]

 C = A.copy() # make a copy

 C[2] = 99 # Change a value in C

 print(C)

 [0,1,99]

 print(A)

 [0,1,3] # Value of A is not changed since we created a copy of

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the original collection A
 Summary
 Data types are the classification or categorization of data items. They represent a kind of value
which determines what operations can be performed on that data

 Lists are ordered and have a definite count. A single list may contain integers, floats, strings,
other lists, as well as Objects

 We index a list to obtain individual elements and slice a list to get a sequence of elements

 Tuples are a collection of data items and are immutable

 Dictionaries are unordered collections where items (values) are accessed by a key, not by the
position in the list

 In order to ensure that you don’t change values in a parent collection, you need to copy a
collection instead of assigning it to another variable
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 Additional Resources
 McKinney, W. (2013). Python for data analysis. O'Reilly Media.

 Lutz, M. (2013). Learning Python: Powerful object-oriented programming. O'Reilly Media.

 Summerfield, M. (2010). Programming in Python 3: A complete introduction to the Python

language. Pearson Education India.

 Matthes, E. (2019). Python crash course: A hands-on, project-based introduction to

programming (2nd ed.). No Starch Press.

 Beazley, D., & Jones, B. K. (2013). Python cookbook: Recipes for mastering Python 3. O'Reilly
Media.

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 e-References
 Welcome to Python.org. (n.d.). Python.org. https://www.python.org

 Introduction to Python. (n.d.). W3Schools Online Web

Tutorials. https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_intro.asp

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 Any Questions?

Thank you
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